通过沉积特征、沉积相及古地理分析,认为南羌塘鄂斯玛露头地区发育潮坪相、潟湖相、陆棚相沉积,江鱼玛洛覆盖区推测有障壁滩(或障壁岛)相沉积.根据沉积相的空间分布,研究区从北到南展布有隆起剥蚀区、潮坪相区、潟湖相区、障壁滩相区及陆棚-斜坡相区.根据以矿找矿思路,认为覆盖区的江鱼玛洛—额酥木玛障壁滩(或障壁岛)相区可能发育颗粒灰岩、白云岩储层.建议在江鱼玛洛—额酥木玛地区部署一口油气地质调查井,其有可能钻遇到含油白云岩或颗粒灰岩,并有可能实现油气资源的战略发现.

南羌塘拗陷中侏罗统布曲组结晶白云岩作为盆地最优质的储层是通过埋藏成岩过程中封闭条件下的白云石化作用形成的,岩石所具有的高孔隙度与封闭系统中白云石化反应有关.根据对羌资11井和羌资12井布曲组的岩石结构分类、碳氧同位素组成及温度计算、流体包裹体均一温度等分析结果,可以认为:结晶白云岩碳同位素值分布区间较窄(2.86‰ ～4.27‰),氧同位素值随着白云石晶体变粗(自形程度变差)逐渐偏负(-3.27‰ ～-8.17‰),显著低于保留原始组构的白云岩,表明结晶白云岩碳源来自于先驱灰岩中的碳,其白云石化作用应是在远离大气水的封闭成岩环境中进行;结晶白云岩流体包裹体均一温度主峰值区间为90～140℃,且随着白云石晶粒变粗(自形程度变差),均一温度呈升高的趋势,与氧同位素计算温度变化趋势一致,表明白云石化作用过程是在封闭的条件下进行,白云石随地热增温而生长,并非受外来流体的影响.开放系统中的白云石化作用对油气储集空间的形成没有实际意义,而埋藏成岩过程中封闭系统的白云石化是形成南羌塘拗陷优质储层最为重要的成岩机制.

山东省汶泗河冲洪积平原轴部第四系厚度较大,孔隙地下水分层分布,由于补给径流条件不同导致其水质差别较大,研究含水层间的水力联系对于水资源管理及优质地下水可持续开发利用等具有十分重要的意义.采用群孔抽水试验方法研究苑庄水源地浅层和深层孔隙水之间的水力联系.群孔抽水后6眼抽水井水质指标整体高于抽水前,附近有串层水井的抽水井增加最大,4项指标平均升高1.07倍.抽水试验期间深层观测孔水位变化与抽水井相一致;浅层观测孔水位除有串层的孔稍有下降趋势外,其它孔均呈现自然波动状态.附近有串层水井的抽水井抽水量中浅层孔隙水的补给量比例比其它抽水井要高4倍.抽水前后水质、抽水期间水位动态变化规律、抽水井抽水量中浅层孔隙水补给量占比均表明深层孔隙水在开发利用过程中会受浅层孔隙水影响,但是可通过合理止水减弱含水层之间的水力联系.

通过地层沉积序列、粒度特征、砾石特征综合分析认为,成都平原东郊台地中更新统合江组为河流相沉积,垂向上具有明显的"河流二元"结构特征,主要以细粒沉积物为主,底部砾石层多为中-粗砾,磨圆较好,具有定向性.该组可细分为河道、边滩、堤岸-河漫3种沉积微相类型,对应发育3种岩相类型.河道砾石岩相沿十陵镇-红河镇-大面镇一带呈北西-南东向展布,边滩砂坝岩相集中发育于大面镇-西河镇东侧古河道凹岸处,堤岸-漫滩粘土岩相广泛分布于研究区内.这3种岩相特性及分布对工程建设的影响存在差异:河道砾石层作为地下水储集层的同时,水溶蚀使其地层结构稳定性被破坏,影响工程稳固技术的选择;边滩砂坝分布较为集中,对区内工程建设影响面最小;堤岸-河漫粘土广泛分布,是一种分布稳定的软弱层,对地下水有一定的封闭效果,同时软弱层的特性使其降低了边坡、坝体的稳定性.

在分析红旗凹陷的构造、断裂、烃源岩演化、油气成藏等特征基础上,通过恢复凹陷各期的盆地原型,认为红旗凹陷在形成与演化过程中经历了多次构造变革作用,相对于原型盆地,现今残余盆地构造格局发生较大的变化.研究认为:红旗凹陷沉积中心和沉降中心的变化表现为“跷跷板”式演化,即塔木兰沟组—南屯组沉积时期表现为东深西浅的格局,南屯组末期的构造改造使盆地沉降中心向西偏移,大磨拐河组—伊敏组沉积时期表现为西深东浅的格局,伊敏末期凹陷整体抬升,东部剥蚀严重,整体表现为西深东浅的格局定型;铜钵庙组—南屯组是红旗凹陷主要的生油层和储集层发育层段,红旗凹陷的盆地原型不仅控制了烃源岩的形成和演化,还对油气成藏过程起着至关重要的作用.

玛旁雍错位于青藏高原西南部,是研究印度季风演化的理想地区之一.利用活塞采样器在玛旁雍错75 m水深处获取了一根4.69 m长岩芯,利用21opb和AMS14C测年确定了岩芯的年代,根据元素含量(XRF扫描)、总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)和总氮(TN)等代用指标,重建了该地区14 cal.kaB.P.以来气候环境变化.结果 显示,冰消期(14～ 12 cal.ka B.P.),TOC和TIC含量变化显示了湖区环境整体上较为暖湿;12.0～ 11.4 ca1.ka B.P.,径流明显减弱,可能是新仙女木事件的反映;早中全新世(11.4～3.4 cal.ka B.P.),湖区环境整体上以暖湿为主,气候有所波动,出现了两次冷事件(10.2～9.8 cal.ka B.P.和8.2 cal.kaB.P.左右),7.4～6.6 cal.ka B.P.,出现了一个暖时期;晚全新世(3.4～0 cal.ka B.P.),湖区环境整体上趋向于干旱化,并伴有两次相对湿润时期(2.6～2.0 cal.ka B.P.和1.4～1.0cal.ka B.P.).玛旁雍错环境变化表明,晚冰期以来(14.0～ 3.4 cal.ka B.P.),受到太阳辐射的影响,印度季风带来的降水以及冰川融水较多,湖区环境较为湿润,整体上有利于内源生物的生存;晚全新世(3.4～0 cal.ka B.P.),北半球夏季太阳辐射量减少,印度季风减弱,径流减弱,湖区环境朝干旱化方向发展.

Based on petrographic characteristics and cathodoluminescence analysis, combined with the corresponding Fe-,Mn-,the Sr and oxygen isotope data,this article studies the cathodoluminescence features and diagenetic stage division in Buqu Formation of Jurassic carbonate rocks in Angdaercuo area of Southern Qiangtang Depression,Tibet. The results show that:(1 )Carbonate rocks of Buqu Formation generally have dull cathodoluminescence,which results from lower Fe and Mn contents,indicating the limited influence of non-marine fluid during post-sedimentation and the diagenesis of the carbonates should have been governed by the marine fluid. (2)Different types of rocks with the increase of the strength of diagenesis,the content of Mn elements increased gradually,the content of Sr elements decreased gradually,the oxygen isotope values generally show the evolution characteristics of high negative direction migration,the corresponding cathodoluminescence intensity is gradually enhanced. (3 )The mud-microcrystalline dolomite has the strongest cathodoluminescence and the highest Mn content. It may be related to the weakly reducing environment near the surface during dolomization. Evaporation pump and permeate reflux may be the main mechanism of the dolomization of these rocks. The crystalline dolomite has weak cathodoluminescence and low Mn content. The pore fluid may be far away from atmospheric freshwater, and the homogenization temperature of the inclusion shows that the dolomitization occurs in a deep-buried environment. (4)The Buqu Formation carbonate rock experienced a contemporaneous-penecontemporaneous stage of seawater diagenetic environment→Early diagenetic stage of near-surface -shallow burial diagenesis weak reduction environment→Middle-deep diagenetic stage of mid-deep burial of deep-cycle water and high-salinity formation water environment → Late-Cretaceous-Paleogene early tectonic thermal events hydrothermal reform stage → The exodiagenesis stage.

The Longeni-Esima ancient oil reservoirs zone is the largest ancient oil reservoirs zone in the Qiangtang Basin,northern Xizang,where the oil-bearing formations generally occur in the dolostone strata from the Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation. In the Longeni-Esima ancient oil reservoirs zone,the oil-bearing dolostones horizons in the Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation consist mainly of the tidal-flat and subtidal shoal grainstones,algal-laminated dolostones and grainy dolostones. The grainstones and algal-laminated dolostones constitute the cyclic deposits in which the sedimentary structures such as algal-laminated structure and birdeye structure are developed,and the lagoon dark grey micritic limestone,argillaceous limestone and shell limestone are sandwiched as well. In the comparative analysis on the basis of the principle of dominant facies,the authors in this paper have reconstructed the sedimentary facies and palaeogeographic map showing the distribution of uplifted erosional areas,tidal flat facies,the lagoon facies and subtidal shoal facies,and the spatial distribution of source rocks and reservoir rocks and oil-gas reservoirs,and delineated the potential areas of residual oil and gas reservoir distribution in the study area. It is very important for the evaluation of the prospects of oil and gas resources,and the future oil and gas exploration and development in the study area.

The dolostone reservoirs are interpreted as the "sweet spot" reservoirs in the Buqu Formation, southern Qiangtang depression.The study of the controlling factors of the dolostone reservoirs may be helpful to the prediction of the favourable exploration areas.The results of research in field investigation and thin section examination in this study have disclosed that the dolostone reservoirs in the Buqu Formation, southern Qiangtang depression are mostly developed in the intraplatform shoals of the carbonate platforms.The restricted waters in the intershoal sags in the later stages of the highstand systems tract may provide dolomitized fluids.The dolostone reservoirs have well-developed intracrystal solution openings, intercrystal pores, intercrystal solution openings and dissolved pore spaces.The controlling factors are represented by depositional, diagenetic and tectonic processes.The interconnected pores are well preserved in the grainstones widespread in the intraplatform shoals, and thus may be served as the migration passages for the reworking of fluids.The dolomitization during the shallow burial diagenesis may be most favourable for the development of the reservoir spaces of the dolostones.The tectonic compression during the second episode of the Yanshanian movement may provide the thermal fluids for the generation of the saddle dolomite.The acidic fluids produced by the destruction of the fossil oil reservoirs and meteoric fresh water may play an important part in the dissolution and reworking of the dolostone reservoirs.The key factors include dolomitization in the shallow burial diagenesis and organic acidic dissolution before the first hydrocarbon generation.

西藏隆鄂尼—昂达尔错地区中侏罗统布曲组白云岩,是一个具有含油远景的层系,查明其成因,对于正确评价研究区含油远景具有重要意义.为此,对研究区含油白云岩的流体包裹体和碳、氧同位素进行了分析.研究区白云石环带内流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度较高,均一温度集中在130～170℃,盐度集中于3.5％～4.5％,显示白云石环带形成环境的温度及盐度较高,应为深埋藏到成岩晚期产物.白云岩δ18OPDB均小于零且变化范围较大,并向负值偏移,具有低温白云岩和高温白云岩成因.结合大量野外调查和室内测试分析,认为研究区白云岩成因复杂,至少为3期成因的复合,即早期低温准同生白云岩化,中期高温深埋藏白云岩化,晚期构造白云岩化.