Background: Chickpea one of the major pulse crops grown in rabi season which require optimum weather conditions (cool climate) for growth and development of the plant. Under late sown conditions crop is exposed to higher temperatures during flowering and pod formation stages which show affect on yield of the crop hence optimum sowing time play a major role in crop growth. Methods: Experiment was carried out in order to investigate the relationships between dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and grain yield with various weather parameters by using correlation and regression analysis. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with 1st November (D1), 15th November (D2), 1st December (D3), 15th December (D4), 1st January (D5) and 15th January (D6) in main plots and three varieties viz., JG-14 (V1), NBeG-3 (V2) and NBeG-47 (V3) in sub plots replicated thrice was carried out at college farm, Agricultural College, Jagtial, Telangana during Rabi, 2022-23 in sandy clay loam soil. Result: Results of this investigation revealed that chickpea crop sown under different dates of sowing showed that heat units requirement varies from 1714 to 1753 growing degree days (GDD), photo thermal units (PTU) requirement ranged from 19093 to 20505. While, Helio thermal units (HTU) requirement ranged from 12466 to 19093 during the crop growth period. Correlation studies indicated that critical weather influencing the seed yield of chickpea is minimum temperature prevailed at P4 stage (first pod formation to physiological maturity) which accounted for 68% variation.

The study in relation to "Nutrient forms under organic and conventional cultivation practices in selected crops of Northern Telangana Zone" was carried out during kharif season of 2022 at the farmer's field in sorghum, redgram and tumeric crops of Northern Telangana Zone. The survey was carried out to know the soil nutrient status under organic and conventional cultivation practices in selected crops. 60 soil samples of 0-15 cm depth were collected randomly after the harvest of sorghum, red gram and turmeric crops representing organic and conventional farming systems, 10 samples per each crop from both the practices. The soil samples collected were analysed for bulk density, pH, EC, organic carbon (%), CEC, available macronutrients (N, P, K and S) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn). The results revealed regarding physical properties of soil that, the bulk density in organic farming with a mean value of 1.32 Mg m-3 and in conventional system with a mean value of 1.54 Mg m-3. Due to application of organic sources resulted a 16% decrease in soil bulk density over conventional farming. Regarding physico-chemical properties of soil the results revealed that soil pH was reduced, electrical conductivity of soil slightly remained unchanged, the soil organic carbon and CEC increased due to incorporation of organic sources. soil pH was neutal to slightly alkaline in nature (6.94-8.02) and electrical conductivity of soil was rated as non-saline (0.16-0.49 ds m-1). The soil organic carbon varied from 0.33 to 0.77% and comes under the categories of low to medium. The status of available N, P, K and S was high in organic farming with a mean values of 218, 42.3, 349 and 37.6 kg ha-1 respectively and in conventional system with a mean values of 206, 36.9, 329 and 32.2 kg ha-1 respectively. The DTPA extractable micronutrients Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu was high in organic farming with a mean values of 0.66, 9.33, 13.40 and 3.47 mg kg-1 and in conventional system with a mean values of 0.50, 7.84, 10.62 and 2.38 mg kg-1 respectively. The results revealed that organic farming practices build up the chemical composition of soil, suppliment the availability of macro and micronutrients, and enchance the soil's organic carbon status all of which are cruial for sustainable crop yields.

Survey was conducted in Jagtial district of Telangana state to identify the soil fertility status of rice growing areas. Soil fertility is one of the major limiting factor for maintaining sustainability in crop yields. Totally 90 surface soil samples collected from the selected rice cultivated farmers’ field. Collected soil samples were tested for texture, pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P, K and S in order to identify the nutrient status in soils and develop the corrective measures. The soil fertility maps generated through Global Positioning System (GPS) and Arc Geographic Information System (GIS) software to formulate balanced fertilizer recommendations and to understand the spatial variability of nutrients in soil. Survey results showed that the sand was ranged from 44 to 80% and that of silt was 3 to 20 % while the range of clay was 13 to 42% and varied three textural classes viz., sandy clay loam, sandy loam and loamy sand. Soil pH was neutral to slightly alkaline (6.8 to 8.2), electrical conductivity rated as non-saline (0.23 to 0.69 dS m-1), organic carbon was low-medium (0.3 to 0.6%), available-N was low (101 to 195 kg ha-1), available-P was high (26.8 to 61.5 kg ha-1), available-K was medium to high (120 to 449 kg ha-1) and available-S was medium to high (10.0 to 26.8 mg kg-1). Among these organic carbon (%) and available-N were important constraints in soil fertility in rice growing areas of Jagtial district of Telangana state.

Nutrient management practices have huge influence on soil biological health. The present study was conducted during kharif-2021 in the on-going AICRP on LTFE after 21 years of continuous application of fertilizers and manures to estimate the enzymatic activities i.e., urease and dehydrogenase activity at different growth stages of rice crop. In all the treatments, enzymes exhibited higher activity at flowering stage and thereafter the activity was decreased towards harvesting stage of the rice crop. Among all the treatments, FYM and 100% NPK+FYM treatments recorded highest dehydrogenase and urease activity, respectively as compared with all other treatments. Balanced fertilizer application i.e., 100% NPK also recorded significantly higher enzymatic activity compared with imbalanced fertilizer treatments i.e., 100% N and 100% NP during all the stages of crop growth period. Integrated nutrient management (100%NPK+FYM), FYM and 100% NPK are the best treatment with respect, to increasing enzymatic activity as compared with all other treatments. Grain yield of rice varied from 4078 kg ha-1 to 6569 kg ha-1during kharif-2021. Among all the treatments, maximum grain yield (6569 kg ha-1) was obtained with 100% NPK+FYM. Lower grain yield (4078 kg ha-1) was recorded in the treatment 100% N. Integrated use of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure resulted in higher growth parameters and maximum yield of rice. The combined use of organic as well as inorganic source of plant nutrients could be a sustainable option for optimizing the yield of rice in rice-rice cropping system in semi-arid southern India.

A long term fertilizer experiment was initiated at PJTSAU sub campus, Jagtial, Telangana state, during rainy season of the year 2000-01 in rice-rice continuous cropping system. The experiment was conducted in a fixed plan layout with 11 treatments (and 1 fallow) which included various combinations of inorganic and organic fertilizers and was replicated 4 times under randomized block design. At the initiation of Experiment the soil properties were clay texture with pH 8.22, organic carbon 7.9 g/kg, Available Nitrogen (N) 107.6 kg/ha, Available Phosphorus (P) 19.6 kg/ha and Available Potassium (K) 364 kg/ha. The study was conducted over a period of 17 years comprising of 34 cropping cycles, in rainy season where all treatments received optimum dose (100% NPK), super optimum dose (150% NPK) and integrated treatments (100% NPK + FYM 5 t/ha) (FYM – farm yard manure) gave onpar yields. However in the post rainy season, 150% NPK treatment gave superior yield compared to all treatments except NPK+ FYM 5 t/ha. NPK + FYM 5 t/ha and 150% NPK treatments recorded the most sustainable yield index (SYI) of 0.65 in rainy and post rainy season respectively. Over all mean SYI, was highest for NPK + FYM 5 t/ha and 150% NPK i.e., 0.63 and the least was observed in 100% N alone 0.50. There was an increase in organic carbon, Available N, Available P and Available K in NPK + FYM 5 t/ha and 150% NPK treatments compared with other treatments. Treatment receiving N alone i.e. imbalance nutrient supply retrogress the crop yields and soil productivity in long run.

Soil micronutrients were studied on Inceptisol with an 16-years old experiment at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Jagtial in rice – rice cropping system. The present study was undertaken during kharif, 2016 and results indicated that continuous application of chemical fertilizers and manures increased the micronutrient availability in soil. Application of 100% NPK + Zn over a period of 16 years significantly increased the Zn content in soil by 37.8% as against 100% NPK treatment. Continuous application of FYM (100% FYM) recorded highest Mn content of 7.75 mg kg-1in soil.

A field experiment was conducted in clay loam soils of Jagtial, Telangana State during rainy season of 2015 to study the performance of rice under different establishment methods. The experiment was laid down in randomized block design with three replications. Eleven treatments were taken viz. dry or wet seeding with drum seeder at three row spacing i.e, 20, 25 and 30 cm, broadcasting of dry or sprouted seed in puddled soil, transplanting, SRI and MSRI methods. The yield attributes viz. panicles m-2, spikelets panicle-1 and percent filled grains were found to be high in MSRI method with less chaffyness of grains. The grain and straw yield was higher in MSRI method followed by SRI which was 31.5 and 23.4% higher than that in transplanting method, respectively. Drum seeding at 30 cm spacing with wet seed or dry seed registered an increase of 22.1 and 17.8% in yield over conventional transplanting method, respectively. The SPAD meter reading, test weight and harvest index were not influenced by different establishment methods. The nutrient (NPK) uptake was higher in MSRI method followed by SRI method which were superior to transplanting method.

Field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2016 to study the effects of phosphorus levels, biofertilizers (Phosphate solubilising bacteria) and organic manures (vermicompost) on yield, nutrient concentration and their uptake at flowering and harvest of green gram. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications having 12 treatment combinations viz. 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 75 and 100 % RDP) and its integration with PSB (500 g ha-1seed) and vermicompost (5 t ha-1). Experimental results revealed that grain yield and nutrient uptakes significantly influenced by phosphorus, vermicompost and PSB application. Application of higher dose of phosphorus along with PSB and vermicompost (100 % RDP + Vermicompost+ Phosphate solubilising bacteria) proved to be the best in improving the seed yield (1033.33 kg ha-1). Application of inorganic P fertilizers, organic manures and PSB markedly influenced the nutrient concentration and their uptake. Results showed that application of vermicompost at 5 t ha-1, seed inoculation with PSB and 100% RDP significantly increased the N, P, K and S concentration in grain, haulm and their uptake by greengram.

Field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2016 on sandy loam soil to study the effect of phosphorus levels, biofertilizers (PSB) and organic manures (vermicompost) on dry matter production at flowering, total root nodule number, effective root nodule number and yield of green gram. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications having 12 treatment combinations viz. 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 75 and 100 % RDP) and its integration with PSB (500 g ha-1 seed) and vermicompost (5 t ha-1). A significant increase in dry matter production at flowering was recorded with the application of 100 % RDP along with PSB and vermicompost. Application of 100% RDP ha-1 along with vermicompost and PSB seed inoculation (T12) recorded significantly highest number of total and effective root nodules plant-1 (12.63, 19.1 and 25.1 total nodules pl-1 and 6.83, 10.1 and 12.97 effective nodule pl-1 during 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks after sowing, respectively). Combined application of 100 % RDP along with PSB and vermicompost registered significantly highest grain (1626 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (1033 kg ha-1) in green gram. The treatment control (without P fertilization) showed significantly poor performance in dry matter production and yield of green gram as against the rest of the treatments.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and sulphur on yield and quality of soybean with four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and four levels of sulphur (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg ha-1). The highest mean grain yield of 1997 and 1874 kg ha-1 were recorded with the application of 120 kg N and 40 kg S ha-1, respectively. The oil content and protein content also progressively increased with increasing levels of nitrogen and sulphur. The highest oil and protein content of 18.65 and 40.3 percent were observed with the application of 120 kg N ha-1. Application of 40 kg S ha-1 recorded higher oil and protein contents of 18.38 and 38.74 percent, respectively.

A field experiment was conducted at college farm, agricultural college, Polasa, Jagtial, on medium black soil during Kharif-2017. There were sixteen treatment combinations consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) and four levels of sulphur (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg S ha-1. Significantly higher soybean seed yield (25.77 q ha-1) and haulm yield (31.32 q ha-1) recorded with combined application of nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-1and sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1 compared to other treatments and it was on par with application of nitrogen @ 80 kg ha-1 and sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1 net returns (72438 Rs. ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.38) recorded with combined application of nitrogen @ 80 kg ha-1 and sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1compared to other treatments.

Field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2016 on sandy loam soil to study the effect of phosphorus levels, biofertilizers (PSB) and organic manures (vermicompost) on acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and yield of green gram. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications having 12 treatment combinations viz. 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 75 and 100 % RDP) and its integration with PSB (2 kg ha-1) and vermicompost (5 t ha-1). Application of inorganic P alone decreased phosphotase enzyme activity from 0 to 100 % RDP level. Application of 100% RDP ha-1 resulted in a significantly lower acid and alkaline phosphatase activity both at flowering and at harvest of green gram. Application of vermicompost along with PSB seed inoculation (T4) recorded significantly highest and activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase was151.33 and 277.33 µg p-nitrophenol g-1 soil h-1 and the lowest activity of 88.00 and 232.00 µg p-nitrophenol g-1 soil h-1 of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity respectively were registered under 100 % RDP treatment (T9) in rhizosphere soil at flowering. Combined application of 100 % RDP along with PSB and vermicompost registered significantly highest grain and haulm yield in green gram.

The effect of inorganic phosphorus, phosphate solubilising bacteria and vermicompost on yield of greengram and available nutrient status was studied during Kharif 2016 at Agricultural College, Polasa, Jagtial, Telangana state, India.The experiment was conducted with three levels of phosphorus (0, 75 and 100 % RDP), phosphate solubilising bacteria (0 and 2 kg ha -1 ) and vermicompost (0 and 5 t ha -1 ).The results revealed that grain and haulm yields were increased with increasing inorganic P levels and when the crop was supplemented with PSB and vermicompost.Significantly higher grain (1033.33 kg ha -1 ) and haulm yield (1625.66 kg ha -1 ) were recorded when the crop was integrated with 100 % RDP along with PSB and vermicompost.Results also indicated that there was a significant build-up in available N, P, K and S status with increasing inorganic P levels, seed inoculation with PSB and vermicompost application.Thus, it shows positive influence by the application of phosphatic fertilizers, organic manures and biofertilizers.

he higher grain (74.28 q ha-1) and straw (67.79 q ha 150% NPK followed by 100% NPK + FYM treatment (70. 52 q ha ) and lowest in control treatment (40.86 kg ha-1 the sole application of chemical fertilizers. Application of 100 % NPK + FYM (T 19.08.2017 Accepted 2 n soil fertility. Soil fertility depends on the status of soil nutrients soil erosion, being washed out sive rice – rice cultivation is one of the major ts through chemical fertilizers and organic manure on soil karif, 2016 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagt kharif, 1, slightly saline in reaction (pH of 7.1) with a electrical conductivity of 2O (440 kg ha-1). The experiment consisted of 12 ©2017 AELS, INDIA OPEN ACCESS

Long Term Fertilizer Experiments were conducted since kharif, 2000 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agr4icultural University in rice – rice cropping system on an Inceptisol. The present study was undertaken during kharif, 2016 to estimate the soil biological properties (urease, dehydrogenase and phosphatise activity) at different growth stages of rice. In all the treatments, enzymes exhibited higher activity at flowering stage (60 DAT) and thereafter the activity was decreased towards 90 DAT. Continuous application of FYM along with balnced fertilizer application i.e. 100 % NPK recorded highest urease and dehydrogenase activity during both the stages of crop growth. Super optimal dose of NPK (150 %NPK) recorded significantly higher acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas this activity was comparable with 100 % NPK + FYM treatment. Integrated nutrient management practice including FYM and recommended dose NPK showed as best treatment with respect to increase enzymatic properties.

harif, 2016 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial (India) on an -rice cropping system. FYM for a period of 16 years. No significant differences were obtained among

The basic core of agricultural education instruction consists of three intra-curricular components like classroom instruction, experiential learning through supervised experiences, and leadership activities.Experiential learning is fulfilled through Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWEP) and Agricultural Experiential Learning Programme (AELP).Agricultural Graduates of B.Sc (Ag.) are exposed to learn the knowledge and skills by staying with contact farmers in the village in the fifth semester.Along with RAWEP, students are also engaged in running if enterprise in the last semester to gain self employment and self confidence by establishing their own enterprise with the principle of learning while doing.It is found that improving the knowledge and skills in conducting the group discussions, field days, trainings, establishment of information centers (88.88%),Advantages of Fertilizer management (94.44%), Developing skills in farm budgeting (95.56%),Improving diagnostic skills (96.67%) etc. From the results it was observed that most of the students are felt that it will helps in preparation of village action plans, building of team work, Communication skills, exposure to the various agro climatic situations, preparedness to work with extension professionals.Majority of the students felt that reducing the use of more technical and English words in delivery of presentations and providing portable projectors for visual and video presentation will helps to make RAWEP more effective.