Summary Public organizations are embracing open innovation (OI) to better serve their societal mission. This study presents a “Strategy Perimeter Framework,” developed and validated at the European Space Agency, to integrate OI into their strategy development. The framework helps manage stakeholder engagement within the strategy perimeter, thereby fostering collaborative innovation. It enables the alignment of stakeholder engagement with a public organization’s adoption of OI, ensuring innovation aligns with societal objectives.

Space today is a critical infrastructure and an indispensable part of our everyday life for secure and sustainable socioeconomic growth. In the past, engagement in space activities was the privilege of few space faring nations. The new space era, provides new opportunities for overcoming barriers to entry in the sector for countries by re-orient existing activities and engaging in new. This paper aims to provide a practitioner perspective on bringing space solutions to the national needs through selective projects, by mapping the political and regulatory framework, national needs and capabilities. The case of Greece is employed for the paper. Relevant information was collected and analysed by directly engaging with the stakeholders, conducting questionnaires, and studies. This study provides insights on the role of strategies and policies at EU and national level in setting up dedicated projects in response of national needs.

The long-term sustainability of outer space activities has become more relevant than ever due to the ongoing transformation of the space sector. The Legal Subcommittee (LSC) of the United Nations (UN) Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) introduced in 2016 "Space Traffic Management" (STM) as a regular agenda item, thereby providing the opportunity for multilateral, equitable and inclusive deliberations and negotiations. This chapter presents the evolution and current status of STM by emphasizing the principle of international cooperation as a foundation for maintaining stability and ensuring the peaceful uses of outer space. It provides an overview of STM's national perspectives. This overview explains the underlying challenges for establishing STM and focuses on the effect of the emerging civil–military paradigm. Further, the chapter elaborates on how civil–military cooperation is treated on comparable traffic regimes: air traffic, maritime traffic and frequency spectrum.

Space Trafic Management (STM) has gained relevance in regional and global strategies when there is more significant congestion in space. Ongoing discussions in the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) and other fora are reflecting the essence of STM in Europe, in the United States and others. In the US, the 2018 Space Policy Directive-3 on National Space Traffic Management Policy has become a focal eleemnt. More recently, STM was underlined in the European Union – European Space Agency Space Council Orientations of November 2020 as part of the European ambitions to achieve strategic autonomy. In February 2021, the European Commission launched STM as a flagship project under its' Action Plan on Synergies' between the civil, defence, and space industries, aiming to reinforce the European industry's competitiveness. In February 2022, a joint communication on a European Union approach on STM was published. In this regard, STM entails several technological, socio-economic, and regulatory dimensions with significant security implications as reflected in national and regional strategies. This paper focuses on a critical element: the cooperation between the civilian and the military and how organizations effectively address the dual-use aspect concerning STM development under the current legal and regulatory framework. Moreover, it examines how the dual-use element of STM influences space security of space technologies. Successful strategies with tangible outcomes require effective cooperation between the civilian and military actors. Hence, this paper seeks to identify potential legal and regulatory barriers and proposes solutions to accommodate divergent strategic interests and needs in STM future strategies.

Disruptive events are the ones that have historically transformed our world. COVID-19 has forced governments and companies to seek transformation in particular in the field of digital. Space has been an enabler for a number of sectorial policies e.g. agriculture, defence, maritime. Digital transformation requires connectivity providing “anything”, “anytime”, “anywhere”. Space as an enabler for digital transformation has become a centerpiece for socioeconomic sustainability and growth. Mega constellations provide telecom services globally and will directly compete with the terrestrial telecom operators, in the next years while the telecom operators should concentrate on the investment of 5G infrastructure. The most promising mega constellation is the one planned by Starlink, which will consist of more than 40,000 satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), with service coverage of the whole surface of Earth. It is to be highlighted that there is no European project of this scale. The strong point of the Starlink mega constellation is the complete vertical integration: satellite design, manufacturing, launching, control, operation and telecom service provision by a single group of companies. The economies of scale which would be achieved could lower the retail prices of the telecom service to levels which will not be viable for the terrestrial telecom operators. Thus a strong dependency of European telecommunications with the non-European mega constellation like Starlink is expected. The European Union is to develop the next flagship programme in the field of connectivity, following the announcement of Commissioner Breton on 15 July. The Commissioner stated that “… we already need to look beyond 5G. I am talking about starting to prepare for 6G of course, but not only. The next paradigm shift is about linking connectivity with space to provide high-speed connectivity everywhere in Europe”. This has been confirmed by the 22 March Action Plan placing it as the next European flagship after Galileo and Copernicus. It will build on Govsatcom, European Quantum Communications Infrastructures. Small countries like Greece have been taking a step by step approach in ensuring the digital transformation of the country. These steps have been at the level of policy, governance, programmatic and financial instruments. The much higher data rates available would change the transmission of data to and from locations. An opportunity arises for new architectures where satellites can provide internet connectivity blend with terrestrial wireless or wired networks. The service to the user will be seamless and unaware of switching between the different infrastructures. This paper will provide an overview how Europe and small member states have been preparing its space related activities in combination with non-space activities for the digital transformation of the country.

Proceedings of the International Institute of Space Law is een online tijdschriftenplatform van Boom uitgevers Den Haag (Boom juridisch, Boom criminologie, Boom bestuurskunde en Eleven International publishing)

Gone are the days when the use of space was a domain for scientists. Actually, they never existed. From the first moment of the ‘Space Age,’ which began with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, the use of outer space occupied a crossroads of a multitude of policy areas, and the multifaceted political dimensions of the use of space became apparent. The term ‘Space Race’ not only signified the competition of the two superpowers during the Cold War for prestigious ‘space firsts’ (first satellite, first human in space, the first woman in space, first space-walk, the first robotic Moon landing, first humans on the Moon, first space station, first planetary landing, etc.). It also developed into a distinct area of international relations with the initiation of broadly conceived diplomatic efforts aiming to achieve advantages while also leading to international regulation. The inherent dual-use character of space activities led to a dominance of space utilization as a crucial security factor. This has been the clear constant of space policy until today.

Europe in Space:Partner, Competitor, and Model for Asia Kai-Uwe Schrogl (bio) and Christina Giannopapa (bio) Europe regards itself as the second-greatest global space power after the United States, possessing all space capabilities except human space transportation. Investments in autonomous access and other operations demonstrate recognition of the strategic importance of space for European policy, economy, security, and society. This standing consequently leads to a large spectrum of interrelations and interactions with other space powers internationally. In this context, Asia is the region of highest interest. Its key space powers—Japan, China, and India—for decades have been associated with Europe through cooperation, competition, and conflict. While cooperation has so far prevailed, competition is growing, and conflict could easily turn from rare and punctual to severe and dominant. This essay describes Europe's ambitions in light of its achievements in space. In addition, it provides a special focus on Europe's contributions to international regulatory efforts in this field, since the status of outer space as a global common requires international interaction, with European and Asian states playing important roles. This is followed by a close look at the direct interactions between the two regions. Finally, the essay presents a comparison between the efforts in Europe and Asia to establish possible regional cooperative mechanisms to coordinate and integrate their space efforts, providing more opportunities for Europe to serve as a partner, competitor, and model for Asia in space. The Achievements and Ambitions of Europe In 2016, Europe manifested its ambition toward space. This was done through a joint statement by the European Union and the European Space Agency (ESA), which had previously been approved by 30 member states [End Page 50] in total. The document "Joint Statement on Shared Vision and Goals for the Future of European Space" develops three pillars of strategic relevance for Europe: (1) to maximize the integration of space into European society and economy, by increasing the use of space technologies and applications to support public policies, providing effective solutions to the big societal challenges faced by Europe and the world, strengthening synergies between civilian and security activities in the fields of navigation, communication and observation, including through monitoring borders, land and maritime security conditions; (2) to foster a globally competitive European space sector, by supporting research, innovation, entrepreneurship for growth and jobs across all Member States, and seizing larger shares of global markets; and (3) to ensure European autonomy in accessing and using space in a safe and secure environment, and in particular consolidate and protect its infrastructures, including against cyber threats.1 One of the most prominent keywords in this strategic outline is "autonomy." Since starting its joint efforts in the 1960s, Europe has been striving to reach autonomy in almost all aspects of space activity. These are access to space (with the Ariane and Vega rockets), satellite telecommunications (Eutelsat operations), meteorology (Eumetsat meteorological satellites), navigation and positioning (Galileo navigation system), and operational Earth observation (through data provided by the Copernicus Programme). The next step is reaching autonomy in the Space Situational Awareness Programme and its Space Surveillance and Tracking segment.2 Europe is also advancing in the field of military and security applications both on the national level and in coordination among member states.3 It is notable among Europe's achievements that the region collectively has a long tradition in space science and human spaceflight (albeit decidedly not with the objective of autonomous human access to space). Many firsts, such as the landings on Saturn's moon Titan and on the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, are prestigious examples. The European setup in space governance is characterized by four elements: (1) national programs by the member states of the EU [End Page 51] and the ESA, (2) the multilateral cooperation of the ESA's 22 members,4 (3) the supranational cooperation of the EU's 27 member states, and (4) a space industry that matches traditionally complex but globally competitive large-system integrators with agile small and medium-sized enterprises and start-ups to compete in an ever-growing sector. These four elements have always been dynamic in their relationships and developments. However, the European states have usually managed to find a...

This chapter addresses European space policy perspectives on the establishment of Space Traffic Management from a discourse theory perspective. This includes the study of space and security/defence policies in Europe, taking into consideration the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Union (EU) and national strategies, programmes and governance. The space sector is undergoing transformation. A number of the ESA and EU Member States have developed a dedicated space and security/defence strategy. The chapter presents ESA, the EU and the selected European Member States' activities with the largest space and security defence budget: France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy and Spain. Space actors in Europe recognise that a Space Traffic Management regime is essential for the security and sustainability of European space activities. Accordingly, they have gradually developed several activities, strategies and policies, which among others set the basis for STM development and reflect the important role of STM in space and security.

Consensus is required for every new strategic initiative. Although politics can contribute to consensus-building, politics have also been associated with undermining the effectiveness of strategic initiatives. Our findings show how managers use heuristics to circumvent the adverse effects of politics in order to enhance consensus and improve the effectiveness of strategies. Based on a longitudinal case study in a large intergovernmental, aerospace organization in Europe, we show that effective consensus-building is enabled by the application of three distinct ‘political heuristics’ that we coin inception, delimitation, and validation. These three types of heuristics ensure the effectiveness of the strategic initiative and the consensus required. Consensus is achieved by the applications of these heuristics during formal-informal interactions across three phases of strategy development: initiation, content development, and consolidation. Hence, the three aforementioned heuristics mitigate the negative implications of politics and thereby enhance the effectiveness of the strategic initiative. Our findings offer insight into organizational politics and the micro-foundations of strategy, by showing at the micro level how heuristics enable effective and positive application of politics for consensus-building in organizations.