This study investigates determinants of self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection, addressing a gap in understanding how social and care-related factors are associated with infection risk among older people. We analyzed the baseline wave of “Gesundheit 65+”, a German nationwide population-registry survey. This wave was performed between June 2021 and April 2022, with a sample of 3450 participants aged 65 to 100 living in private households. SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence was 3.5% (95% confidence interval, CI 2.6–4.5), slightly higher among those aged 85+, and higher among those receiving home care, and not having double vaccination. We identified with multivariable logistic regression that not having double vaccination (odds ratio, OR = 9.72; CI 4.81–19.61), receiving in-person visits (OR = 2.96; CI 1.12–7.80), and not living alone (OR = 1.96; CI 1.02–3.76) were independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but receiving formal or informal care at home, and participating in work and social activities were not. Our results emphasize the importance of vaccination and caution during in-person interactions. Despite receiving formal or informal care at home implying close personal contact, we did not detect increased infection risk in those receiving care at home.

Although universal childhood vaccination of hepatitis B has been recommended in Germany since 1995, evidence on adherence to the recommended hepatitis B vaccination schedule is lacking. Using data from the second wave of the population-based German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) (2014–2017), we aimed to assess the adherence to the recommended hepatitis B vaccination schedule by describing the timeliness of the first dose, the timeliness of the recommended vaccination series, the vaccination series by number of doses, and the adherence to six months period between the last two doses given. Reflecting recommendations in Germany, we defined a timely first dose as given at two months of age or as a birth-dose given prior to two days of age. A catch-up vaccination series was defined as first dose given after 14 months of age. We defined a recommended hepatitis B vaccination series as at least three doses, with six months between the two last doses, as in accordance with national recommendations. We defined a hepatitis B vaccination series as being timely if the last dose was given prior to 15 months of age. We calculated weighted proportions and their 95

Background The first Corona Monitoring Nationwide (RKI-SOEP) study (October 2020−February 2021) found a low pre-vaccine SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence (2.1%) in the German adult population (≥ 18 years). Aim The objective of this second RKI-SOEP (RKI-SOEP-2) study in November 2021−March 2022 was to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific anti-spike and/or anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) IgG antibodies (combined seroprevalence), past infection based on infection-induced seroprevalence (anti-N), and basic immunisation (at least two antigen contacts through vaccination or infection) in individuals aged ≥ 14 years. We also aimed to estimate under-reporting of infections. Methods Dried blood-spot specimens from a population-based sample embedded in a dynamic cohort, the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), were serologically analysed. Resulting serological data and self-reports via a questionnaire from the same individuals were used to estimate prevalences. Results Combined seroprevalence was 90.7% (95% CI: 89.7%–91.6%) without correction and 94.6% (95% CI: 93.6%–95.7%) with correction for sensitivity/specificity and antibody waning. While one in nine individuals had been infected (11.3%; 95% CI: 9.1%–13.5%), nine in 10 had a basic immunisation (90%; 95% CI: 88.9–90.9%), primarily due to vaccination. Population-weighted estimates differed by age, region, and socioeconomic deprivation. The under-reporting factor was estimated as 1.55 (95% CI: 1.3–1.8). Conclusions When the SARS-CoV-2-Omicron wave was beginning, most people had been vaccinated, infected, or both. Large-scale vaccination, but not a high infection rate, was able to fill the immunity gap, especially in ≥ 65 year-olds who are known to be at higher risk of severe COVID-19. Our data point towards the need for targeted socioeconomically, demographically and regionally stratified mitigation strategies, including measures to enhance vaccine uptake.

Attaining the target of <0.1% HBsAg positives in children aged <5 years in vaccinated populations by 2030 is a WHO indicator of hepatitis B elimination. We aimed to calculate the prevalence of HBsAg- and anti-HBc-positive children and adolescents in the low-prevalence country of Germany. In total, 3567 children and adolescents aged 3-17 years participated in a national population based cross-sectional study. Data were collected between 2014 and 2017 using questionnaires and health examinations, including blood samples. Applying a weighted analysis to account for survey design and participant characteristics, we calculated the HBsAg and anti-HBc prevalence and described them by anti-HBs positivity. In total, 3007 participants had all three sero-markers measured. None were found HBsAg and anti-HBc positive. Seven (0.3%, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8) were anti-HBc positive and HBsAg negative; six were also anti-HBs positive. All anti-HBc-positive participants were aged ≥7 years and three had no migration background. Four anti-HBc-positive participants had known vaccination status; three had been vaccinated according to national recommendations. This very low hepatitis B virus sero-prevalence among children and adolescents indicates that Germany is reaching some hepatitis B virus elimination targets. We recommend maintaining preventive measures, in particular a high vaccination coverage, in order to reach hepatitis B elimination.

Day care study showed no differences in long-term symptoms in children who were and were not infected during COVID-19 outbreaks COVID-19 has tended to be mild in children, but the risk of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being transmitted in day care centres has been high. 1 Our aim was to fill the gap in the research on the long-term symptoms experienced by young children after becoming infected.

Objectives: We aimed to map and synthesize evidence about social inequalities in long-term health effects after COVID-19 (LTHE), often referred to as “long COVID” or “post-COVID-19 conditions.”Methods: We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed articles by searching the databases Embase and Scopus. According to predefined inclusion criteria, titles/abstracts and full texts were screened for eligibility. Additionally, reference lists of all included studies were hand-searched for eligible studies. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews.Results: Nineteen articles were included. LTHE were analysed according to ethnicity, education, income, employment and deprivation indices. The studies varied significantly in their definitions of LTHE. Eighty-two analyses showed no statistically significant associations. At least 12 studies had a high risk of type II errors. Only studies associating deprivation indices and long COVID tended to show a higher prevalence of LTHE in deprived areas.Conclusion: Although some studies indicated social inequalities in LTHE, evidence was generally weak and inconclusive. Further studies with larger sample sizes specifically designed to detect social inequalities regarding LTHE are needed to inform future healthcare planning and public health policies.

The role of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in youth is largely unclear. The aims of this study are to investigate the distribution and potential determinants of HbA1c among a population-based sample of adolescents. The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) Wave 2 includes a nationwide representative sample of 0-17-year-old participants. For this evaluation, data from a randomly selected subgroup aged 14-17 years and without diagnosed diabetes was included (n = 857). Percentile-based HbA1c values (measured at laboratory in whole blood samples by high performance liquid chromatography) were calculated to examine HbA1c distribution. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to investigate factors (age, sex, parental socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), birth weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, healthy food diversity, sport activity, oral contraceptive use) associated with HbA1c. The mean HbA1c level was 5.2% (minimum: 3.9%, P10: 4.8%, P50: 5.1%, P90: 5.5%, maximum: 6.7%). Overall, 2.8% of adolescents had an HbA1c value in the prediabetic range (5.7-6.4%) and 0.1% had an undiagnosed diabetes (≥6.5%). Multivariable regression analysis showed an inverse association of age with HbA1c (17 vs. 14 years: ß: -1.18; 95% CI -2.05, -0.31). Higher HbA1c values were observed for higher BMI-standard deviation scores (SDS) (ß: 0.24; 95% CI -0.04, 0.52) and smoking (ß: 0.73; 95% CI -0.12, 1.57), but these tendencies were non-significant. In sex-stratified analysis, smoking and birth weight were significantly associated with HbA1c in boys. Among adolescents without diagnosed diabetes in Germany, HbA1c values ranged from 3.9% to 6.7%. To ensure health in adulthood, the influence of determinants on HbA1c levels in younger age should be further investigated.

BACKGROUND:Fatigue is an unspecific symptom complex characterized by tiredness, lack of energy, and lack of concentration and is of considerable public health relevance, due to its links with incapacity for work, risk of accidents, and increased need for healthcare. METHODS:The analyses are based on data from 9766 adults of the telephone survey "Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell (GEDA)" 2023. Fatigue was recorded using the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), a validated instrument with 10 questions for self-assessment of fatigue. The scale was dichotomized into yes (at least mild to moderate fatigue) versus no (no fatigue). Population-weighted prevalences of fatigue and associated sociodemographic and health-related factors were calculated in descriptive analyses and multivariable Poisson regression. RESULTS:The overall prevalence of fatigue in adults in Germany is 29.7% (95% CI 28.1-31.2), is highest in 18- to 29-year-olds (39.6% (95% CI 35.0-44.4)), and decreases in the age groups up to 65-79 years (20.6% (95% CI 18.2-23.3)). It is higher again in the very old age group (33.2% (95% CI 28.9-37.7)). Women have a higher risk of fatigue than men (aRR 1.19 (95% CI 1.08-1.32)). Fatigue is significantly associated with age, lower education, chronic illness, depression, and long COVID, regardless of covariates. DISCUSSION:GEDA 2023 is one of the few population-based studies to have collected data on fatigue. The results allow estimates to be made for Germany on the frequency of fatigue and the significance of physical, psychological, and social influencing factors. They can be used as a reference or as a basis for trends over time as part of continuous health monitoring in Germany.

Combining the frameworks of fundamental causes theory and diffusion of innovation, scholars had anticipated a delayed COVID-19 vaccination uptake for people in lower socioeconomic position depending on the socioeconomic context. We qualify these propositions and analyze educational differences in COVID-19 vaccination status over the first ten months of Germany’s vaccination campaign in 2021. Data from the study “Corona Monitoring Nationwide” (RKI-SOEP-2), collected between November 2021 and February 2022, is linked with district-level data of the German Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation (GISD). We estimated the proportion of people with at least one vaccination dose stratified by educational groups and within different settings of regional socioeconomic deprivation at three time points. Logistic multilevel regression models were applied to adjust for multiple covariates and to test cross-level-interactions between educational levels and levels of area-level socioeconomic deprivation. Vaccination rates were lower among respondents with lower education. With increasing area-level socioeconomic deprivation, educational differences were larger due to particularly low vaccination rates in groups with low education levels. The analysis of vaccination timing reveals that educational gaps and gaps by area-level socioeconomic deprivation had appeared early in the vaccination campaign and did not close completely before the 4th wave of COVID-19 infections.

Introduction Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B has been recommended in Germany since 1995. WHO defines a primary vaccination series as successful if the initial hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) level is ≥ 10 IU/L directly after vaccination. Anti-HBs levels vary depending on the number of doses, type of vaccine, and time interval between the last two doses. In 2021, Germany began to recommend three instead of four doses of polyvalent hepatitis-B-containing vaccines. Our aim was to estimate the proportion of vaccinated children in Germany with anti-HBs levels < 10 IU/L, 10–99 IU/L, and ≥ 100 IU/L by number and type of vaccine, and assess if number of doses and compliance with recommended time interval between the last two doses are associated with an anti-HBs level ≥ 10 IU/L when considering type of vaccine and time since last dose. Methods We used data from a national cross-sectional study (2014–2017) of children (3–17 years). We excluded participants with unknown vaccination dates, unreadable or incomplete vaccination cards, and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive participants. We defined a recommended schedule as a vaccination series with at least six months between the two last doses and having three doses or more. We calculated weighted anti-HBs sero-prevalence for three anti-HBs levels: < 10 IU/L, 10–99 IU/L and ≥ 100 IU/L. We fitted two logistic regression models to examine the relationship between number of doses and recommended schedule on anti-HBs levels (≥ 10 IU/L and ≥ 100 IU/L) considering time since last dose and type of vaccine (Infanrix, Hexavac, Monovalent). Results We included 2,489 participants. The weighted proportion of vaccinated children per anti-HBs level was < 10 IU/L: 36.3% [95%CI 34.0–38.7%], 10–99 IU/L: 35.7% [33.2–38.2%] and ≥ 100 IU/L: 28.0% [25.9–30.2%]. We did not find an association between a recommended schedule of three versus four doses and anti-HBs ≥ 10 IU/L or ≥ 100 IU/L. Conclusions Anti-HBs levels in later childhood were about equal, whether children received three or four doses. This implies that the change in the recommendations does not affect the anti–HBs level among children in Germany. Future studies are needed on the association of anti-HBs levels and adequate sustained protection against HBV.

Zusammenfassung Einleitung In der COVID-19-Pandemie waren Alleinerziehende und ihre Kinder durch die Eindämmungsmaßnahmen und aufgrund oftmals geringer Ressourcen in besonderem Maße Belastungen ausgesetzt. Es wird analysiert, inwieweit sich zum Ende der Pandemie Unterschiede in der sozialen und gesundheitlichen Lage von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Ein-Eltern- und Zwei‑Eltern-Haushalten zeigen. Methoden Die Analyse basiert auf Daten der KIDA-Studie, in der 2022/2023 Eltern von 3‑ bis 15-Jährigen und 16- bis 17-Jährige befragt wurden (telefonisch: n = 6992; online: n = 2896). Für die Indikatoren psychosoziale Belastungen, soziale Unterstützung, Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten wurden nach Familienform stratifizierte Prävalenzen berechnet. In Poisson-Regressionen wurde für Geschlecht, Alter, Bildung und Haushaltseinkommen adjustiert. Ergebnisse Heranwachsende aus Ein-Eltern-Haushalten sind häufiger durch finanzielle Einschränkungen, familiäre Konflikte und beengte Wohnverhältnisse belastet und erfahren weniger schulische Unterstützung als Gleichaltrige aus Zwei‑Eltern-Haushalten. Sie haben häufiger gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen sowie einen erhöhten Versorgungsbedarf und nehmen häufiger psychosoziale Angebote in Anspruch. Sie sind zwar seltener in Sportvereinen aktiv, nehmen jedoch gleich häufig an Sport-AGs in Schulen teil wie Gleichaltrige aus Zwei-Eltern-Haushalten. Die Unterschiede zeigen sich auch bei Kontrolle für Einkommen und Bildung. Diskussion Kinder und Jugendliche aus Ein-Eltern-Haushalten können über Bewegungsangebote im schulischen Setting gut erreicht werden. Niedrigschwellige Angebote in Kita, Schule und Kommune sollten daher weiter ausgebaut werden. Weiterhin bedarf es Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der sozioökonomischen Lage von Alleinerziehenden und ihren Kindern.

Fatigue ist ein Symptomkomplex, geht mit Müdigkeit, Energiemangel und Konzentrationsschwäche einher und hat durch Zusammenhänge mit Arbeitsunfähigkeit, Unfallgefährdung und erhöhten Bedarfen an Gesundheitsversorgung hohe Public-Health-Relevanz. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten von 9766 Erwachsenen des Surveys „Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell (GEDA)“ 2023. Fatigue wurde mit der Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) erfasst, ein validiertes Instrument mit 10 Fragen zur Selbsteinschätzung von Fatigue. Die Skala wurde dichotomisiert in Ja (mindestens milde bis moderate Fatigue) versus Nein (keine Fatigue). Bevölkerungsgewichtete Prävalenzen von Fatigue und assoziierten soziodemografischen und gesundheitsbezogenen Faktoren wurden in deskriptiven Analysen und multivariabler Poisson-Regression berechnet. Die Prävalenz von Fatigue bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland beträgt 29,7

SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus, spread across Germany within just a short period of time. Seroepidemiological studies are able to estimate the proportion of the population with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection (seroprevalence) as well as the level of undetected infections, which are not captured in official figures. In the seroepidemiological study Corona Monitoring Nationwide (RKI-SOEP-2), biospecimens and interview data were collected in a nationwide population-based subsample of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). By using laboratory-analyzed blood samples to detect antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we were able to identify a history of vaccination or infection in study participants. By combining these results with survey data, we were able to identify groups within the population that are at increased risk of infection. By linking the RKI-SOEP-2 survey data with data from other waves of the SOEP survey, we will be able to examine the medium- to long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including effects of long COVID, in diverse areas of life. Furthermore, the data provide insight into the population's willingness to be vaccinated as well as related attitudes and conditions. In sum, the RKI-SOEP-2 survey data offer a better understanding of the scope of the epidemic in Germany and can help in identifying target groups for infection control in the present and future pandemics.

Objective: To evaluate the socioeconomic patterns of SARS-CoV-2 antigen contacts through infection, vaccination or both ("hybrid immunity") after 1 year of vaccination campaign.Methods: Data were derived from the German seroepidemiological Corona Monitoring Nationwide study (RKI-SOEP-2; n = 10,448; November 2021-February 2022). Combining serological and self-report data, we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 vaccination, basic immunization (at least two SARS-CoV-2 antigen contacts through vaccination and/or infection), and three antigen contacts by education and income.Results: Low-education groups had 1.35-times (95% CI 1.01-1.82) the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to high-education groups. COVID-19 vaccination (at least one dose) and basic immunization decreased with lower education and income. Low-education and low-income groups were less likely to have had at least three antigen contacts (PR low vs. high education: 0.74, 95% CI 0.65-0.84; PR low vs. high income: 0.66, 95% CI 0.57-0.77).Conclusion: The results suggest a lower level of protection against severe COVID-19 for individuals from low and medium socioeconomic groups. Pandemic response and vaccination campaigns should address the specific needs and barriers of these groups.

SummaryBackgroundThe first wave of the Corona Monitoring Nationwide (RKI-SOEP) Study drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel proved a low pre-vaccine SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the German adult population of 2.1%.MethodsIn this second wave of the study (RKI-SOEP-2, November 2021-March 2022), we used combined serological and self-reported data on infection and vaccination to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific anti-spike and/or anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies (combined seroprevalence), past infection, and basic immunization in individuals aged 14+.FindingsCombined seroprevalence was 90.7% (95% CI 89.7% - 91.6%) without correction for antibody waning and 94.6% (95% CI 93.6% - 95.7%) with correction. While 1 in 10 individuals had been infected (9.9%, 95% CI 9.0% - 10.9%), 9 in 10 had at least a basic immunization (90%, 95% CI 88.9%-90.9%). Population-weighted estimates differed by age, region, and socioeconomic deprivation. Infection-induced seroprevalence with correction for antibody waning was 1.55 (95% CI 1.3 - 1.8) times higher than the cumulative proportion based on national surveillance data.InterpretationAt the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2-Omicron wave, the vast majority of the population had been vaccinated, infected, or both. Our results show how large-scale vaccination, but not a high infection rate, was able to fill the immunity gap, especially in older individuals (aged 65+) who are known to be at higher risk of severe COVID-19. Our data point towards a targeted demographically and regionally stratified mitigation strategy, to optimize future pandemic mitigation efforts.

Background:It is well known that there are gender differences in the health behaviour and physical and mental health of children. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the health and lifestyles of children and adolescents by changing their living conditions. The present work investigates whether gender differences in selected health indicators are evident more than two years after the onset of the pandemic.Methods:In the study Kindergesundheit in Deutschland aktuell (KIDA) (German Children's Health Update), cross-sectional telephone surveys were conducted with parents of 3- to 15-year-olds (n=3,478). Parental information on the general and mental health of the child, on increased need for health care and mental health services, as well as on physical activity and utilisation of sports activities were queried in standardised manner. Gender differences were assessed using Chi2 tests.Results:A total of 91% of the girls and 92% of the boys had their general health assessed as being (very) good by their parents (difference not significant, n.s.). An increased need for care and support was indicated for 10.6% of the 3- to 15-year-olds (girls: 9%, boys: 12%, n.s.). Boys met the physical activity recommendations of the WHO significantly more often (60%) than girls (54%). Good to excellent mental health was reported for 93% of both boys and girls. When changes during the pandemic were reported, no differences were found in the responses for girls compared to boys.Conclusions:Gender differences were found for individual parameters and age groups. These differences must be assessed in the context of other social determinants of health, and need to be considered when planning preventive measures.

Background Controlled population-based studies on long-term health sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 can help to identify clinical signs specific to “Long COVID” and to evaluate this emerging public health challenge. Aim To examine prevalence differences of Long COVID-associated symptoms among adults with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection in Germany. Methods This population-based, retrospective study (11/2021-2/2022) included 7,683 working aged adults (18-65 years), a subset of the Corona Monitoring Nationwide study in Germany. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined based on self-reported PCR-confirmed infections and IgG-antibody dried blood spot testing. Participants answered a questionnaire including 19 common symptoms of Long COVID experienced in the six months preceding the survey. We estimated population-weighted prevalence of (1) individual symptoms, and (2) ≥1 symptom, with and without impact on work ability, by infection status within strata of sex, age group, income and comorbidity. We calculated model-adjusted prevalence differences and the probability that symptoms among infected are attributable to infection. Results 12 of 19 symptoms showed a significantly higher prevalence in infected than non-infected participants, including fatigue (27.5% versus 18.3%; p<0.001), concentration problems (22.2% vs. 13.1%; p<0.001), shortness of breath (15.6% vs. 7.5%; p<0.001), and smell and taste disorder (10% vs. 1.2%; p<0.001). ≥1 symptom with impact on work ability was more prevalent following infection (16.0% vs. 12.2%; p=0.06) with a model-adjusted prevalence difference of 3.8% (95%-CI -0.5-8.0). Conclusion We observed a rather small excess prevalence attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the absolute number of persons places great demands on the health care system and may affect economic productivity.

Background Most of the previous studies on health sequelae of COVID-19 are uncontrolled cohorts and include a relatively short follow-up. This population-based multi-center cohort study examined health consequences among individuals about 1 to 1.5 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with non-infected. Methods The study population consisted of adults (≥ 18 years) from four municipalities particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the year 2020 who completed a detailed follow-up questionnaire on health-related topics. Exposure was the SARS-CoV-2 infection status (based on IgG antibodies, PCR test, or physician-diagnosis of COVID-19) at baseline (May to December 2020). Outcomes assessed at follow-up (October 2021 to January 2022; mean: 452 days) included recurrent or persistent health complaints, incident diseases, health-related quality of life (PROMIS-29), subjective health, and subjective memory impairment. Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for baseline sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics (age, sex, municipality, education, smoking, body mass index), pre-existing health conditions (chronic disease/health problem, health-related activity limitation, depressive/anxiety disorder), and follow-up time. Results Among 4817 participants, 350 had a SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline and 4467 had no infection at baseline or during follow-up. Those with an infection statistically significantly more often reported 7 out of 18 recurrent or persistent health complaints at follow-up: smell/taste disorders (12.8% vs. 3.4%, OR 4.11), shortness of breath (23.0% vs. 9.5%, 3.46), pain when breathing (4.7% vs. 1.9%, 2.36), fatigue (36.9% vs. 26.1%, 1.76), weakness in legs (12.8% vs. 7.8%, 1.93), myalgia/joint pain (21.9% vs. 15.1%, 1.53) and cough (30.8% vs. 24.8%, 1.34) and 3 out of 6 groups of incident diseases: liver/kidney (2.7% vs. 0.9%, 3.70), lung (3.2% vs. 1.1%, 3.50) and cardiovascular/metabolic (6.5% vs. 4.0%, 1.68) diseases. Those with an infection were significantly more likely to report poor subjective health (19.3% vs. 13.0%, 1.91), memory impairment (25.7% vs. 14.3%, 2.27), and worse mean scores on fatigue and physical function domains of PROMIS-29 than non-infected. Conclusion Even after more than one year, individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection showed an increased risk of various health complaints, functional limitations, and worse subjective well-being, pointing toward profound health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection relevant for public health.

Einleitung Evidenz zu sozioökonomischer Ungleichheit im SARS-CoV-2-Serostatus in späteren Pandemiephasen ist rar, kann aber zur Identifizierung von sozial ungleich verteilten Risiken für schwere COVID-19-Verläufe und Ansatzpunkten für Prävention beitragen. Diese Analyse untersucht sozioökonomische Unterschiede in SARS-CoV-2-Antigenkontakten durch Infektion und/oder Impfung nach einem Jahr Impfkampagne in Deutschland.