Psidium é um gênero neotropical, com grande riqueza de espécies, que se distribui de Chihuahua, México, até Buenos Aires, Argentina. É muito variável em hábito e habitat, ocorrendo em florestas e savanas e desde subarbustos a árvores de grande porte. Nas savanas propensas a incêndios da América do Sul, como o Cerrado, vários mecanismos para resistir ou tolerar o fogo evoluíram em gêneros lenhosos. Órgãos subterrâneos especializados escondem brotos e biomassa no subsolo. Um deles é o hábito geoxílico, onde a planta tem uma significativa biomassa subterrânea e se propaga vegetativamente através de uma extensa rede de rizomas. Em Myrtaceae, esse tipo de hábito já foi registrado em Eugenia e Psidium. Nesse trabalho nós elevamos uma variedade para o nível de espécie: Psidium eustachyum, uma espécie geoxílica do bioma do Cerrado. P. eustachyum distingue-se de outras espécies de Psidium pela sua baixa estatura, hábito geoxílico, folhas glabras, geralmente com menos de 4 cm de comprimento e com nervuras inconspícuas, 2(-3) lóculos no ovário, poucos óvulos por lóculo (8-11) e até 5 sementes por fruto. P. eustachyum foi tratado recentemente como Psidium salutare var. resiliens, entretanto um estudo filogenético em andamento demonstra que esses dois taxa não são proximamente relacionados e pertencem a seções distintas (P. salutare a Psidium seção Mitranthes e P. eustachuym a Psidium seção Apertiflora). Em conjunto com as evidências morfológicas, esses resultados indicam que uma elevação de status a nível de espécie é necessária para essa entidade geoxílica.

Background and aims – Myrcianthes is a New World genus of Myrtaceae with 36 species, diverse in the Andes, and often dominant in montane forests. It is found from the Pacific to the Atlantic, from sea level to 3729 m, and its total latitudinal range is almost 62°. Its old age, combined with a wide ecological and geographic range, and the many narrow-endemic species, make it of phytogeographic and evolutionary interest. Material and methods – Altitudinal, geographic, and wood anatomy data of the genus were compiled from literature and online herbaria and curated to eliminate errors and produce a reliable dataset. ML and Bayesian phylogenetic trees based on ITS, ETS, matK, and psbA-trnH of 11 Myrcianthes species, in a matrix of 123 species, were constructed. The Bayesian tree was calibrated with three macrofossils and three secondary calibration points and used to infer biogeographic history and to estimate ancestral ranges using BioGeoBEARS. Key results – Myrcianthes has the widest combined altitudinal/latitudinal range in Myrtaceae. Narrow-endemic species are concentrated either in the high-latitude lowlands or the low-latitude highlands. Myrcianthes diverged from Eugenia in the early Oligocene but did not diversify before the mid-Miocene (later than Eugenia). Myrcianthes diversified from the south into South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Its ancestral range emerged as the Chacoan/Paraná dominions, consistent with the extinct temperate/subtropical austral forest. After splitting from M. coquimbensis, endemic to Chile, the main clade divided into a lowland clade (most diverse in eastern South America) and a highland clade (most diverse in the Andes). The clades are sympatric near the inferred root of the tree and probably meet again in Colombia and Venezuela. Myrcianthes wood anatomy appears to differ from that of Eugenia by the occurrence of helical thickenings in the vessels and absence of prismatic crystals in the axial parenchyma, but sampling is still incomplete.

Cyclopogon is a large Neotropical orchid genus pollinated by halictid bees that offers nectar as a reward. In a recent phylogenetic tree, Brachystele guayanensis emerged nested within Cyclopogon and was transferred to that genus. The hypothesis for this study was that C. guayanensis would show similar floral biology to Cyclopogon, although distinctive in its small, congested white flowers. Data on floral biology, pollinators, micromorphology, histochemistry, and nectar sugar composition of C. guayanensis from samples from the the Distrito Federal, Brazil were gathered. C. guayanensis is pollinated by at least four species of bees belonging to the genera Exomalopsis, Nomada, Tetrapedia (Apidae), and Dialictus (Halictidae) foraging for nectar. Nectar is produced in visually imperceptible quantities by papillae on the inner surface of the labellum; similar papillae occur in other species of Cyclopogon but C. guayanensis nectar is hexose dominant (< 10

This paper presents a description of a new species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae). We also provide a distribution map and a coloured plate with images from live plants and herbarium specimens. Eugenia curupira has been collected in the Atlantic Forest domain and occurs in the coastal sand vegetation known as restinga and in semi-deciduous seasonal forest. It is promptly recognized by the glossy appearance of its leaves when dried and by its reduced raceme. Eugenia curupira is morphologically similar to E. candolleana, from which it differs by its striate bark, raceme with up to four flowers, ferruginous trichomes, shorter pedicels and red fruits. The morphology of the new species suggests its infrageneric placement in Eugenia sect. Racemosae. Eugenia curupira is here categorized as Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN criteria.

The rules and recommendations of the 2018 version of International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants, agreed in Shenzhen, China, stipulates that proposals for new taxonomic ranking should fully reference the basionym of a taxon as well as the page number of the work in which it was published. Two cases where the lack of one or both of these details are rectified here.

In this work, we sought to investigate the Cerrado biome with emphasis on knowledge of natural resources. The objective was to evaluate the influence of migration on knowledge about species of the genus Psidium by polling informants who lived in different Cerrado regions and later migrated to Brasília, as well as to compare the knowledge of migrants with that of non-migrants from the Quilombola do Cedro Community, located in Mineiros – Goiás. In total, eight Psidium species were recognized by migrant informants and four species were recognized by the non-migrants. Gender, education and age did not influence the migrant informants' knowledge (p>0.05). Non-migrants recognized the complete total resource of Psidium present at the Cedro Community, while the migrants recognized many species, but did not mention species present in communities in which they live. The availability of Psidium to the non-migrant community influenced the knowledge of this genus. From these results it can be suggested that, during the migration process, people incorporated knowledge of known species of the genus Psidium into their repertoire.

ABSTRACT Premise of the study Increasingly complete phylogenies underpin studies in systematics, ecology, and evolution. Myrteae (Myrtaceae), with c. 2,500 species, is a key component of the exceptionally diverse Neotropical flora, but given its complicated taxonomy, automated assembling of molecular supermatrices from public databases often lead to unreliable topologies due to poor species identification. Methods Here, we build a taxonomically verified molecular supermatrix of Neotropical Myrteae by assembling 3,954 published and 959 unpublished sequences from two nuclear and seven plastidial molecular markers. We infer a time calibrated phylogenetic tree that covers 712 species of Myrteae (c. 28% of the total diversity in the clade) and evaluate geographic and taxonomic gaps in sampling. Key results The tree inferred from the fully concatenated matrix mostly reflects the topology of the plastid dataset and there is a moderate to strong incongruence between trees inferred from nuclear and plastid partitions. Large, species-rich genera are still the poorest sampled within the group. Eastern South America is the best-represented area in proportion to its species diversity, while Western Amazon, Mesoamerica, and the Caribbean are the least represented. Conclusions We provide a time-calibrated tree that can be more reliably used to address finer-scale eco-evolutionary questions that involve this group in the Neotropics. Gaps to be filled by future studies include improving representation of taxa and areas that remain poorly sampled, investigating causes of conflict between nuclear and plastidial partitions and the role of hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in relationships that are poorly supported.

Myrceugenia is a temperate or subtropical genus of c. 50 species with a disjunct distribution across South America. The 'western' species occur in central Chile and north-western Argentina with one species in the Juan Fern & aacute;ndez Islands. The 'eastern' species occur in Uruguay, southern Brazil, and marginal regions of Argentina and Paraguay, reaching montane eastern Brazil (two isolated taxa in Central Brazil). It is hypothesized that Myrceugenia once grew across the temperate forests of southern South America, but that oceanic transgressions and the elevation of the Andes during the Miocene divided its populations as the forests retracted from the centre of the continent. The Las Yungas floristic province is a strip of cool, temperate forest that runs along the eastern slopes of the Andes from Venezuela to northern Argentina; Myrceugenia was not known to occur there. We report the discovery of a new species of Myrceugenia in southern Las Yungas ( Bosque Tucumano Boliviano). It is distinct from all other species of the genus by the combination of solitary flowers, sub-ancipitate hypanthium, bilocular locules, and 12-13 clustered ovules. The phylogeny of Myrceugenia shows geographic structuring with three basal western clades and one derived eastern clade. The isolated taxa of Myrceugenia from Central Brazil were sisters, respectively, to the rest of the eastern clade and to one of its two subclades, suggesting that isolated taxa are relictual. The discovery of this species has made Myrceugenia the only genus of Myrtaceae to grow in the three cool, humid forests of southern South America.

Brachystele guayanensis is hereby transferred to the genus Cyclopogon based on molecular systematics and morphological evidence. The major change in the circumscription of Cyclopogon with the inclusion of this species is an increase in the number of flowers per inflorescence, a reduction in flower size, and the fact that sepals may become petaloid.

The taxonomy of Neotropical Myrtaceae is known for the difficulties regarding specific and supraspecific taxonomic delimitations. In subtribe Myrciinae (tribe Myrteae) this situation is intensified due to the high diversity of species and relatively homogeneous morphology. Over the last two decades there has been a huge increase in Myrciinae systematic research. Following use of molecular phylogenetic works, several genera accepted in the 20th century were synonymised under a broader circumscription of Myrcia. Monophyletic sections that facilitated further taxonomic works were recognised. However, species with doubtful morphologies, scanty or missing data have remained untreated. This paper provides an update of the taxonomic status of these species as well as a list of accepted species of Myrciinae, assigned to sections of Myrcia. This work is based on a broad analysis of herbarium collections including types and the Myrciinae literature. Taxonomic comments are provided regarding species placement and features, and three new combinations, one new name, nine lectotypifications and two neotypifications are provided. Seven species are transferred to other genera or families. Thirty-seven species are listed as incompletely known due to absence of type specimens or any material that could clarify their taxonomic status. We currently accept 744 species of Myrcia (excluding the 37 species without known type collections and three species with uncertain generic placement), distributed between taxonomic sections as follows: Myrcia sect. Aguava (32 species), Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia (162 species), Myrcia sect. Calyptranthes (248 species), Myrcia sect. Eugeniopsis (18 species), Myrcia sect. Gomidesia (67 species), Myrcia sect. Myrcia (158 species), Myrcia sect. Reticulosae (15 species), Myrcia sect. Sympodiomyrcia (28 species), Myrcia sect. Tomentosae (5 species), and clade 10 with nine species. Three species remain in Myrcia but are probably members of other taxa of Myrteae (M. cionei, M. skortzoviana) or other family (M. melastomoides), while two species of Myrcia (M. apiocarpa, M. sintenisiana) remain without a sectional placement. We highlight taxonomic issues to address in the future to improve systematic knowledge in Myrciinae.

Psidium riobonito, , a new species of Myrtaceae from the Atlantic Forest of the northeastern portion of the Brazilian state of S & atilde;o Paulo, was collected in High Montane Dense Ombrophilous Forest and is described here. Morphological characters assign the new species to Psidium sect. Apertiflora, , due to its leaves with brochidodromous veins, marginal vein parallel to the margin, inflorescences in auxotelic racemes, flowers with open buds with 5 calyx lobes, in addition to dark purple fruits when ripe, with few seeds. Psidium riobonito is morphologically close to P. involutisepalum and P. myrtoides, , but differs by the marginal veins 2 to 5 mm from the margin ( vs. 1 to 2 mm in P. myrtoides and 1.5 to 2 mm in P. involutisepalum), ), glabrous or glabrescent leaves when mature ( vs. pubescent or sparsely pubescent mainly along the midrib on the abaxial surface in P. myrtoides and sparsely pubescent in P. involutisepalum), ), pedicels 14-26 mm long ( vs. 3-12 mm in P. myrtoides and 8-10 mm in P. involutisepalum). ). The relationship of P. riobonito to morphologically close species, comments on its taxonomy, ecology and informal conservation status, and a table with morphological characteristics of P. sect. Apertiflora are also provided. We also present for the first time the descriptions of the fruits of Neomitranthes capivariensis and N. pedicellata. .

Summary The genus Mitranthes (Myrteae, Myrtaceae) was described with five species, but no indication of a generic type. These five species are now known to belong to the independent generic lineages Psidium and Myrcia of the tribe Myrteae. This paper traces the taxonomic and nomenclatural history of Mitranthes , showing that the most appropriate type species is currently accepted in Psidium. As a result, Mitranthes should correctly be treated as a synonym of Psidium and its recent synonymisation in Myrcia must be discounted.

Stingless bees are major flower visitors in the tropics, but their foraging preferences and behavior are still poorly understood. Studying stingless bee interactions with angiosperms is methodologically challenging due to the high tropical plant diversity and inaccessibility of upper canopy flowers in forested habitats. Pollen DNA metabarcoding offers an opportunity of assessing floral visitation efficiently and was applied here to understand stingless bee floral resources spectra and foraging behavior. We analyzed pollen and honey from nests of three distantly related stingless bee species, with different body size and social behavior: Melipona rufiventris, Scaptotrigona postica and Tetragonisca angustula. Simultaneously, we evaluate the local floristic components through seventeen rapid botanical surveys conducted at different distances from the nests. We discovered a broad set of explored floral sources, with 46.3 plant species per bee species in honey samples and 53.67 in pollen samples. Plant families Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Melastomataceae and Malpighiaceae dominated the records, indicating stingless bee preferences for abundant resources that flowers of these families provide in the region. Results also reinforce the preference of stingless bees for forest trees, even if only available at long distances. Our high-resolution results encourage future bee-plant studies using pollen and honey metabarcoding in hyper-diverse tropical environments.

Myrcianthes is a New World genus of Myrtaceae (Tribe Myrteae) with 38 currently accepted species that was monographed in 1992. This paper proposes a new species, Myrcianthes cruciata from Northeastern Brazil (Bahia, Ceará and Sergipe), the synonymization of M. cavalcantei under M. fragrans and the lectotypification of the former name. Myrcianthes cruciata is similar to M. pseudomato but differs in the longer peduncles, 3.5–5 cm (2–4 cm in M. pseudomato) and greater number of ovules per locule, c. 15–30 (15–20 in M. pseudomato), as well as the morphology of the embryo, which is reniform in M. cruciata and strongly invaginated in the middle (almost V-shaped) in M. pseudomato and also emerged in different lineage in the phylogeny. The wood anatomy of the new species is similar to other species of the genus: diffuse porous, with exclusively solitary vessels with high density, no vessel arrangement, with simple perforation plates, vessel-ray pits with distinct borders, similar to the intervessel pits in size and shape, apotracheal parenchyma, rays 1–3 cells wide, with disjunctive ray cells; no helical thickenings were observed in the vessels, nor any mineral inclusions in the axial or ray parenchyma.

Although drosophilids have been extensively studied in laboratories worldwide, their ecology is still relatively poorly understood. This is unfortunate because some species are currently expanding their geographic distribution and infesting fruit crops. Here, we investigated the relationship between drosophilids and potential plant hosts in a commercial fruit and vegetable distribution center in the Neotropical region. We collected discarded fruits and vegetables from this commercial center during two time periods (2007-2008 and 2017-2018). Resources were weighted and individually monitored in the laboratory. The drosophilids that emerged were identified, and the relationship between them and their resources was explored. From the 99,478 kg of potential hosts collected, we identified 48 plant taxa, from which 48,894 drosophilids of 16 species emerged. On both collecting occasions, drosophilid assemblages were strongly dominated by basically the same exotic species, which explore a broader range of resources, especially those of exotic origin, when compared to neotropical drosophilids. These results are concerning because the studied site, Along with other urban markets around the world, might be acting as sources of generalist widespread species that disperse to surrounding natural vegetation and contribute to biotic homogenization.

Myrcianthes is a New World genus of Myrtaceae with 36 species currently accepted. Myrcianthes is very diverse in the Andes, and often one of the dominant elements in montane forest, but occurs from sea level to 3729 m. It is found on both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, from Mexico to Chile and from Florida to Uruguay; its total latitudinal range is almost 62º. The genus dates at least from the Eocene and is sister to Eugenia (>1,000 species), one of the largest tropical genera. Myrcianthes was monographed in 1992; new species have been since described, but no phylogeny of the genus has been published. Its age, combined with a wide ecological and geographical range, and the many narrow-endemic species makes the genus of phytogeographic and evolutionary interest. Altitudinal and geographical information within the genus were compiled to compare species' ranges. Records from the monograph and from online herbaria were curated to eliminate duplicates and potential erroneous identifications. Records were georeferenced whenever possible. Latitudinal ranges and altitudinal ranges and averages were calculated for each species. The genus has the widest combined altitudinal and latitudinal range in the family. Narrow-endemic species are concentrated either in the high-latitude lowlands or the low-latitude highlands. A Maximum Likelihood phylogeny based on four markers (ITS, ETS, matK and psbA-trnH; 25% missing data) and 11 species of Myrcianthes, in a total matrix of 123 species of Myrtales, was inferred. Bayesian inference was applied to calibrate the phylogeny with three macrofossils and three secondary calibration points in the Myrtales. To choose appropriate macrofossils, Myrtaceae wood anatomy was re-interpreted within the current phylogenetic framework and significant characters at subtribal, generic or sectional levels targeted. Myrcianthes coquimbensis, endemic to coastal Chile, is sister to the rest of the genus. After splitting from M. coquimbensis, the main clade divided into a Lowland clade (most diverse in Eastern South America) and a Highland clade (most diverse in the Andes). The clades are sympatric in southern Brazil and Uruguay near the inferred root of the tree, and probably meet again in Venezuela. Myrcianthes diverged from Eugenia in the early Oligocene, but did not diversify before the middle of the Miocene (later than in Eugenia), the only exception being the splitting off of M. coquimbensis from the main lineage at the end of the Oligocene; the lowland clade is older and diversified earlier than the sampled species of the Highland clade. Myrcianthes wood anatomy differs from that of its sister taxon Eugenia by the occurrence of helical thickenings in the vessels and absence of prismatic crystals in the axial parenchyma in some of its species. Myrcianthes emerges as a good model to study colonization of the neotropical flora by ancient southern Gondwanan elements.

The South American genus Praxelis Cass. (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae) includes 18 species and is the second-largest genus of subtribe Praxelinae. It is distributed from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas, to central Argentina, southern Brazil and north-western Uruguay. Over the past 40 years, one species, P. clematidea, has invaded several countries around the world. To understand Praxelis and its species, this study provides an updated taxonomy with the re-establishment of P. urticeafolim var. nanum as a synonym of P. ostenii, 16 lectotypifications, clarification of morphology and geographical distribution, brief descriptions, and the first key to all the species in the genus.

Melastomataceae é uma das famílias mais representativas do Cerrado, apresentando 33 gêneros e 513 espécies no bioma. A última listagem publicada de Melastomataceae para o Distrito Federal (DF) apontava 19 gêneros e 87 espécies, e foi elaborada para nortear o projeto Flora do Distrito Federal em 2001. Desde então, novos estudos moleculares trouxeram muitas mudanças de circunscrição genérica e tribal, por isso a importância de atualizar o tratamento taxonômico da família para o DF. O presente Conspectus apresenta uma chave dicotômica abrangendo 18 gêneros e 89 espécies de Melastomataceae com ocorrência confirmada no DF. É fornecida uma listagem com o habitat, cor da corola, número de registros no DF e habitats mais comumente registrados para cada espécie, além de imagens de 20 espécies.

Abstract Two new species of Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae) from the Brazilian Cerrado are described and illustrated. Eriocaulon benedictum, found in the Tocantins River Basin and Plate River Basin has a vegetative morphology similar to Eriocaulon aquatile and E. modestum due to the submerged life form with submerged leaves and long scapes surpassing the water column, but differs from both by the presence of a submerged stem with spiral leaves (vs. a rhizome with rosulate leaves), obtrullate floral bracts (vs. oblong floral bracts in E. aquatile or obovate in E. modestum), and band shaped projections on the seeds (vs. post shaped projections on E. modestum or projections absent in E. aquatile). Eriocaulon naviculum, found in the Araguaia River Basin, an emergent species, has a floral morphology similar to E. altogibbosum and E. gibbosum due to the presence of gibbous sepals in the pistillate flowers, but differs from both by the grey trichomes on the leaf sheath (vs. translucent trichomes in the latter species), slightly sinuous scapes (vs. straight scapes in the latter species), membranous, gibbous swelling in the sepals of the pistillate flowers (vs. incrassate gibbous swelling in the latter species), and seeds without projections with a rough lumen (vs. seeds without projections with a smooth lumen in E. gibbosum or seeds with band-like projections in E. altogibbosum). Detailed descriptions, including anatomical and seed data, illustrations, and maps of occurrence are presented for the new species, as are data on the ecology, geographic distribution, and risk assessments. An updated key for Eriocaulon species from the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin is also provided.