Anthropogenic land formation has been shown to substantially alter terrestrial landscapes, impacting both soil properties and microbial communities. Nevertheless, the impact of anthropogenic land formation on greenhouse gas emissions and the underlying mechanisms were not fully elucidated. In this study, chronological sequences of soil samples were collected from a recently reclaimed land area at multiple intervals over a fifteen-year period. High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the composition of microbial communities, including bacteria, fungi, and protists. It was observed that land formation induced profound shifts in soil properties, with notable decreases in soil temperature and increases in moisture content over time. Furthermore, significant increases in greenhouse gas emissions were observed during the land formation process. The soil bacterial diversity exhibited a marked increase at the outset of land formation, followed by a period of relative stability over time. In contrast, fungal diversity was lowest, and protistan diversity was highest, after 7-9 years of reclamation. The impact of land formation on soil microbial communities varied across taxa, with bacteria exhibiting greater sensitivity compared to fungi and protists. Additionally, structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that bacterial diversity directly influences carbon dioxide emissions, while protistan diversity affects methane and nitrous oxide emissions in reclaimed lands. Variations in soil bacterial diversity were driven by changes in soil moisture and nitrate content during land formation, whereas protistan diversity was primarily regulated by total organic carbon levels. These findings suggest that optimizing organic matter inputs, enhancing early-stage vegetation establishment, and steering microbial community succession during hydraulic land reclamation may represent effective strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and improve the ecological sustainability of reclaimed coastal landscapes.

The rehabilitation of saline–alkaline soils in coastal regions has the potential to significantly enhance the ecological environment of these areas. This process not only increases agricultural productivity but also contributes to the economic advancement of coastal communities. A field experiment was conducted with different wood vinegar solution concentrations to investigate the impact of wood vinegar solution on soil using typical saline–alkali soil from Chongming Ecological Island. The research showed that the application of wood vinegar significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced the soil salinity (SS). The heavy alkaline soil with a high pH value of 9.39 was amended to achieve a pH value of 8.32. A 10%~20% wood vinegar solution significantly reduced 27.10%~28.30% of SS on the 25 th day ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the addition of wood vinegar solution increased soil nutrients, with the available phosphorus (AP) and the total nitrogen (TN) content increasing by 31.83% and 181.18%, respectively. These findings suggest that wood vinegar solution can reduce SS and improve fertility, and the best improvement can be achieved by proportioning the wood vinegar solution at the proper concentration. The beneficial effects of soil improvement on crop yields over extended time series require further investigation. Nevertheless, the findings support the potential of wood vinegar as a sustainable soil conditioner.

Due to the persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment and their well-documented carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic properties, the removal of PAHs from contaminated soils has garnered significant worldwide attention. Recently, the catalytic of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) for PAHs removal from contaminated soil has been emerging as an innovative approach. In this study, a ClO2/MnO2 catalytic oxidation system was explored for efficient removal of PAHs from industrial soils. With an optimized ClO2/MnO2 molar ration of 16:1, the removal rate of PAHs was enhanced 29.09 % after 0.5 h reaction compared to the ClO2-alone system when using a ClO2 concentration of 2500 mg kg(-1). The kinetics of PAHs degradation in the ClO2/MnO2 system were comprehensively analyzed. A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of initial MnO2 dosage, ClO2 concentration, and pH value on the degradation process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), quenching experiments, along with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer revealed that Mn3+, center dot OH, and HClO collectively contributed to the synergistic indirect oxidation of PAHs. The representative PAH congeners were identified through product analysis, and degradation pathways were proposed. A quantitative-structure-activity-relationship (QSAR) model for 16 PAHs indicated that frontier orbitals and Fukui indices were the key intrinsic influencing factors governing PAHs reactivity. Biological toxicity assessments demonstrated that the ClO2/MnO2-treated group exhibited significantly reduced luminosity compared to the ClO2-alone group, suggesting lower ecotoxicological risks. This work provided a novel, efficient, and cost-effective strategy for PAHs remediation in industrial contaminated soils through catalytic ClO2 oxidation technology.

In the context of accelerated global urbanization, the construction of urban riverside ecological corridors increases the aesthetics of cities as well as people's recreational experience. The setup of water-land junction from different materials in riverside ecological corridors may have effects on the soil physicochemical properties and the structure of bacterial communities. Despite their relevance and importance to human well-being, urban soil microbes of riverside ecological corridors are poorly understood. In this study, the two most common material types of water-land junction in Shanghai, natural soil and artificial concrete are selected for the comparison. The results showed that natural soil water-land junction had a higher soil water content, organic carbon and total nitrogen than artificial concrete due to the influence of the river. Meanwhile, the difference of soil properties between the two types junctions is more obvious in topsoil and near river areas. The artificial concrete junction had a higher homogeneity among its own sites due to the obstruction of material-energy exchange between water and land, with only variations in pH and soil bulk density. Therefore, there are significant differences in the bacterial composition and structure of the sites between the two types of corridors, especially in the abundance of Actinomycetales, Rhizobiales, Gaiellales, etc., which are more sensitive to soil moisture and nutrients. In general, according to our analysis, natural soil water-land junction corridors are superior to artificial concrete from the perspective of soil ecology, which can provide a certain scientific basis for urban waterside managers and corridor builders in terms of urbanization.

A nuanced understanding of microplastic distribution patterns and seasonal fluctuations is essential for effective marine pollution control and mitigation strategies. The objective of this study is to investigate seasonal micro- plastic pollution in the central South China Sea, focusing on the impact of seasonal variations on microplastic distribution and marine ecosystems. During autumn, sampling at 14 stations in the central South China Sea revealed microplastic abundances of 508.12 +/- 196.64 particles/m3, with an average size of 725 +/- 602 mu m. The microplastic abundances at the 13 sampling stations in spring was 2569 +/- 1770 particles/m3. Notably, the abundance decreases with increasing particle size. Autumn exhibited a significantly lower abundance of microplastics compared to spring data. The variability in microplastic abundances across seasons was primarily influenced by changes in seawater salinity, current velocity, and human activity, with increased human activity and higher salinity linked to greater microplastic accumulation, while slower current velocity further exacerbated this trend. Factor analysis identified cosmetics, personal care products, textiles, aquaculture equipment, and industrial goods as major sources of microplastics in both seasons. There were no significant differences in the microplastic diversity or ecological risk indices between the two seasons, although a significant positive correlation existed between microplastic abundance and ecological risk indices. Elevated levels of microplastic diversity and ecological risk in the central South China Sea reflect diverse pollution sources. The consumption of marine organisms poses potential health risks, highlighting the urgent need to reduce plastic waste inflows to mitigate ecological threats posed by microplastics.

Microplastics have become pervasive environmental contaminants and are increasingly recognized as emerging threats to human health. This review presents a comprehensive and systematic analyses of human microplastic contamination across all major physiological systems, integrating the latest clinical findings and forensic evidence of microplastics presence in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, and reproductive organs. It further summarizes current methodological approaches for microplastic detection in human samples and critically evaluates their limitations. The review also examines the potential health risks posed by microplastics, including oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, and carcinogenesis. A key innovation of this work lies in its systematic inclusion of retrospective studies and case reports involving seven major human systems, bridging environmental toxicology and clinical relevance and providing an integrated perspective rarely addressed in previous literature. Finally, major research gaps and future priorities are outlined, with emphasis on standardizing detection protocols, elucidating long-term health effects, and protecting vulnerable populations. We hope the cross-system framework in this review will stimulate interdisciplinary research and raise greater awareness across scientific, medical, and policy-making communities regarding the human health impacts of microplastics.

As urban renewal accelerates, heavy metals (HMs) pollution resulting from industrial activities in urban areas must be considered. This study examines 36 representative redevelopment industrial sites in the Jinshan District of Shanghai, where the concentrations of eight HMs in the soil were assessed. Based on this data, the characteristics of heavy metal concentrations and their sources in the region were investigated, followed by a risk assessment of HMs pollution. The results indicate that the soil in the study area exhibits low levels of pollution, with moderate ecological risks. Using Pearson correlation analysis and the Absolute Principal Component Score-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) source apportionment model, the HMs were categorized into several sources: An industrial source dominated by Cu (74.84 %), a traffic source dominated by Zn (67.51 %), a natural source dominated by Cr and As (66.50 % and 64.98 %, respectively), and a mixed source. A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted using Monte Carlo simulation, which incorporates the probability distributions of various assessment parameters, thereby reducing uncertainty in the results. The findings show that the non-carcinogenic risk for all populations in the study area (children, adult females, and adult males) remains within acceptable limits. However, the carcinogenic risk proportional probabilities for these populations were found to be 48.13 %, 32.49 %, and 11.41 %, respectively, indicating a notable risk level. Uncertainty analysis results suggest that the heavy metals Cd and As exhibit high sensitivity in the model. This study provides theoretical support for the prevention and control of soil pollution during urban renewal.

To further explore the characteristics of heavy metal pollution and the ecological risk of typical industries in reclaimed soil, based on data from 315 different depth profiles of soil samples collected from 49 plots in Jiading District, Shanghai, the geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index were used to evaluate the contents and potential ecological risk of seven heavy metals, namely Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Hg, and As. The APCS-MLR receptor model and PMF positive matrix factorization model were employed to analyze the pollution sources. The results showed that:① except for As, the contents of other heavy metals in the soil of the study area exceeded the Shanghai soil background values to varying degrees. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Hg in the surface soil were 3.54, 2.34, 2.91, 1.20, 3.75, and 4.40 times the background values, respectively. The contents of heavy metals in the soil decreased with the increase in depth, and heavy metals were enriched to a certain extent in the surface soil, indicating that human activities had an impact on the distribution of heavy metals in the soil. ② The APCS-MLR and PMF receptor models identified four main sources of soil heavy metals in the study area. Source 1 (Cu, Zn, and Pb) was a mixture of metal products and automobile manufacturing, source 2 (Ni and Cd) was electroplating enterprises, source 3 (Hg) was mainly from chemical enterprises, and source 4 (As) was natural. The combined use of the two receptor models further improved the accuracy and credibility of source identification. ③ The geo-accumulation index in descending order was Hg(1.54)>Ni(1.32)>Cd(1.21)>Cu(0.96)>Pb(0.64)>Zn(-0.33)>As(-1.02). The potential ecological risk index showed that the comprehensive potential ecological risk index RI value in the study area ranged from 32.50 to 4 910.97, with a mean of 321.40, indicating a strong potential ecological risk. The pollution values of heavy metals Hg, Ni, and Cd in industrial site soil deserve further attention for re-development and utilization purposes.

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Land formation seriously disturbs coastal salt marsh wetland ecosystems, while its influences on soil organic carbon (SOC) under chronosequences remain unclear. In this study, the impacts of the land formation time (from one to fourteen years) and soil properties on the chronosequences changes of SOC in the nascent wetland of Hengsha Island were investigated. The study results showed the following. (1) As the land-formation time extended, the SOC experienced a significant increase, tripling after a period of 14 years. The changes in SOC occurred mainly in the surface layer but not in the deep soil layer. Specifically, the surface layer’s average SOC reached 5.52 g·kg−1, markedly higher than 3.17 g·kg−1 in the deeper layer. (2) Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), aboveground biomass (AGB), and soil water content (SWC) were positively correlated with the SOC. Methane emissions (CH4) and SOC exhibited a negative correlation. (3) The structural equation model (SEM) illustrated that the duration of soil deformation directly impacted the vegetation growth and affected the distribution characteristics of the SOC by modifying the soil environmental conditions. Changes in SOC following land formation influenced the rapid succession of soil properties and vegetation, with the modification of carbon sinks in the ecosystems.

Spartina alterniflora is recognized as one of the most detrimental invasive species along China’s coastlines, highlighting the need for effective and environmentally safe management strategies to preserve intertidal zones. This study assessed the effectiveness of combining plant growth regulators (PRGs) with physical cutting to manage S. alterniflora, using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing to evaluate the impacts on the plant and associated soil micro-organisms. The results showed that compared to the control (CK), the regeneration numbers for treatments with abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), paclobutrazol (PP333), garcinol (GC), and glyphosate (GP) decreased by 29.75%, 23.25%, 15.75%, 94.50%, and 40.50%, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed no statistically significant variation in the inhibitory effects of ABA and GP on the germination of S. alterniflora (p > 0.05). Additionally, applying PRGs and herbicides increased the diversity indices of soil bacteria and fungi. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) showed that the impact of PRGs on the fungal community was less pronounced than that of herbicides. Significant differences were also noted in the abundance of microbial functional genes related to methanotrophy, hydrocarbon degradation, and denitrification compared to the control (p < 0.05). This study aimed to assess the potential of PRGs in controlling the invasion of S. alterniflora and to elucidate their impacts on soil microbial communities and functional gene expression.

The characteristics and ecological risks of heavy metal pollution in urban soils were comprehensively investigated, focusing on 224 typical industries undergoing redevelopment in Shanghai. The PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) model was used to analyze the sources of soil heavy metals, while the HRA (Health Risk Assessment) model with Monte Carlo simulation assessed health risks to humans. Health risks under different pollution sources were explored, and priority control factors were identified. Results showed that, levels of most heavy metals exceeded Shanghai soil background values. Surface soil concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni exceeded the background values of Shanghai's soil to varying degrees, at 5.08, 5.40, 1.81, 1.95, 1.43, and 3.53 times, respectively. Four sources were identified: natural sources (22.23%), mixed sources from the chemical industry and traffic (26.25%), metal product sources (36.38%), and pollution sources from electrical manufacturing and the integrated circuit industry (15.14%). The HRA model indicated a tolerable carcinogenic risk for adults and children, with negligible non-carcinogenic risk. Potential risk was higher for children than for adult females, and higher for adult females than for adult males, with oral ingestion as the primary exposure pathway. Metal product sources and Ni were identified as primary control factors, suggesting intensified regional control. This study provides theoretical support for urban pollution prevention and control.

Groundwater provides freshwater resources necessary for mankind, but its quality is significantly impacted by anthropologic activities. The unique characteristics of groundwater provide a special niche for bacterial colonization. To maintain the sustainability of groundwater ecosystem, a good understanding of the influencing factors and assembly mechanisms for bacterial communities is necessary. Here, we investigated the bacterial communities of groundwater from two industrial zones in Shanghai, a highly industrialized city, during the wet and dry seasons using the high-throughput sequencing technology. Our study uncovered the significant effects of season, geographical location, and industrial type on the diversity and composition of groundwater bacterial communities, particularly, we found that season was the most dominant factor with much stronger influences (give the explanation 17.7%) in comparison with geographical location (8.8%) and industrial type (7.5%). Co-occurrence networks revealed that geographical location explained more variations of bacterial ecological network than season did. Both distance-decay of similarities and variation partitioning analyses indicated that the assembly of groundwater bacterial communities was more governed by environmental filtering compared to spatial-related dispersal. Finally, null model analysis suggested the role of stochastic processes, including dispersal and drift, in shaping the groundwater bacterial communities cannot be ignored. These findings would benefit to improve our understanding of the bacterial communities in groundwater ecosystem and provide a theoretical foundation for groundwater health management.

Riparian wetlands release greenhouse gases and sequestration carbon as well, so their carbon source and carbon sink functions have become some of the key research issues of global climate change. In this present paper, the main controllable factors of the self-designed and constructed riparian wetland, namely hydrological conditions and additional carbon sources, were artificially regulated, and then methane fluxes were measured. The results proved that the methane emissions were significantly positively correlated with the water level heights, and the methane emissions increased exponentially with the rise of water level when the water level was between −20 cm and +20 cm. According to the −20~0 cm water level, a small number of methane emissions was significantly different from the 10 cm and 20 cm water levels, which indicated that higher water level could significantly promote methane emission. When the water level reached above 0 cm, the methane emission gradually increased as the flooding time became longer; it reached the peak value after more than 20 days of flooding after which it decreased, which provided a scientific basis for optimal design and effective management of restored and constructed riparian wetlands, minimizing the methane emissions of riparian wetlands.

The long-term applications of different fertilizers (chicken manure, swine manure, and organic fertilizer) on the microorganisms of a corn field were investigated. The microbial communities during four periods (seedling, three-leaf, filling and mature periods) were comprehensively studied with molecular biology technology. Results showed that most nutrient contents (organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and levels of several heavy metals (As, Pb, and Cr) in the chicken and swine manures were higher than those in the organic fertilizer. The alpha diversity varied during the long-term fertilization, and the chicken manure was the best fertilizer to maintain the abundance of microorganisms. The microbial community of soil changes over time, regardless of the addition of different fertilizers. The correlations between environmental factors and microbial communities revealed that nutrient substances (available nitrogen, available potassium, and NO3-N) were the most significant characteristics with the chicken and swine manures, while organic matter and nitrogen exhibited similar effects on the microbial structure with the organic fertilizer. The Pearson correlations of environmental factors on genus were significantly different in the organic fertilizer tests compared with the others, and Pseudomonas, Methyloligellaceae, Flavobacterium, and Bacillus showed significant correlations with the organic matter. This study will provide a theoretical basis for improving land productivity and sustainable development in corn fields.

Spatial and temporal variations of PAHs deposition flux and sources may significantly facilitate risk evaluations of super magacity in China. A study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of wet deposition and dry deposition in Shanghai was conducted from January to December, 2019. 17 sites were investigated located in four representative functional areas, covering iron and steel industry (BS), petrochemical industry (JS), central city (CC) and agricultural area (CM). The results showed that atmospheric PAHs level in shanghai was the lowest in autumn and the highest in winter. As industrial area, BS and JS demonstrated higher PAHs deposition fluxes than those in CC and CM sites. Triangle map indicated that the PAHs distribution in winter and spring samples were more homogeneous, suggesting possible common origins, whereas that of summer and autumn seemed to be more dispersed. Isomar ratio and positive matrix factorization model were employed to identify the potential sources of PAHs in specific functional areas. BS was dominated by a high percentage (46%) of coal combustion. In JS site, the petroleum volatilization source percentage was 47.6%. The highest biomass burning (55.3%) contributions were in CM. Vehicle emission (49.3%) was identified as the predominant source of PAHs in CC. This study highlighted that local emission sources have a greater influence on PAHs deposition to specific functional regions in Shanghai.

Paddy fields account for 10% of global CH4 emissions, and the application of manure may increase CH4 emissions. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to investigate the effects of manure application on CH4 emissions and methanogens in paddy soil. Three treatments were studied: a controlled treatment (CK), pig manure (PM), and organic fertilizer (OF). The results showed that the contents of Zn, Cr and Ni in paddy soil increased with the application of manure, but the contents of heavy metals gradually decreased with the growth of rice. The Shannon index and Ace index showed that the application of pig manure and organic fertilizer less affected the diversity and richness of soil Archaea. The results of community composition analysis showed that Methanobacterium, Methanobrevibacter, Methanosphaera, Methanosarcina and Rice_Cluster_I were the main methanogens in paddy soil after manure and organic fertilizer application. Soil environmental factors were changed after applied manure, among which total potassium (TK) and total nitrogen (TN) were the main environmental factors affecting methanogens in paddy soil. The changes of soil environmental factors affected the community composition of methanogens, and the increase of the relative abundance of methanogens maybe the main reason for the increase of CH4 emission flux. The relative abundance of methanogens and CH4 emission flux in paddy soil were increased by both pig manure and organic fertilizer application, and pig manure had a bigger impact than organic manure.

以崇明岛果园土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术探究了施用鸡粪(CM)、猪粪(PM)和有机肥(OF)对土壤细菌群落的组成、结构及多样性的影响,分析了土壤环境因子与细菌群落的相关性.结果表明,与对照组(CK)相比,施用猪粪显著提高了土壤的总氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、铬(Cr)和铅(Pb)含量(P＜0.05),且土壤细菌群落丰富度最高,菌群丰度(Ace)指数达5 137.71;施用鸡粪显著提高了土壤的氨氮(NH3-N)和硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)含量(P＜0.05),一氧化二氮还原酶(EC1.7.2.4)的丰度显著提高(P＜0.05);有机肥的施用有利于提升SOM的含量,且一氧化氮还原酶(细胞色素c)(EC1.7.2.5)的丰度显著高于CK组(P＜0.05).砷(As)、Cr、Pb、pH值是影响土壤细菌结构的主要环境因子,施肥会导致重金属含量和病原菌丰度升高,对果园环境造成一定的不利影响.

Agricultural fertilization significantly affects nutrients cycling in paddy soils. However, there are few systematic studies on the response of the application of livestock manure and corresponding organic fertilizer resulting in the microorganism and its nutrients entering farmland. Short-term application of pig manure and its corresponding organic fertilizer on the microorganisms of paddy fields were investigated. High-throughput sequencing technology was conducted to comprehensively study the microbial community composition and structure. Our results showed that organic fertilizer effectively enhanced nutrient substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at ripening stage and reduced the pH of soil, benefitting the soil fertility and the growth of rice. Though application of pig manure maintained higher microbial diversity, it increased the relative abundance of several pathogenic bacteria, which could threaten the soil health of the paddy fields. A large number of pathogenic bacteria can be reduced through composting pig manure to organic fertilizer. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria such as Anaerolineaceae, Pseudarthrobacter, Bacillus, and Nitrospira in the paddy soil were significantly promoted. The heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cd, and nutrient substances such as phosphorus, as well as temperature, have important influences on the microbial compositions in ripening stage. The correlation analysis revealed more correlation efficiencies were observed with manure application, especially with the application of organic fertilizer. This study will provide a theoretical basis for improving land productivity and sustainable development in paddy fields.

文章以上海市5条典型高速公路的通行段及收费站土壤为研究对象,对比分析其表层土壤中15种多环芳烃含量、组成分布特征,并以毒性当量法和风险熵值法评价其生态风险.结果表明,高速公路沿线表层土壤中∑15PAHs的含量为150～18 160μg/kg,平均值为3 529 μg/kg,∑7PAHs含量占PAHs总量的55.9％,占比相对较高.通行段土壤中∑15PAHs的含量为150～1 951 μg/kg,平均值为590μg/kg;收费站土壤中∑15PAHs的含量为421～18 160μg/kg,平均值为6 467 μg/kg,收费站土壤中PAHs含量是通行段土壤的2.5～66.3倍,存在显著差异.高速公路沿线土壤中多环芳烃组成均以中高环为主,收费站土壤多环芳烃中环占比要高于通行段,其中荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和芘单体占比明显更高,通行段土壤中茚并[123-cd]芘和苯并[ghi]苝占比较高.收费站土壤多环芳烃的生态风险高于通行段土壤,其中葛隆和临港2个收费站土壤中多环芳烃的总毒性当量分别为土壤风险筛选值的5.4倍和2.3倍,存在较大风险.从风险熵值来看,收费站土壤蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽等4种单体超过最高允许风险标准值,存在较高风险需关注;通行段土壤PAHs生态风险主要为中等风险.综上,交通沿线土壤中PAHs呈现出明显的累积性,其赋存特征与通车时间、车流量及货客车占比有关,其中收费站附近机动车怠速运行工况以及相对不利的尾气扩散条件,导致其土壤多环芳烃呈现较高含量及生态风险水平,需进一步加强高速公路周边交通源产生的多环芳烃污染防控.