Background Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities face barriers in accessing child health information, including digitally. Yet few have been developed for these populations. This narrative review aimed to identify and evaluate early childhood obesity prevention interventions for CALD communities. Methods An electronic search was conducted across Google Scholar and five scientific databases: MEDLINE (via OvidSP), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL. Included studies focused on children under 5 years old and evaluated digital interventions addressing nutrition, physical activity, screen time or sleep. Results Thirty‐four studies were included, most conducted in the United States (U.S) and targeting Hispanic/Latino families. Digital components varied widely, with telephone support the most common digital modality used ( n = 20), often combined with face‐to‐face sessions or SMS components. Seven studies used mobile apps or websites. Several interventions reported significant improvements in body mass index (BMI) scores, particularly among children of normal weight at baseline, with most delivered via telephone support or SMS messages from health professionals. Nutrition was the most reported outcome, with 13 studies reporting statistically significant improvements in breastfeeding practices. However, several noted that effects were not sustained at follow‐up. Physical activity outcomes were reported in seven studies and screen time in nine; significant improvements were observed in interventions using web‐based programmes, multilingual apps or telephone‐based counselling. Six studies measured sleep outcomes, with mixed findings. Conclusion This review identifies several successful interventions that improved obesity related outcomes and child health behaviours among CALD families. However, there remains limited number of digital and co‐designed interventions that exist in addressing childhood obesity prevention among CALD communities. Future digital health interventions should prioritise meaningful community engagement and culturally responsive design throughout development.

Background There is limited evidence of high-quality, accessible, culturally safe, and effective digital health interventions for Indigenous mothers and babies. Like any other intervention, the feasibility and efficacy of digital health interventions depend on how well they are co-designed with Indigenous communities and their adaptability to intracultural diversity. Objective This study aims to adapt an existing co-designed mobile health (mHealth) intervention app with health professionals and Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander mothers living in South Australia. Methods Potential participants include Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander pregnant women and mothers of children aged 0-5 years, non-Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women who are mothers of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander babies, and health professionals who predominantly care for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander mothers and babies. Participants will be recruited from multiple Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander–specific health services under the local health networks around metropolitan South Australia. In this study, data collection will be carried out via culturally safe, and family-friendly yarning circles, facilitated by Aboriginal research staff to collect feedback on the existing mHealth app from approximately 20 women and 10 health professionals, with the aim to achieve data saturation. This will inform the changes required to the mHealth app. All focus groups and interviews will be audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data will be inductively analyzed using realist epistemology via NVivo software (Lumivero). Themes about the mHealth app’s cultural acceptability, usability, and appropriateness will be used to inform the changes applied to the app. Results With the feedback received from participating women and health professionals, changes in the smartphone app will be made to ensure the intervention is supportive and meets the needs of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander mothers and families in South Australia. Participation of community members will promote ownership, community engagement, and implementation. Conclusions A co-designed, culturally sensitive, and effective digital health intervention is likely to support Indigenous mothers and their children facing health disparities due to the disruption of Indigenous culture by colaying a foundation for a potential clinical trial and wider implementation. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/53748

BACKGROUND:Childhood obesity is a global public health issue, which has prompted governments to invest in prevention programmes. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of parent-focused early childhood obesity prevention interventions globally. METHODS:We did a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. We searched databases and trial registries (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycInfo, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform) from inception until Sept 30, 2024, for randomised controlled trials commencing before 12 months of age examining parent-focused behavioural interventions to prevent obesity in children, compared with usual care, no intervention, or attention control. Individual participant data were checked, harmonised, and assessed for integrity and risk of bias. We excluded trials that were quasi-randomised, investigated pregnancy-only interventions, or did not collect any child weight-related outcomes. The primary outcome was BMI Z score at age 24 months (±6 months). We did an intention-to-treat, two-stage, random effects meta-analysis to examine effects overall and for prespecified subgroups. We assessed certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020177408. FINDINGS:Of 19 990 identified records, 47 (0·24%) trials were completed and eligible. Of these, 18 (38%) assessed our primary outcome, BMI Z score. We obtained individual participant data for 17 (94%; n=9128) of these 18 trials (n=9383), representing 97% of eligible participants. Of these 9128 participants, 4549 (50%) were boys, 4415 (48%) were girls, and 164 (2%) had unknown sex. We found no evidence of an effect of interventions on BMI Z score at age 24 months (±6 months; mean difference -0·01 [95% CI -0·08 to 0·05]; high certainty evidence, τ2=0·01; n=6505; 2623 missing). Findings were robust to prespecified sensitivity analyses (eg, different analysis methods and missing data), and we found no evidence of differential intervention effects for prespecified subgroups including priority populations and trial-level factors. INTERPRETATION:These findings indicate that examined parent-focused behavioural interventions are insufficient to prevent obesity at age 24 months (±6 months). This evidence highlights a need to re-think childhood obesity prevention approaches. FUNDING:Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.

OBJECTIVES:The objective of this paper is to compare the costs of an allied health student-assisted model of care with Fly-In-Fly-Out (FIFO) and resident clinician models of care from a health system perspective. METHODS:A descriptive cost analysis was conducted to understand the costs of an allied health student-assisted model of care. Scenarios were developed for the two remaining service models to determine their costs from a health service perspective. DESIGN:An observed and modelled costing study. SETTING:Northern Territory, Australia. PARTICIPANTS:Allied health professionals and students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):The cost of providing a student-assisted model of care from a health service perspective. RESULTS:The students provided an average of 5 h of service time per client to 50 clients at a cost of $2363 per client. Three resident clinician and FIFO scenarios were modelled. The first scenario was based on time with clients across all three student cohorts. The second scenario applied the time spent with clients by the third cohort, reflecting the increase in time spent with clients as the program matured. In the third scenario, we increased the time in scenario 2 by 25% to account for the potential under-recording of client time. The resident clinician results for the three scenarios were $915, $987, and $1178, respectively. The FIFO results for the three scenarios were $1502, $1575, and $1922, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The student-assisted model was more expensive per client seen than the FIFO and resident clinician models, but significant intangible benefits were identified that positively impact both clients and students. These include training health professionals for remote communities in a culturally responsive model, greater cultural understanding, and increased care coordination provided by the students.

BackgroundMobile health (mHealth) interventions promoting healthy lifestyle changes offer an adaptable and inexpensive method for accessing health information but require cultural appropriateness and suitability for acceptance and effectiveness in Indigenous populations. No systematic review on effective mHealth interventions for Indigenous women during pregnancy and the early childhood years has been conducted. ObjectiveThis review evaluated the effectiveness of mHealth interventions promoting healthy behaviors for Indigenous mothers and children from conception to 5 years post partum. It also aimed to explore the observed effectiveness differences based on participant engagement, intervention design, and provision of context. Further, the review explored if the interventions were co-designed. MethodsA systematic search of 5 databases was conducted: SCOPUS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ProQuest (Dissertation or Thesis). Studies were included if they were either a randomized controlled trial, pre-post comparison, or a cohort study using mHealth with Indigenous women for maternal and child health following a preregistered PROSPERO protocol (CRD42023395710). HealthInfoNet was searched for gray literature and the reference lists of included studies were hand searched. The initial title and abstract screen for eligibility were performed by 1 reviewer. A full-text screen of eligible studies and a quality appraisal of included studies was performed by 2 reviewers independently. The appraisal tools used were the Mixed Methods Quality Appraisal Tool and the Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal Chronic Disease Knowledge Translation and Exchange (CREATE). A descriptive synthesis of the extracted data was performed. ResultsOf the 663 articles screened, only 3 met the eligibility criteria. Each paper evaluated a different mHealth intervention: Remote Prenatal Education; the SMS Parent Action Intervention (two-way text messaging); and the Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) eCHECKUP To Go (web-based screening and intervention). Statistically significant changes were reported in some outcomes, including an increase in the parental participation rate in face-to-face prenatal education; increased rate of breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding (2-12 months); improved overall children’s behavior related to sleep, diet, physical activity, screen time, and intake of sugary beverages; improved individual children’s behavior related to physical activity and sleep; and decrease in alcohol drinks per week and binge drinking episodes per 2 weeks due to time effect. However, no study provided a sample size calculation for the reported significant outcomes. Also, due to the small number of included studies and each study evaluating a different intervention, it was not possible to combine results to ascertain if the participant engagement, intervention design, or community context had any impact on the effectiveness. ConclusionsDue to the lack of sample size calculation, it was not possible to establish whether differences in the effectiveness were due to the interventions or a type I statistical error. Therefore, caution is required in the interpretation of these findings. Trial RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42023395710; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023395710

University students, working with First Nations communities, need to build skills in culturally responsive practice. This study explores the experience of allied health students completing service-learning placements in First Nations communities. A qualitative post-placement study was undertaken. Semi-structured interviews were completed with allied health students (n=27) from Australian universities. Data was thematically analysed using inductive and deductive analysis. The settings were healthy ageing services in two remote northern Australian First Nations communities. Students received interprofessional, discipline-specific, and cultural supervision and training. Three key themes emerged: Readiness for remote practice; cultural supervision and practice; and learning and skill development. Further, the experience of immersive service-learning placements in remote First Nations communities appear to support the transformation learning process required to build knowledge, confidence, and skills to engage in culturally responsive practice. Results could inform university curriculum to better support students to prepare for rural placements, and identify resourcing requirements while students are participating in culturally immersive placements.

There is a great need for determining the effectiveness of telephone-based early obesity interventions targeting preschool-aged children. This was particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic when most face-to-face health promotion programs were suspended. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a two-year telephone-based intervention on body mass index (BMI), eating habits, active play, and screen time behaviours among preschool-aged children. We conducted an extension study to a randomised controlled trial (RCT) with 662 mother-child dyads at ages 2–3 years in 2019–20 in the Greater Sydney metropolitan area of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. In 2020–22, we extended the RCT for another two years, with one-year intervention (3–4 years) and one-year follow-up (4–5 years). Participants remained in the same group allocation as the original trial. The intervention comprised five nurse-led telephone support calls and SMS plus mailed intervention booklets to mothers to promote the health behaviours of their children from ages 2 to 4 years. The primary outcome was children’s BMI, with weight and height measured at ages 3, 4, and 5 years. We conducted intention-to-treat analysis with a multiple imputation approach. Mixed linear models were built to compare the outcomes between intervention and control groups. Sub-group analysis by household income was also conducted. Of the 662 mothers, 537 (81%), 491 (74%), and 405 (61%) completed the assessments when their children were 3, 4, and 5 years old. The intervention was significantly associated with a lower mean BMI: 15.90 (SE 0.08) vs. 16.20 (SE 0.08), difference −0.30 (95% CI: −0.59 to −0.01, P = 0.039). This association was stronger among low-income families, difference −0.57 (95% CI: −1.05 to −0.10, P = 0.018). The two-year telephone-based intervention was associated with decreased mean BMI of preschool-aged children. Telephone-based support for mothers could reduce obesity risk in preschool-aged children, particularly among low-income families. The original RCT is registered with the Australian Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12618001571268).

ISSUES ADDRESSED:Evidence on how COVID-19 lockdowns impacted physical activity (PA) is mixed. This study explores changes in PA following initial mobility restrictions, and their subsequent relaxation, in a sample of Sydney (Australia) residents using a natural experiment methodology. METHODS:Participants' health and travel behaviours were collected pre-pandemic in late 2019 (n = 1937), with follow-up waves during the pandemic in 2020 (n = 1706) and 2021 (n = 1514). Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse changes in weekly duration of PA between the three waves. RESULTS:Compared with pre-pandemic, average weekly PA increased in 2021 by 42.6 min total PA (p = .001), 16 min walking PA (p = .02), and 26.4 min moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) (p = .003). However, average weekly sessions of PA decreased in 2020 and remained lower in 2021. For participants who were sufficiently active in 2019, weekly total PA (-66.3 min) MVPA (-43.8 min) decreased in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic. Conversely, among participants who were insufficiently active in 2019, average weekly PA increased in both 2020 (total PA, +99.1 min; walking PA, +46.4 min; MVPA +52.8 min) and 2021 (total PA, +117.8 min; walking PA, +58.4 min; MVPA +59.2 min), compared to 2019. Participants who did more work from home increased their average weekly total PA in 2021 compared to pre-pandemic (+45.3 min). CONCLUSION:These findings reveal the complex variability in PA behaviour brought about by the pandemic. SO WHAT?: Strategies to support the population in achieving sufficient PA must focus on maintaining an appetite for PA as we move out of the pandemic and on promoting more frequent PA sessions.

Abstract Background The effectiveness of the NSW Health “Get Healthy Information and Coaching Service®”(Get Healthy) to facilitate weight loss on a population scale has been documented, but this was based on self-reported measures. Our study aims to test the effectiveness of the Get Healthy Service on objectively measured weight, BMI, waist circumference, and changes in other health behaviours, including nutrition, physical activity and alcohol intake. Methods Men and women aged 40–70 years (n = 154) with pre-diabetes (5.7% < HbA1c < 6.5%) were referred from GP Practices to the Get Healthy Service, NSW Health. A subset (n = 98) participated in the “Zinc In Preventing the Progression of pre-Diabetes” (ZIPPeD) trial (ACTRN12618001120268). Results The self-reported outcomes showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline to 12 months in weight (mean 2.7 kg loss, p < 0.001), BMI (mean 1 unit reduction, p < 0.001), and waist circumference (mean 4.3 cm reduction, p < 0.001). However, in the objectively measured outcomes from ZIPPeD, the differences were more modest, with point estimates of 0.8 kg mean weight loss (p = 0.1), 0.4 unit reduction in BMI (p = 0.03), and 1.8 cm reduction in waist circumference (p = 0.04). Bland-Altman plots indicated that discrepancies were due to a small number of participants who dramatically underestimated their weight or BMI. There were minimal changes in nutrition, physical activity, and alcohol. Conclusions The potential benefits of Get Healthy should be interpreted with caution as we have shown significant differences between self-reported and objectively measured values. More valid and objective evidence is needed to determine the program’s effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of a coaching intervention compared with control on physical activity and falls rate at 12 months in community-dwelling people aged 60+ years.DesignCluster randomised controlled trial.SettingCommunity-dwelling older people.Participants72 clusters (605 participants): 37 clusters (290 participants) randomised to the intervention and 35 (315 participants) to control.InterventionIntervention group received written information, fall risk assessment and prevention advice by a physiotherapist, activity tracker and telephone-based coaching from a physiotherapist focused on safe physical activity. Control group received written information and telephone-based dietary coaching. Both groups received up to 19 sessions of telephone coaching over 12 months.OutcomesThe co-primary outcomes were device-measured physical activity expressed in counts per minute at 12 months and falls rate over 12 months. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of fallers, device-measured daily steps and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), self-reported hours per week of physical activity, body mass index, eating habits, goal attainment, mobility-related confidence, quality of life, fear of falling, risk-taking behaviour, mood, well-being and disability.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 74 (SD 8) years, and 70% (n=425) were women. There was no significant effect of the intervention on device-measured physical activity counts per minute (mean difference 5 counts/min/day, 95% CI −21 to 31), or falls at 12 months (0.71 falls/person/year in intervention group and 0.87 falls/person/year in control group; incidence rate ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.14). The intervention had a positive significant effect on device-measured daily steps and MVPA, and self-reported hours per week of walking, well-being, quality of life, and disability. No significant between-group differences were identified in other secondary outcomes.ConclusionA physical activity and fall prevention programme including fall risk assessment and prevention advice, plus telephone-based health coaching, did not lead to significant differences in physical activity counts per minute or falls rate at 12 months. However, this programme improved other physical activity measures (ie, daily steps, MVPA, hours per week of walking), overall well-being, quality of life and disability.Trial registration numberACTRN12615001190594.

Establishing healthy feeding habits during infancy is crucial for optimal growth. However, certain parental feeding and cultural practices might hinder the development of children's healthy eating behaviours. This research explored responsive feeding practices among migrant mothers in Australia. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted in their native language with 20 Arabic and 20 Mongolian-speaking migrant mothers with children under 2 years old or currently pregnant. Thematic analysis was conducted using the framework method. Both cultural groups followed a variety of feeding practices, including on demand responsive feeding or structured schedules. Arabic-speaking mothers tended to demonstrate responsive feeding practices more frequently than Mongolian-speaking mothers, except for those using formula feeding, who consistently followed a fixed feeding routine. When introducing solid foods, mothers from both groups often overlooked their babies' hunger and satiety cues, frequently pressuring their children to finish their entire plate. One cited reason for this was the challenge parents faced in identifying such cues. Arabic-speaking mothers often supplemented with formula top-ups after introducing solid foods, due to the belief that breast milk or solid foods alone might not sufficiently nourish their infants. Additionally, some Arabic-speaking mothers used food-based rewards to encourage eating. Mongolian mothers expressed a cultural preference for chubby babies, a potential reason why they may have been inclined to pressure-feed their children. Moreover, both groups reported using digital devices to distract their children during meals. This study highlights the necessity of tailoring future resources and services related to responsive feeding practices to accommodate diverse literacy levels and cultural backgrounds.

BACKGROUND:Effects of attending early childhood education and care (ECEC) on health behaviours of young children remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether ECEC attendance was associated with outdoor play, screen time, sleep duration and family demographics of children aged 2 and 3 years. METHODS:Secondary analysis was conducted using data extracted from two linked trials conducted in Australia, 2017-2020. Telephone surveys were conducted with participating mothers for data collection. Multiple logistic and linear regression models were built to investigate the associations of ECEC attendance with outdoor play, screen time, sleep duration and family demographics among young children. RESULTS:At ages 2 and 3 years, 797 and 537 mothers completed surveys, respectively. Of respondents, 65% and 72% of children attended ECEC, respectively. Children who attended ECEC had 17 min (95% CI 3.8-30.5) and 28 min (95% CI 14.1-41.9) more daily outdoor playtime and had 13 min (95% CI 4.0-21.5) and 19 min (95% CI 6.4-30.7) less daily screen time at home at 2 and 3 years, respectively. Although ECEC attendance was not associated with sleep duration, children who attended ECEC were more likely to meet all three recommendations (outdoor play, screen time and sleep) with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.84 (95% CI 1.24-2.72) at age 2 and AOR 2.34 (95% CI 1.28-4.28) at age 3. Mothers who were employed, first-time mothers, spoke English at home or had a high household income were more likely to use ECEC services. CONCLUSIONS:ECEC services may hold promise to influence outdoor play and screen time among young children. Children from lower socio-demographic background had a lower rate of ECEC attendance. Future health promotion programmes for young children need to also consider children who do not attend ECEC.

Objective: This scoping review will describe strategies to support communication between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and health professionals about medicines. Introduction: Poor communication is a well-established risk factor contributing to adverse medicine events. Communication challenges are exacerbated for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples due to their poorer health status, greater use of medicines, a first language that may not be English, cultural bias and systemic racism in health services, and lower health literacy resulting from ongoing colonization. A scoping review will assist in summarizing strategies to support the communication process. Inclusion criteria: The review will consider studies describing strategies related to medicine communication between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and health professionals. Methods: The proposed review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The review will include all published and unpublished literature in English since 2000, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods study designs, systematic reviews, text and opinion pieces, and gray literature. Databases to be searched will include CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Informit, Indigenous HealthInfoNet, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and Google Scholar. Two researchers will screen titles and abstracts independently and assess the full text of selected citations against inclusion criteria. Extracted data will be presented in narrative format accompanied by tables that reflect the objective of the review.

BACKGROUND:Over the past two decades, there has been an increase of immigrants in Australia. Despite this, the availability of culturally responsive resources and services that cater to their needs remains insufficient.OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to explore the resources used and trusted by Mongolian- and Arabic-speaking migrant mothers in Australia for child health information and examine how they navigate and overcome challenges they encounter accessing this information.DESIGN:Semi-structured telephone interview.METHODS:A theory informed semi-structured 60-min telephone interview was conducted in Arabic and Mongolian with 20 Arabic- and 20 Mongolian-speaking migrant mothers of children younger than 2 years or currently pregnant and living in Australia. Data were analysed thematically using the framework method.RESULTS:The reliance on digital platforms such as google emerged as a common trend among both groups of mothers when seeking child health information. Notably, there were differences in resources selection, with Mongolian mothers showing a preference for Australian-based websites, while Arabic-speaking mothers tended to opt for culturally familiar resources. There were various barriers that hindered their access to health services and resources, including language barriers, cost, and limited knowledge or familiarity with their existence. Negative encounters with healthcare professionals contributed to a perception among many mothers that they were unhelpful. Both groups of mothers employed a cross-checking approach across multiple websites to verify trustworthiness of information. Acculturation was shown only among the Mongolian-speaking mothers who adapted their cultural practices in line with their country of residence.CONCLUSION:The findings of this study highlight the importance of addressing the needs of migrant mothers in accessing child health information. Health professionals, government agencies, and researchers have an opportunity to provide culturally responsive support by fostering a culturally inclusive approach to developing and promoting equitable access to services and resources, ultimately enhancing the wellbeing of migrant families.

The transition to motherhood is a pivotal time for promoting healthy behaviours, particularly among indigenous women, who encounter significant barriers to accessing health information. Mobile health interventions (mHealth) promoting healthy lifestyle changes, offer an adaptable and inexpensive method for improving access health information but require cultural appropriateness and suitability for acceptance and effectiveness in indigenous populations. No systematic review on effective mHealth interventions for indigenous women during pregnancy and the early childhood years has been conducted. This study evaluated the effectiveness of mHealth interventions, promoting healthy lifestyle changes, for indigenous mothers and children from conception to five years post-partum. It explored the effectiveness differences based on participant engagement, intervention nature, and provision of context. A systematic search of five databases; SCOPUS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ProQuest (Dissertation or Thesis); was conducted to identify studies focusing on maternal and child health, indigenous populations, and mHealth following a pre-registered PROSPERO protocol (CRD42023395710). HealthInfoNet was searched for grey literature and the reference lists of included studies were hand searched. Randomised controlled trials and other interventional study designs including pre-post comparison and cohort studies were eligible for inclusion. Quality of studies was evaluated by two independent reviewers using the Mixed Methods Quality Appraisal Tool and the Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal Chronic Disease Knowledge Translation and Exchange tool. Details from the studies was extracted using a predeveloped extraction form and a descriptive synthesis of the data was performed. Of the 688 articles screened, only three met the eligibility criteria. Each paper evaluated a different mHealth intervention. The three mHealth interventions identified were: Remote Prenatal Education, the Short Messaging System (SmS) Parent Action Intervention, and the Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment eCHECKUP To Go. All included studies had a small sample size, and none provided a rationale for the power calculation of the sample size for the outcomes reported. Therefore, it was not possible to establish whether the differences in the effectiveness were due to the interventions. The current literature does not have any evidence of the effectiveness of mHealth interventions for maternal and child health behaviour change. A thorough evaluation with consideration of cultural contexts and user preferences during intervention design and development is crucial for maximizing their potential. Despite scant evidence, mHealth interventions, hold promise for enhancing indigenous mothers' health.

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