BackgroundCaring leadership plays a pivotal role in supporting nurses' well-being, fostering patient recovery, and advancing organizational performance. Despite its recognized importance, a validated instrument for measuring caring leadership has been lacking in the literature.ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop a Caring Leadership Scale and evaluate its validity, reliability, and practical applicability.MethodsGuided by a conceptual framework of caring leadership, scale items were initially generated through qualitative interviews, open-ended questionnaires, and a comprehensive literature review. The Delphi technique was used to refine these items. A pilot survey informed further modifications before a large-scale survey was conducted with 2,125 frontline nurses from six tertiary hospitals across China. Item screening was carried out using classical test theory, including assessments of item discrimination, item-total correlations, and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). Content validity, factor structure, internal reliability, and acceptability were investigated using content validity indices, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, correlation coefficients, and descriptive statistics.ResultsAn initial pool of 40 items across five dimensions was developed. Following two Delphi rounds and preliminary testing, 39 items were retained. Item analysis led to the elimination of 12 items that did not meet predetermined criteria. The final scale consisted of 27 items across five dimensions, rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The content validity indices were strong, with item-level CVIs ranging from 0.90 to 1.00, a scale-level content validity index universal agreement (S-CVI/UA) of 0.89, and a scale-level content validity index average (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.99. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) supported a well-defined five-factor structure, with common factor variances ranging from 0.849 to 0.949. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit (RMSEA = 0.078, CFI = 0.964, NFI = 0.958, TLI = 0.959, IFI = 0.964). The average variance extracted (AVE) ranged from 0.834 to 0.925, and composite reliability (CR) ranged from 0.965 to 0.989. The scale showed moderate correlations with job satisfaction (r = 0.463-0.484, p < 0.001). Internal consistency was high, with Cronbach's alpha values between 0.962 and 0.993, and split-half reliability coefficients ranging from 0.955 to 0.982.ConclusionThis study presents the first validated instrument for measuring caring leadership in nursing. The final 27-item scale demonstrates robust psychometric properties, including excellent validity, reliability, and user acceptability. It offers a scientifically sound and practical tool for assessing caring leadership among nurse leaders.

Extant research shows the adaptability of E-leadership to the demands of the digital era. However, its potential effects have not received ample empirical attention in the public sector. Drawing on Job Demands-Resources (JDR) model, this study examines the double-edged role of E-leadership on civil servants' change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Through a two-wave survey of 279 Chinese civil servants, structural equation modeling findings indicate that: (a) from a job-resource perspective, E-leadership positively correlates with change-oriented OCB via digital job crafting; (b) from a job-demand perspective, E-leadership negatively relates to change-oriented OCB via information technology overload; (c) performance appraisal purpose serves as a boundary condition influencing this double-edge sword. The results enrich e-leadership research in the public sector by revealing a dual mediating mechanism through digital job crafting and IT overload and offer managerial guidance on using developmental appraisal to augment civil servants' change-oriented OCB during digital transformation efforts in the public sector.

Digital assets have grown in popularity since the emergence of blockchain technology due to their increasing adoption and diverse applications. As digital assets gain momentum, social media platforms are incorporating them into their platforms, allowing users to disclose and showcase their digital asset portfolio. This practice enables individuals to build connections within the community by sharing information about their digital assets, including their creators and values. Therefore, in this study, we examine the impact of disclosing digital assets on social connectivity on social media platforms. By tracking more than 94,000 NFT users on Twitter over 24 weeks, we find a significant positive effect of disclosing digital assets on social connectivity. In addition, we investigate how the magnitude of the impact depends on different factors, such as the wealth and creator status of users. We discuss managerial implications for social media users, digital asset owners, and platform operators.

The growing prominence of live streaming has attracted the attention from both e-commerce practitioners and the research community. This paper investigates the impact of online retailers adopting live streaming technology in business operations on their product sales, dissecting dual roles of live streaming: information provision and customer relationship management. Leveraging multiple archival data sources, we combine econometrics with deep learning to analyze the nuanced, dual roles of live streaming in online retail. Specifically, we develop a novel deep-learning framework to identify two types of live streaming strategies, product-oriented and nonproduct-oriented, and find that both strategies significantly increase online product sales. Notably, our research suggests that past review volume and product visual informativeness substitute the impact of using product-oriented live streaming; whereas seller's rating and product visual informativeness complement the impact of using nonproduct-oriented live streaming. These results suggest that product-oriented live streaming increases sales by reducing product uncertainty via information provision, whereas nonproduct-oriented live streaming increases sales via noninformation mechanisms, such as enhancing customer relationship management.

Previous studies have established a positive link between nurse managers’ caring leadership and nurses’ work engagement, but the processes and conditions through which this leadership style influences positive work behaviors remain largely unexplored. To address this gap and contribute to the existing body of knowledge, we developed a chain-mediated effects model to elucidate the impact of caring leadership on nurses’ work engagement and the underlying mechanisms. In this model, we identified professional mission and affective organizational commitment as the mediating variables, offering a novel perspective on the relationship between caring leadership and work engagement. A robust multi-center and large-sample cross-sectional survey was conducted, involving 2502 first-line nurses from six general tertiary hospitals across the eastern, central, and western regions of China. The data collection instruments included a comprehensive questionnaire covering demographic information, the caring leadership scale, the Chinese calling scale, the affective organizational commitment scale, and the Utrecht work engagement scale. Data were meticulously screened and analyzed, employing descriptive analysis to summarize the demographic information, correlation analysis to test the relationship among the variables, stepwise regression analysis to explore the mediating role of calling and affective organization commitment, and the bootstrap method to test the chain mediating effect. This rigorous methodology not only ensures the reliability and validity of research findings but also instills confidence in the robustness of this research. The results indicated a positive relationship among caring leadership, calling, affective organizational commitment, and nurses’ work engagement (p < 0.001). Specifically, caring leadership was significantly associated with nurses’ calling (β = 0.55, p < 0.001), affective organizational commitment (β = 0.21, p < 0.001), and work engagement (β = 0.05, p < 0.001). And the analysis further revealed that calling and affective organizational commitment mediate the process between caring leadership and work engagement(Effect: 0.17, 0.03, 0.05), with a relative effect size of 89.3

Despite the high effectiveness of HPV vaccines in preventing infection, vaccine hesitancy remains a concern, particularly in China. This study aimed to explore college students' attitudes toward HPV vaccination and identify associated factors. Data was collected through a cross-sectional survey using self-administered questionnaires in four cities from May to June 2022. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors. Additionally, an integrated structural equation model (SEM) based on the 3Cs (confidence, convenience, complacency) was developed to understand underlying factors contributing to hesitancy. The results from 2261 valid questionnaires were enlightening. A significant 89.47% (59.4% for females) considered HPV vaccination necessary, with 9.82% remaining neutral and only 0.71% deeming it unnecessary. Factors like higher education, being a medical student, residing in urban areas, having medical insurance, more extraordinary living expenses, a family history of tumors, and a solid understanding of HPV played a role in perceiving the vaccine as necessary. Among the 1438 female respondents, 84.36% had no hesitancy toward HPV vaccination, 13.53% expressed hesitancy, and 2.11% refused vaccination. Factors like age, understanding of HPV, medical staff recommendations, living expenses, and family history influenced hesitancy levels. SEM revealed that the 3Cs significantly affected vaccine hesitancy. Factors like price, booking process, vaccination times, trust in vaccines, medical staff recommendations, efficiency, and risk perception collectively influenced hesitancy. In conclusion, this study found high acceptance of HPV vaccination but acknowledged the complexity of hesitancy factors. It recommends medical staff disseminate scientific knowledge, offer recommendations, simplify booking procedures, and expand vaccination sites to address vaccine hesitancy effectively.

Civil servants in many developing countries are increasingly faced with multitask situations at work to improve the efficiency of public sectors. Although multitasking might boost employee productivity, its potentially negative impact on other areas of employees' lives has been ignored. Drawing upon the conservation of resources theory, our research aims to investigate whether, how, and when multitasking at work decreases the subjective well-being of employees in the public sector. Using a two-wave survey of 164 civil servants in Malawi, our findings showed that multitasking at work was positively related to employees' negative affect and negatively related to their satisfaction with life and positive affect through emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the study found that polychronicity, which refers to one's preference to handle more than one task at the same time, moderated the relationship between multitasking and emotional exhaustion, such that the association described above was weaker when an employee's polychronicity was higher. Finally, the indirect impact of multitasking on positive affect through emotional exhaustion was also moderated by polychronicity. These findings provide some theoretical and managerial implications for public sector in developing countouies on how to focus on employee well-being while using multitasking work design. .

Drawing upon the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study explores the double-edged effect of PSM on work-family conflict (WFC). Through a three-wave survey involving 228 Chinese civil servants, the findings show that PSM is positively related to WFC via workload; PSM is negatively related to WFC via positive emotion; the resource-loss path via workload is stronger when the perceived organizational caring ethic is low, and the resource-gain path via positive emotions is stronger when the perceived caring ethic is high. This study highlights the importance of considering both the positive and negative effects of PSM on WFC.

Subjective career success of civil servants is a major focus of both scholars and public managers, but few studies have explored its antecedents from the perspective of the expression of a special positive emotion. To narrow the gap regarding the antecedents of civil servants’ subjective career success, we use the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions to examine whether, how, and when civil servants’ gratitude expression to their supervisors is related to their subjective career success, as well as the mediating role of supervisors’ mentoring and the moderating role of traditionality. By using the survey data of 216 supervisor-subordinate dyads from the Chinese public sector, we found that gratitude expression by subordinates is positively related to their subjective career success, and this relationship is mediated by their supervisors’ mentoring. The relationship between gratitude expression to supervisors and supervisors’ mentoring is positively moderated by supervisor traditionality. Moreover, supervisor traditionality plays a positive moderating role in the association between gratitude expression to supervisors and subjective career success via supervisors’ mentoring. The above relationships are stronger when supervisors have a high level of traditionality. These findings contribute to the literature and generate managerial implications for civil servants’ career success management.

本科导师制作为现有高等教育的重要组成部分,对全面深化本科教育综合改革,提升大学生综合素质起到巨大推动作用.本科导师制对于公共管理类专业本科生培养的作用尤为突出,其能为本科生提供学业支持、社会心理支持和角色榜样三种职能.本研究梳理了当前公共管理专业本科导师制实施的困境及原因,从学生、导师和组织制度三个方面提出了相应的优化路径.

Recent studies have shown that formal mentoring support plays a vital role in protégés’ creativity. The psychological mechanisms linking formal mentoring support to protégés’ creativity and its boundary conditions, however, are less clear. To fill this gap, this study aims to examine how and when formal mentors exert their impact on protégés’ creativity, drawing upon a self‐regulatory perspective. By using 231 ongoing mentor–protégé dyads in China, our results indicate that protégés’ feedback seeking from mentors mediates the relationship between formal mentoring support and protégés’ creativity. Furthermore, we found that the chronic promotion focus of protégés plays a significant moderating role in the relationships between formal mentoring support and protégés’ feedback seeking from mentors, and between feedback seeking from mentors and protégés’ creativity, as well as the association between formal mentoring support and protégé creativity via feedback seeking from mentors. Those relationships tend to be stronger when protégés have high levels of chronic promotion focus. Some implications for theory and organizational practices are discussed, as well as suggestions for further areas of research.

Research suggests that unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) has two conflicting characteristics: unethical and pro-organizational. However, little attention has been paid to the negative and positive outcomes of UPB. Therefore, the present study aimed to fill this gap by examining a mediated moderation model on the effects of leader UPB on their subordinates' behaviors. Based on social information processing theory and three-wave survey data from 204 supervisor-subordinate dyads in China, we found that the mixed relationships between leader UPB and subordinates' behaviors were dependent on the leader's Machiavellianism. Specifically, for high Machiavellian leaders, their UPB was positively related to subordinates' unethical behaviors via subordinates' moral disengagement. For low Machiavellian leaders, their UPB was positively related to subordinates' organizational citizenship behaviors via their organizational identification. The theoretical contributions and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

With the rising popularity of live video streaming in recent years, it has begun to attract interest from both e-commerce practitioners and the research community. However, there is scarce academic research in understanding whether and how live video streaming affects the landscape of e-commerce. In this paper, we seek to understand the effects of the adoption of live video streaming strategy by online retailers and their online product sales. Leveraging multiple archival data sources, we combine econometrics with deep learning to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that adopting live video streaming strategy significantly boosts online product sales. Furthermore, we propose a novel deep learning framework to address the challenge of identifying product-oriented live video streaming, and find that the adoption of a product-oriented live video streaming strategy increases online product sales, whereas there is no significant impact for adopting non-product-related live video streaming strategy. In the meanwhile, the impact of product-oriented live videos is attenuated as the buyers’ uncertainty decreases. These results provide empirical support that reduction in product uncertainty via information provision is the main mechanism through which live video streaming increases online sales.

Live streaming is becoming prevalent and its rapid rise also makes it an attractive scientific research subject. Despite recent research focuses on understanding the motivations and behavior of people engaging live streaming, we know little about how the adoption of live streaming strategy for e-commerce on product sales. In this paper, we establish a causal relationship between adopting live streaming strategy for e-commerce and online product sales. Our results indicate that there is a 21.8% increase in online sales volume after adopting live streaming strategy. Furthermore, we find live streaming strategy is more efficient for the sellers who mainly sell experience goods--they have 27.9% more than those whose products are mainly search goods. This work is the first quantitative study, to our knowledge, on how the adoption of live streaming strategy on online product sales.

As an effective motivation tool,goal setting has been widely used in various types of organizations.However,while recent research has revealed that goal setting might lead to unethical behavior,research efforts in reviewing their relationships are still rare.Therefore,the present research aims to comprehensively review previous research on the impact of goal setting on unethical behavior.Specifically,we reviewed their direct relationships,boundary conditions,and also theoretical bases.Based on this review,we suggest that future research should be conducted in real organizations and pay more attention to their mediators,moderators and the social perspective of goal setting.