Lipids are considered the most important energy source in the infant diet and are necessary for normal growth and physical activity. Human milk, in which most of the energy is present as fat, provides a relatively high cholesterol intake. Formula provides a much lower cholesterol intake. Infants fed human milk have higher total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in plasma than do formula-fed infants (P: < 0.05), whereas plasma HDL- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations are lower in formula-fed infants if a formula high in linoleate is fed (P: < 0.05). Infants adapt to the high cholesterol content of human milk through a decrease in cholesterol synthesis; in contrast, the addition of cholesterol to formula does not suppress synthesis. Measurements of serum lipoproteins and LDL-receptor activity suggest that it is the fatty acid content, rather than the cholesterol content, of the diet that regulates cholesterol homeostasis. We studied the effect of total energy, source of energy, and fat on growth indexes of children <6 y of age in Latin America with use of food balance data. With respect to availability of animal fat, a negative relation was evident for being underweight (percentage weight-for-age <2 SDs of the World Health Organization-National Center for Health Statistics standards) and for having a low birth weight; the latter was also negatively related to energy. Wasting (percentage weight-for-height <2 SDs) was not related to dietary factors. These results suggest that diets that provide <22% of energy from fat and that are low in animal fats may restrict growth. The coexistence of early stunting with adult obesity in Latin America creates a dilemma for public nutrition intervention programs.

A prospective study in healthy infants predefining both diet fatty acid and cholesterol, from birth to age 1 year, compared response of cholesterol fractions in three groups: random assignment to 1) monounsaturated-(Hi-Mono) (n = 20), or 2) polyunsaturated-(Hi-Poly) (n = 22) fatty acid-enriched diets, or 3) non-randomized selection to breast feeding (Human Milk) (n = 25). In each group, designated weaning foods and supplements maintained fatty acid and cholesterol intake similar to that of each group's defined formulas, with long-term compliance confirmed by plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentrations. By 12 months, total cholesterol was significantly lower in the Hi-Poly group compared to either of the other groups (P < 0.05). Low density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower by 12 months in the Hi-Poly group, compared to the Hi-Mono groups. However, at the earlier 4-month interval, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in both Hi-Mono and Hi-Poly groups were not different from each other, although each was significantly lower than the parallel Human Milk-group (P < 0.05). The Hi-Mono group increased gradually in total and LDL-cholesterol such that, after 12 months' feedings, all lipid fractions of this Hi-Mono group were no different from those of the Human Milk group. In independent group comparisons, there were no significant differences in HDL-cholesterol concentrations after 4 and 9 months on these diets. Independent of diet, HDL-cholesterol showed a falling trend as an overall time-effect across all groups (P < 0.001). These data suggest that prolonged feeding of a diet enriched in polyunsaturated acids in early infancy has a significant cholesterol-lowering effect compared to monounsaturates. These differences in total, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol plasma concentrations between polyunsaturates and monounsaturates were not significantly evident until feedings had continued for a year.

Skeletal muscle hypotonia is a hallmark clinical finding in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) human infants. Although the biochemical basis for this phenomenon is not completely understood, one hypothesis is that the phosphorylation potential is abnormally low in the skeletal muscle of these infants. Therefore, we used 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure phosphorus metabolites in the skeletal muscle of VLBW infants during rest and during reflex-induced muscle contractions. Compared with healthy larger infants or to adults, the total phosphorus NMR signal is lower in VLBW infants. In VLBW infants during rest, [PCr]/([PCr]+[Pi]), where PCr is phosphocreatine and brackets denote concentration, was 89% and [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] was 59% of that found in larger infants (P less than 0.05). During reflex-induced isometric contractions in VLBW infants, [PCr]/([PCr]+[Pi]) declined by 24% and [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] declined by 35% (P less than 0.05 vs. rest). In all conditions, muscle pH remained 7.1. Overall, the differences in skeletal muscle energy state during rest and the corresponding changes in concentration of high-energy phosphates during mild exercise suggest a very limited energy reserve in the hypotonic muscle of VLBW infants.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 623, Issue 1 p. 455-456 Effect of Early Infancy Dietary Lipid Composition on Plasma Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Activity CHARLES E. MIZE, CHARLES E. MIZE Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, Texas 75235-9063Search for more papers by this authorRICARDO UAUY, RICARDO UAUY Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, Texas 75235-9063Search for more papers by this author CHARLES E. MIZE, CHARLES E. MIZE Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, Texas 75235-9063Search for more papers by this authorRICARDO UAUY, RICARDO UAUY Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, Texas 75235-9063Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb43769.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume623, Issue1Hyperlipidemia in Childhood and the Development of AtherosclerosisApril 1991Pages 455-456 RelatedInformation

ABSTRACT: To address the role of high-energy phosphorus compounds in the hypotonia of vitamin D-dependent rickets, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained sequentially from resting gastrocnemius muscle of a 10-month-old infant with rachitic hypotonia during supplementation with vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. During the initial weeks of treatment, the hypotonia resolved before evidence of epiphyseal mineralization. Over the early treatment period, the muscle phosphocreatine/β-adenosine triphosphate [PCr/β-ATP] ratio increased from 2.7–2.8 [wk 1–2] to 3.9–4.5 [wk 7–9]. The PCr/β-ATP ratio for 6-month-old normal infant gastrocnemius and adult forearm were 4.0 and 5.7, respectively. Muscle strength appeared to recover concomitantly with an increase in retained muscle phosphorus and high-energy phosphate compounds, and with relative increase in the muscle phosphocreatine to ATP ratio. The synchrony of clinical recovery may relate to the recovery kinetics of these metabolic changes.

To assess potential skeletal muscle changes of high energy phosphate compounds and inorganic phosphate (P) in early childhood rickets, a non-invasive but direct estimate of the relative concentrations in gastrocnemius muscle of P, phosphocreatine (PCr), & adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in an infant, age 10 months. He had generalized weakness and low serum P (3.5mg/dl) and Ca (6.7mg/ dl). Therapy was begun with vitamin D & dietary P & Ca, and weekly 31-P MRS spectra were obtained in an Oxford 30 cm, 1.9T magnet. Initially, PCr was approximately 50% reduced compared to that in gastrocnemius of a normal 6-month infant. Tissue P, PCr & ATP gradually normalized, preceding return of serum P & Ca to normal. Data below are serum (Ser) values, & tissue peak heights (mm) and peak height ratio: Functional muscle tone & strength gradually improved in concordance with MRS spectral return to a normal pattern. High energy phosphate depletion may explain the hypotonia of rickets. MRS may uniquely allow definition of individual muscle phosphorus components over time.

Banked human milk has been widely used, although its composition and nutritional adequacy for preterm infants are uncertain. We randomized 76 healthy infants of less than or equal to 1500 gm birth weight to ad lib feedings of frozen BHM or a protein-mineral-calorie-enriched formula (Similac Special Care) designed to sustain intrauterine accretion rates; BHM contained 2.2 gm fat/100 ml and 60 kcal/100 ml (gross energy). Infants fed BHM ingested more milk (197 vs 165 ml/kg/day) but less gross energy (118 vs 143 kcal/kg/day); grew less rapidly in weight (15 vs 30 gm/day), length (0.7 vs 1.1 cm/wk), and head circumference (0.8 vs 1.2 cm/wk); and were discharged at a lower weight (2200 vs 2348 gm) and older age (61 vs 47 day) than infants fed formula (P less than 0.02). At 37 weeks' postmenstrual age, infants fed BHM were less responsive to Brazelton inanimate stimuli (mean total score 5.0 vs 7.5; P less than 0.02). With few exceptions, blood amino acids, pH, and serum electrolyte values were similar in both groups. The different caloric intake of our feeding groups may explain only part of the large difference in growth rate. Donor milk should not be fed to preterm infants unless it has been analyzed and the feedings shown to provide a nutrient intake considered appropriate to the needs of these infants.

Although photon absorptiometry is increasingly used to evaluate bone mineral content of neonates, its reliability in this age group is unclear. The midradius or middistal radius of 12 growing preterm infants was scanned, using a Norland 278 Densitometer. Proper examiner technique and densitometer calibration were first verified. In three infants, the bone edges were not consistently discernible from soft tissue. In the remaining nine infants, apparatus variability (the percent change in bone mineral content of scans repeated without repositioning the infant) was comparable to intraexaminer and interexaminer variability (determined after the same or a different examiner repositioned the infant and repeated the scan). The variability for successive scans ranged from -73% to +60% (SD, 5% to 36%). Adequate reliability for preterm infants remains to be documented for commercially available photon absorptiometers by in vivo studies.

To attempt to improve outcome in gastroschisis (G) and omphalocele (O), a combination of defined surgical technique and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been undertaken over the past 5 years. Among 47 patients (26 G, 21 0), primary surgical repair was emphasized for correction (74%), with Silon closure in 10/47. A protocol of TPN-peripheral and/or TPN-central was employed in 23/26 with G, and 5/21 with 0. Overall survival was 88% with G and 67% with 0. Excluding multiple malformation syndromes, 37 of 40 infants survived. Bacterial sepsis occured in 8 patients, all in the first 32 months. Minimal surgical morbidity was evident. Selected hormones were measured in several patients under approximated steady-state conditions of controlled infusion ≥ 24 hrs following incremental caloric input with controlled amino acid (AA) load. Plasma glucagon, high initially (190-245 pg/ml), was lowered moderately (50-195 pg/ml) as glucose input increased. Plasma insulin, normal or low initially (2-6 uU/ml), increased moderately (8-38 uU/ml) with increasing glucose. Different AA loads (1.5-4.5 gm/kg/d) did not appreciably affect these responses. Plasma cortisol values were not altered. We conclude that low mortality can be obtained with a programmed surgical and nutrition team protocol. Medical and surgical complications are low, and steady-state high-glucose infusion produces only moderately altered levels of insulin and glucagon.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhospholipid, enzymic, and polypeptide analyses of the mitochondrial membranes from Saccharomyces carlsbergensisA. Joanne Bednarz-Prashad and Charles E. MizeCite this: Biochemistry 1978, 17, 20, 4178–4186Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00613a011https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00613a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMitochondrial membranes of inositol-requiring Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Covalent binding of a radioactive marker to the outer membraneA. Joanne Bednarz-Prashad and Charles E. MizeCite this: Biochemistry 1974, 13, 20, 4237–4242Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00717a026https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00717a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views18Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts