본 연구는 학기제 대면수업과 실시간 온라인 블록 수업간 의사 공감척도와 학습윤리 인식 및 포트폴리오 활동성과를 비교해보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 충청 소재 D의과대학 의학과 1학년 학생으로 2019년 34명, 2020년 41명을 포함하여 총 75명이었다. 수업 전후 성과를 비교하기 위해 첫 수업 시간에 1차 설문조사를 실시하고, 수업 종료 후 동일 설문지를 활용하여 2차 조사를 수행하였다. 포트폴리오 성과 평가는 수업 종료 후 1회 실시하였다. 2019와 2020년 수업 내용에는 큰 차이가 없었지만 2019년은 학기제로 주1회 1시간 15주, 2020년은 2일간 집중하여 수업이 이루어졌다. 2020년은 온라인 수업의 장점을 살려 학생 일인당 약 5~10분 내외로 1:1 피드백이 수행되었다. 조사대상자의 성별, 연령 분포의 차이는 없었다. 2019년과 비교하여 2020년 정서적 공감이 통계적으로 유의하게 높았고, 표절관련 행위, 수업에서의 부적절 행위, 환자존중 또는 기밀보장에 위반하는 행위 등 학습윤리 인식이 높았다. 특히 포트폴리오 활동에 적극적이였고(2019년 3.88~4.03점, 2020년 4.38~4.49점), 교수자의 피드백에 대한 만족도가 높았다. 본 연구는 2019년 학기제와 2020년 블록 수업이라는 교육기간과 대면과 실시간 온라인 수업이라는 교육매체의 차이가 있었다.

This study was designed to examine whether the self-directed learning method could improve self-directed learning readiness and the effects of academic achievement level. Self-directed learning readiness was investigated among 63 first-year Medical Terminology undergraduates in the C area. A repeat measurement variance analysis of the general linear model was conducted to evaluate the effects of improving self-directed learning readiness according to the general characteristics and level of academic achievement, while a regression analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting self-directed learning readiness. Self-directed learning readiness increased from 177.3 to 180.8 for those under 18 years of age, and 192.9 to 196.5 for those over 19 years of age (p<0.05). After the team activity, the overall self-directed learning readiness was improved, and both highand low-achieving groups showed statistically significant improvements (p<0.05). The environment surrounding learners was confirmed to have a positive effect on improving self-directed learning when given the right degree of self-directed learning and appropriate feedback. The study results are expected to form basic foundation material for professors and class designers who want to draw self-directed learning skills from memorizing subjects.

Pediatric Allergy and ImmunologyVolume 29, Issue 2 p. 221-224 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Hepatitis B immunogenicity after a primary vaccination course associated with childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergen sensitization Dong Keon Yon, Dong Keon Yon orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-9948 Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorEun Kyo Ha, Eun Kyo Ha Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorSo-Yeon Lee, So-Yeon Lee Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma and Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorWoo Kyung Kim, Woo Kyung Kim Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorYong Mean Park, Yong Mean Park Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorJihyun Kim, Jihyun Kim Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorKangmo Ahn, Kangmo Ahn orcid.org/0000-0003-0618-3947 Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorMyung-Il Hahm, Myung-Il Hahm Department of Health Administration and Management, Soonchunhyang University College of Medical Science, Asan, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorYoomi Chae, Yoomi Chae Department of Medical Education, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorKee-Jae Lee, Kee-Jae Lee Department of Information and Statistics, Korea National Open University, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorHo-Jang Kwon, Ho-Jang Kwon Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorMan Yong Han, Corresponding Author Man Yong Han drmesh@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0002-9077-5779 Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, KoreaEmail: drmesh@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this author Dong Keon Yon, Dong Keon Yon orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-9948 Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorEun Kyo Ha, Eun Kyo Ha Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorSo-Yeon Lee, So-Yeon Lee Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma and Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorWoo Kyung Kim, Woo Kyung Kim Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorYong Mean Park, Yong Mean Park Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorJihyun Kim, Jihyun Kim Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorKangmo Ahn, Kangmo Ahn orcid.org/0000-0003-0618-3947 Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorMyung-Il Hahm, Myung-Il Hahm Department of Health Administration and Management, Soonchunhyang University College of Medical Science, Asan, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorYoomi Chae, Yoomi Chae Department of Medical Education, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorKee-Jae Lee, Kee-Jae Lee Department of Information and Statistics, Korea National Open University, Seoul, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorHo-Jang Kwon, Ho-Jang Kwon Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, KoreaSearch for more papers by this authorMan Yong Han, Corresponding Author Man Yong Han drmesh@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0002-9077-5779 Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, KoreaEmail: drmesh@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 December 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12850Citations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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Background: Solar irradiation affects sensitization to aeroallergens and the prevalence of allergic diseases. Little is known, however, about how the time and amount of solar irradiation during pregnancy affects such risks in children. We aimed to find out how solar irradiation during pregnancy affects sensitization to aero-allergens and the prevalence of allergic diseases in children. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study involved 7301 aged 6 years and aged 12 years children. Maternal exposure to solar irradiation during pregnancy was evaluated using data from weather stations closest to each child's birthplace. Monthly average solar irradiation during the second and third trimesters was calculated with rank by quartiles. Risks of allergic sensitization and allergic disease were estimated. Results: Relative to the first (lowest) quartile, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for allergic sensitization in the fourth (highest) quartile was lowest within solar irradiation during pregnancy months 5-6 (aOR = 0.823, 95% CI 0.720-0.942, p < 0.05). During months 9-10, the aOR for allergic sensitization for the fourth was higher than the first quartile of solar irradiation (aOR = 1.167, 95% CI 1.022-1.333, p < 0.05). Similar results were observed when solar irradiation was analyzed as a continuous variable during months 5 (aOR = 0.975, 95% CI 0.962-0.989, p < 0.001) and month 9 (aOR = 1.018, 95% CI 1.004-1.031, p = 0.003). Increased solar irradiation during months 7-8 increased the risk of asthma (aOR = 1.309, 95% CI 1.024-1.674, p = 0.032). Conclusions: Maternal exposure to solar irradiation during the second trimester of pregnancy associated with reduced aeroallergen sensitization, whereas solar irradiation during the third trimester was related to increased sensitization to aeroallergens. Copyright (C) 2017, Japanese Society of Allergology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

This study was conducted to analyze the effects of a horticultural activity program on heart rate variability (HRV) in white-collar workers. The subjects enrolled in the program all worked in automotive manufacturing. Forty white-collar workers were randomly selected; 15 workers were assigned to the case group and 25 workers were assigned to the control group. The workers' attitude toward plants and their HRV was measured before and after an 8-session horticultural activity program. Multivariate regression analysis was performed, adjusting for factors such as age, marital status, house type, job grade, monthly income, work time, drinking, smoking habit, and level of exercise. There was no statistically significant change in the worker's attitude toward plants. However, standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN), very low frequency (VLF) values of HRV in the case group were significantly increased compared to the control group. SDNN decreases when there is discordance in the autonomic nervous system, and the VLF value isrelated to the renin-angiotensin system. These values decrease with increasing stress.

The present study aimed to investigate the distribution of total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in Korean schoolchildren and to evaluate its utility in the prediction of atopy and allergic diseases. A nationwide, cross-sectional survey was conducted in first grade students from randomly selected elementary and middle schools. Total IgE levels were measured by ImmunoCAP. Skin prick tests were performed for 18 common inhalant allergens to determine the presence of atopy. Children aged 12-13 years and parents of children aged 6-7 years were asked to complete questionnaire assessing allergic diseases. The cut-off levels of total IgE were determined by analyzing receiver operating characteristic curves. The median total IgE level was 86.7 kU/L (range: 1.5-4,523.1) in 3,753 children aged 6-7 years and 94.7 kU/L (range: 1.5-3,000.0) in 3,930 children aged 12-13 years. Total IgE concentrations were higher in children with atopy or allergic diseases than in those without (all P < 0.001). At the cut-off value of 127.7 kU/L, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were 67.1%, 75.4%, 65.4%, and 76.7%, respectively, in elementary schoolchildren. At the cut-off value of 63.0 kU/L, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 81.9%, 66.6%, 75.0%, and 75.1%, respectively, in middle schoolchildren. PPV and NPV were ≥ 70% when cut-offs of 258.8 kU/L and 38.4 kU/L were used for the diagnosis of atopy in 6-7 year-olds and 12-13 year-olds, respectively. This nationwide population-based study provided the first normal reference ranges of total IgE in Korean schoolchildren.

본 연구는 대기업과 중소기업 사무직을 대상으로 직무스트레스 하부 요인과 조직효과성의 관계와 이를 통해 사무직 근로자의 직무스트레스 개선을 위한 관리 전략 수립에 필요한 근거자료를 제공하고자 한다. 조사내용은 개인의 일반적인 특성, 업무관련사항, 직무스트레스와 사회심리적 건강수준 및 조직효과성 평가를 위해 직무만족도, 직무몰입, 이직의도, 프리젠티즘을 포함하였다. 모든 평가 도구의 Cronbach's ${\alpha}$값은 0.640~0.924로 만족할 만한 수준이였다. 자료 수집은 2014년 6월 26일~8월 1일까지 설문지 154부를 배포하였고, 150부를 최종 분석대상으로 하였다. 자료는 SPSS 23.0을 이용하여 카이제곱 검정, t-test, ANOVA, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 대기업 모델에서는 직무스트레스 하부 요인 중 보상부적절이 직무만족도, 직무몰입, 이직의도에 통계적으로 유의한 관련성을 보였다(p<0.05). 중소기업 모델에서는 조직체계 요인이 직무만족도, 직무몰입에 유의한 관련성을 보였으며, 특히 이직의도는 직무스트레스 하부 요인 중 조직체계, 보상부적절, 조직문화와 밀접한 관련성을 보였다(p<0.05). 사회심리적 스트레스는 대기업 모델에서는 조직효과성과 유의한 관련성을 보이지 않았으나, 중소기업 모델에서는 프리젠티즘과 유의한 관련성을 보였다. 직무스트레스와 조직효과성의 관계는 조직특성에 따라 달라지므로, 직무스트레스 관리 계획 수립 시 해당 조직에 필요한 스트레스 관리 영역을 확인할 필요성을 제시했다는 측면에서 본 연구의 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study was to provide the evidence necessary to establish job stress management strategies to improve office workers conditions by looking at the impact on job stress factors depending on the nature of the organization. The stress related variables (job stress and psychological well-being) and organizational effectiveness variables (job satisfaction, job engagement, intention to leave, and presentieesm) was included. A total of 154 questionnaires were distributed from 26th June to 1 August 2014 and 150 people were analyzed. The results indicated that a lack of reward was negatively correlated with job satisfaction and job engagement, and positively correlated with the intention to leave (p<0.05) in a large-sized company model. Moreover, in a medium-sized company model, organizational injustice was statistically significant with job satisfaction and job engagement. Organizational injustice, lack of reward, and occupational climate was positively correlated with the intention to leave (p<0.05). This study has its significance in that it looked at the job stress as a predictive variable to explain the organizational effectiveness and highlights the need to establish a stress management strategy depending on the nature of the company.

BACKGROUND There is still considerable disagreement regarding the role of vitamin D in the development or exacerbation of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between serum vitamin D levels and recent symptoms of allergic diseases in elementary schoolchildren. METHODS A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in children ages 6-7 years from 45 randomly selected elementary schools. The presence of atopic dermatitis (AD) or asthma was defined as medical treatment of children for AD or asthma within 12 months of the survey. The presence of allergic rhinitis (AR) was defined as medical treatment for AR during the past 12 months and a positive skin test response. Current AD was defined as confirmed eczema on physical examination. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS Questionnaire data and blood samples were collected from 3720 children. The overall prevalence rates of vitamin D insufficiency (20-29 ng/mL) and deficiency (<20 ng/mL) were 64.0% and 18.4%, respectively. For a 1 ng/mL decrease in 25(OH)D, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for AR was 1.020 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.002-1.040) and the aOR for current AD was 1.027 (95% CI, 1.006-1.047). For each 1 ng/mL decrease in 25(OH)D, the aOR for positive skin-prick test reactivity was 1.013 (95% CI, 1.000-1.027). No significant association between vitamin D level and the prevalence of asthma was observed. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was found in Korean elementary schoolchildren, and low vitamin D levels were associated with recent symptoms of AD and AR.

BackgroundAlthough rhinitis is the most common allergic disease in children, few studies have explored the causal relationships between mould allergens and rhinitis. Thus, this study aimed to identify factors, especially prior exposure to mould allergens, related to rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in Korean children.MethodsSubjects in this study were 12- to 13-year-old children from 40 national middle schools who were participants of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) study in Korea. A total of 3852 children who completed the ISAAC questionnaire in 2010 and underwent a skin prick test (SPT) and blood test were enrolled in this study.ResultsThe prevalence of symptoms suggestive of rhinitis or rhinoconjunctivitis in last 12 months was 42.7% and 19.4%, respectively. A parental history of allergies (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.75-2.35; OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 2.13-3.06), visible mould or dampness (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.09-1.51; OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.00-1.51), previous exposure to mould allergens (OR = 4.53, 95% CI = 2.32-8.84; OR = 4.98, 95% CI = 2.43-10.20), total IgE levels 78 kU/l (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.22-1.69; OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.60-2.48) were risk factors for rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis.ConclusionsThis study suggested that previous exposure to mould allergens more influenced rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis than visible mould or dampness, and that total IgE levels of 78 kU/l, which was the criterion suggested in a study of Asian children, were risk factors for rhinitis diseases.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE:We aimed to analyse the risk factors of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Korean schoolchildren in 2010.METHODS:A nationwide, cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 6-7 years and adolescents aged 12-13 years who were randomly selected. Information was obtained through a Korean version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire (ISAAC), and skin prick tests were performed. AD-diagnosed children were selected for risk factor analysis by using logistic regression.RESULTS:We enrolled 4,003 children (M/F = 2,021/ 1,982) in aged 6-7 years and 4,112 children (M/F = 2,029/2,083) in 12-13 years. In children aged 6-7 years, the lifetime prevalence of AD diagnosis was 35.6% (N = 1,424). On the other hand, in the 12 to 13 year age group, the lifetime prevalence of AD diagnosis was 24.2% (N = 981). In the univariate logistic regression analysis in 6-7 year-old children, possible risk factors were atopy, a parental history of allergic disease, the use of antibiotics during infancy, a history of having moved into a newly built house during infancy, the presence of visible mould in the house, and remodelling of house within 12 months. The statistical significance persisted after adjustment. However, antibiotic use during infancy and remodelling within 12 months showed no statistical significance as a risk factor for AD. In contrast, multivariate logistic regression analysis in adolescents demonstrated that female sex, atopy, a parental history of allergic diseases, the presence of visible mould in the house, and a history of having moved into a newly built house during infancy was associated with AD. There was no significant association between AD and other risk factors.CONCLUSION:In Korean schoolchildren, risk factors such as atopy, the presence of parental allergic diseases, moving into a newly built house during infancy and visible mould in the house were associated with AD.

We aimed to investigate the association between concentration of serum vitamin D levels and recent symptoms of allergic diseases in elementary schoolchildren. A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in the first grade students from randomly selected 45 elementary schools. Recent symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD) or asthma were defined as those who were medically treated for AD or asthma. Recent symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR) were considered to be present if a child had the experience of treatment for AR during the last 12 months and showed a positive skin prick test responses to common 18 inhalant allergens. All the children were examined by a pediatrician to determine the presence of eczema in their neck and flexural areas of both arms. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The overall prevalence rates of vitamin D insufficiency (20 to 29 ng/mL) and deficiency (<20 ng/mL) were 64.1% and 18.4%. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for the presence of AR was 0.980 (95% CI: 0.962–0.998) for each increase of 1 ng/mL in 25(OH)D, while no association was found between 25(OH)D levels and the prevalence of AD or asthma. The aOR per increase of 1 ng/mL in 25(OH)D was 0.974 (95% CI 0.955-0.994) for the presence of eczema on the day of survey. A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was found in Korean elementary schoolchildren, and vitamin D level was associated with recent symptoms of AD and AR.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of allergic diseases in Korean schoolchildren according to their residential areas in 2010.Methods: A nationwide, cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 6-7 years (n = 4,003) and adolescents aged 12-13 years (n = 4,112) who were randomly selected. Demographic and disease- related information was obtained through a Korean version of ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) questionnaire, and skin prick tests for 18 inhalant allergens were performed.Results: There was statistically significant regional difference in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) (P < 0.05). The regions with highest and lowest prevalence in 12- to 13-year-old children were as follows: Chungcheong and Honam in "Diagnosis of AR, ever" (33.7% vs. 24.5%), Jeju and Yeongnam in "Treatment of AR, last 12 months" (25.5% vs. 18.0%), Chungcheong and Yeongnam in "Rhinitis with sensitization" (31.6% vs. 23.6%). The regions with highest and lowest prevalence in 6-7 years old children were as follows: Yeongnam and Seoul in "Diagnosis of AR, ever" (42.1% vs. 31.0%), Yeongnam and Jeju in "Treatment of AR, last 12 months" (31.8% vs. 21.9%), Jeju and Seoul in "Rhinitis with sensitization" (26.0% vs. 18.4%). We also found a regional difference in inhalant allergens among the children with "rhinitis with sensitization".Conclusion: The prevalence of AR in children differs according to residential areas in a nationwide survey in 2010 while there is no significant regional difference in the prevalence of asthma and AD.

Objectives: This study investigated the implementation of training courses and the overall outlook for occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) in Korea. We described the problems facing OEM residency programs in Korea, and reviewed studies dealing with the specialty of occupational health in developed countries in order to suggest directions of improvement for the OEM training courses.Methods: We surveyed 125 OEM residents using a questionnaire in August 2012. A total of 23 questions about the training environment, residency programs, preferred institutions for post-licensure employment, and the outlook for OEM specialists were included in the questionnaire and analyzed according to the type of training institution and residency year. Responses from 88 residents (70.4 %) were analyzed.Results: The major responsibilities of OEM residents were found to vary depending on whether they were trained in research institutes or in hospitals. OEM residents had a lower level of satisfaction with the following training programs: toxicology practice (measurements of biological markers, metabolites, and working environments), and OEM practice (environmental diseases and clinical training involving surgery). When asked about their eventual place of employment, OEM residents preferred institutions providing special health examinations or health management services. OEM residents reported a positive outlook for OEM over the next 5 years, but a negative outlook for the next 10 years.Conclusions: Although a standardized training curriculum for OEM residents exists, this study found differences in the actual training courses depending on the training institution. We plan to standardize OEM training by holding a regional conference and introducing open training methods, such as an open hospital system. Use of Korean-language OEM textbook may also reduce differences in the educational programs of each training institution. Toxicology practice, environmental diseases, and clinical training in surgery are areas that particularly need improvement in OEM residency training programs.

본 연구는 일개 대학병원 근무자 679명을 대상으로 신체 부담과 근골격계 증상이 직무 스트레스에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 분석 결과 직무스트레스에 영향을 미치는 관련 요인으로는 여성, 저연령층, 미혼, 교대근무자, 8시간 이상 근무자, 근무 경력이 낮은 군이 유의한 변수로 선정되었다. 직무 스트레스 수준은 비흡연(p=0.000), 운동을 하지 않는다(p=0.022) 및 비음주(p=0.038)에서 높았고 통계적으로도 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한 직무스트레스에 영향을 미치는 관련 변수로 정신적 피로, 근골격계 증상, 피로수준 및 결혼상태가 직무스트레스 위험을 증가시킬 수 있다. 결론적으로 육체적 작업부담과 직무스트레스간의 쌍방향성 상승효과가 있음을 확인하였다. This study examined the effects of the symptoms of musculoskeletal disorder and the burden of the body on work stress in a university hospital workers. The research surveyed 679 subjects. The relevant factors affecting the job stress were found to be female, young people age group, unmarried, shift work, work more than 8 hours, short experience workers. The work stress was significantly higher in the non-smoker (p=0.000), regular exercise/sports(p=0.022) and non-drinking(p=0.038) groups. In addition, the mental fatigue, presence of musculoskeletal symptoms, fatigue level, and marital status increase the risk of the work stress. The results showed that the burden of the body and musculoskeletal disorders are related interactively with each other.

Background: The relationship between exposure to indoor environmental pollutants and incidence of asthma and wheezing illness in children is unclear. This study aimed to clarify this relationship by identifying the risk factors associated with these conditions in South Korean children aged 6-7 years. Methods: The parents or guardians of 3810 children aged 6-7 years who had participated in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood and met the study criteria completed validated questionnaires regarding their children's asthma and wheezing illness, risk factors and exposure to indoor pollutants. The data were subjected to chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify the factors significantly associated with asthma and wheezing illness. Results: Parental history of allergic disease (odds ratio [OR]: 1.729; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.447-2.066), living on the basement or semi-basement floor (OR: 1.891; 95% CI: 1.194-2.996) and living in housing that had been remodeled within the last 12 months (OR: 1.376; 95% CI: 1.101-1.720) were found to be significantly associated with wheezing illness. Parental history of allergic disease (OR: 2.189; 95% CI: 1.483-3.231), male sex (OR: 1.971; 95% CI: 1.369-2.838) and positive skin prick test (SPT) result (OR: 1.583; 95% CI: 1.804-3.698) were found to be significantly associated with current asthma. Conclusions: Although the risk factors for current asthma appear to be more related to the non-modifiable risk factors like sex, parental history of allergic diseases, SPT, the two groups are associated with exposure to modifiable indoor environmental factors.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the appearance of having relationship between the exposure to lead and cadmium and the dental caries targeting adults in the Republic of Korea. Methods : The study was designed as a cross-sectional study, using the data of the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects as 1,966 people, who were confirmed the appearance of dental caries among 1,991 people of having been offered the heavy-metal concentration in blood. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 19.0, according to complex sampling design. Results : As a result of multi-variate analysis on factors of dental caries, in Model I without correction, the gender, age, educational level, appearance of lifelong smoking, daily toothbrushing frequency, appearance of using dental floss, and subjective oral health status were recognized as important factors. In Model II with correction of gender and age, the educational level, daily toothbrushing frequency, and subjective oral health status were recognized as statistically significant factors. In Model III with correction of all factors, the gender, age, educational level, appearance of using dental floss, and subjective oral health status were functioning as statistically significant factors. As a result of statistically analyzing relationship between the exposure to lead and cadmium and the dental caries targeting adults, it was analyzed that there is no significant correlation. However, in case of lead, the tendency of being grown the cross ratio of dental caries could be examined in model I, which didn`t correct disturbance factor, model II, which corrected gender and age, and model III, which corrected all variables of disturbance factor. Conclusions : The exposure to lead and cadmium was indicated to have no relationship with adults` dental caries. However, a continuous research of relationship was considered to be necessary by using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which is surveyed in the future.

Although the prevalence and causes of food allergy (FA) vary by geographic location, large well-designed epidemiological studies in Asia are lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of immediate-type FA in the general population of Korean schoolchildren. A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 using a stratified two-stage cluster-sampling design. In this survey, children aged 6-7 years and 12-13 years were randomly selected, and the presence of FA was determined by a questionnaire survey and assessment of specific IgE. After adjustment for missing data, 3907 children aged 6-7 years and 3975 students aged 12-13 years who completed the questionnaire were included in this study. In children aged 6-7 years, the prevalence of confirmed immediate-type FA was 0.3%, and the prevalence of possible immediate-type FA was 0.3%. By contrast, 0.6 and 1.0% of children aged 12-13 years had confirmed immediate-type FA and possible immediate-type FA, respectively. In 6- to 7-year-old children, egg was the most frequent causative food associated with a confirmed or possible immediate-type FA. In 12- to 13-year-old children, crustaceans were the most frequent cause of confirmed immediate-type FA, and fruit was most frequently involved in possible immediate-type FA. This is the first nationwide population-based study of FA in Korean schoolchildren. Unlike in western countries, the prevalence of immediate-type FA seems to be low. In 12- to 13 year-old children with confirmed immediate-type FA, peanuts/tree nuts are not common causes, whereas crustaceans are frequent triggers.

We performed this study to assess the prevalence of sensitization to aeroallergens and to analyze the difference between prevalence rates according to children's ages and residential areas. In this nationwide cross-sectional study, first grade students of 45 elementary schools and 40 middle schools were randomly selected, and skin prick tests were performed for 18 inhalant allergens between October and November 2010. Of 7,829 analyzed subjects, 3,753 (47.9%) were sensitized to at least one aeroallergen. Sensitization to Dermatophagoides farinae was found to be the most prevalent in elementary schoolchildren (32.4%), followed by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Japanese hop, and oak. In middle schoolchildren, D. pteronyssinus yielded the highest prevalence (42.7%), followed by D. farinae, T. putrescentiae, Japanese hop, and cat. In middle schoolchildren, the sensitization rate to aeroallergens in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas was 57.2%, 54.3%, and 49.8%, respectively (P = 0.019). In this age group, the sensitization rate in low, middle, high, and very high income groups was 53.8%, 51.8%, 59.0%, and 59.6%, respectively (P = 0.002). In conclusion, the sensitization rate is 47.9% and house dust mite is the most prevalent allergen in the pediatric population in Korea. The rate is higher in metropolitan areas and the highest income group than in rural areas and low income groups.

To investigate the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema, we did a cross-sectional survey of 4,003 children aged 6-7 years (students in the 1st year of elementary school) and 4,112 students aged 13-14 years (students in the 1st year of middle school), chosen from a random sample of 45 primary and 40 middle schools across the nation. The Korean-translated modified version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was used in this survey. The weighted 12-month prevalence of asthma symptoms from the questionnaires was 10.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2 to 11.4) for children aged 6-7 years and 8.3% (95% CI, 7.4 to 9.2) for children aged 13-14 years. The weighted 12-month prevalence of allergic rhinoconjuctivitis symptoms was 18.9% (95% CI, 17.5 to 20.4) for children aged 6-7 years and 19.2% (95% CI, 17.9 to 20.6) for children aged 13-14 years. The weighted 12-month prevalence of eczema symptoms was 17.9% (95% CI, 16.6 to 19.3) for children aged 6-7 years and 11.2% (95% CI, 10.1 to 12.3) for children aged 13-14 years. Compared with results from a 2000 ISAAC study, the 12-month prevalence of asthma increased from 5.8% to 10.3% in children aged 6-7 years, but there was little change (from 8.7% to 8.3%) in children aged 13-14 years. The prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema has increased considerably in both age groups.