Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), consisting of ribose, adenine and phosphate groups, can be used as a carbon, acid and gas source, respectively, in the combustion process, thereby being known as an 'all-in-one' intumescent flame retardant. Here, we prepared a new type of ATP-Cu/Co nanoparticles through the strong interaction between active N,O groups in the ATP structure and metal ions (Cu2 +, Co2+), and combined them with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with high barrier ability to obtain a composite flame retardant (RGO@ATP-Cu/Co). The data showed that RGO/ACC2.0 %/EP displayed the lowest backside temperature value (164.6 degrees C) during flame impingement. In comparison, RGO/ACC2.0 %/EP displayed a significantly highest expansion height and expansion rate (25.4 mm, 16.96) during the calcination process. The RGO/ACC2.0 %/EP ultimately reached the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI, 31.7 %), residual carbon content (31.4 %), and achieved a V0 rating for the UL-94 test. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release rate (THR), peak smoke production rate (PSPR), total smoke production (TSP), and peak CO production rate (PCOPR) of RGO/ACC2.0 %/EP were reduced by 38.4 %, 45.9 %, 46.6 %, 41.3 %, and 57.5 %, respectively, compared to pure EP, which proves its excellent flame retardant properties. In addition, signal markers specific to metal oxides were identified in the RGO/ACC2.0 %/EP residual char structure, which significantly enhanced the oxidation resistance and thermal isolation efficacy of the residual carbon.

Cactus-like ZnO@three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide aerogels (3D rGA) were obtained via a hydrothermal method. The 3D rGA had an interconnected large-size network structure, and cactus-like ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the 3D rGA. The gas sensors based on cactus-like ZnO@3D rGA showed a high response (81.07) and a fast response/recovery time (15/27 s) to 10,000 ppm hydrogen at room temperature (25 degrees C), as well as an excellent stability and selectivity toward hydrogen. The improved hydrogen sensing performance of this 3D structure was mainly related to the high conductivity and porous structure of reduced graphene oxide. Besides, the p-n heterojunction formed between ZnO and reduced graphene oxide was also a significant factor for the performance improvement. The results indicated that the cactus-like ZnO@3D rGA material was promising for the detection of hydrogen at room temperature.

In order to reduce the hazard of the heavy metal chromium, the reduction of Cr from Cr(VI) to Cr(III) for further removal was applied in this study. ZIF-8 modified with Ag was used as the photo-catalyst, and adsorption and degradation were further enhanced by deep penetration through in situ growth of Ag/ZIF-8 in the pores of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The composite Ag/ZIF-8/PVDF membrane was characterized by XRD, BET, SEM-EDS, UV-Vis and XPS, and the results proved that the nanoparticles of ZIF-8 and Ag were uniformly distributed inside the membrane pores. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) was enhanced by 78 % after modification of Ag nanoparticles on the ZIF-8 surface, and further enhanced by 68 % after loading the composite particles (Ag/ZIF-8) into the PVDF membrane. Moreover, the removal mechanism was investigated by free radical trapping experiments, and the results showed that O2 center dot- was the main factor in the photo-catalytic process, followed by center dot OH. The results indicated that enhancement of coupled adsorption-degradation process by deep permeation is a feasible approach to improve the heavy metal removal performance due to the dispersive and domain-limiting effects of membrane pores. Ag/ZIF-8/PVDF material is expected to be applied in the field of practical Cr(VI)-containing industrial wastewater treatment.

Alginate fibers (ORF), as an organic fiber, have the natural advantage of good compatibility with epoxy resins. However, it is unable to adequately serve as a reinforcing residual char at high temperature due to its greater tendency to form amorphous char. To address this shortcoming, Co, Zn-MOF was uniformly immobilized on the surface of ORF, which accelerated the transformation of resin matrices to stabilized carbonaceous materials. Simultaneously, the Co, Zn-MOF could induce the conversion of the ORF into residual carbon and retain its fiber structure, thus serving the purpose of reinforcing the residual carbon. After that, the organosilicon was loaded on the surface of ORF/Co,Zn-MOF to obtain ORF/Co,Zn-MOF@Si composite flame retardant, which could form a stable silicon network at high temperature, thus effectively slowing down the heat transfer process. The experimental results proved that the ORF@Co,Zn-MOF@Si filled EP exhibited maximum tensile strength (12.2 +/- 0.51 Mpa) and impact strength (18.3 +/- 0.56 KJ/m(2)). Further, the ORF@Co,Zn-MOF@Si/EP composite coating had a significantly lower backside temperature (166.4 degrees C) than other coatings, signaling optimum thermal insulation efficiency. It is worth mentioning that the ORF@Co,Zn-MOF@Si/EP samples achieved a significant residual carbon retention rate (31.9 %) in the heat loss assessment session, which is attributed to the catalytic effect of Co and Zn ions on carbon generation within the Co,Zn-MOF framework. The expansion height and expansion rate of the ORF@Co,Zn-MOF@Si/EP sample were 19.60 mm and 15.2, highlighting a significant enhancement in foaming behavior. Besides, some fibrous structures can be clearly observed in the carbon layer of ORF@Co,Zn-MOF@Si/EP, which can be explained by the catalytic carbon-forming effect of Co,Zn-MOF and the protective effect of silicon network.

Prussian blue analogue (PBA) is considered to be a very promising inorganic nano-flame retardant material due to its structure enriched with transition metal elements. Here, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and pphenylenediamine (p-PDA) were first loaded onto the boron nitride surface (BN/PCP) via a polymerization reaction to impart richer flame retardant characteristics. Then, Co-Fe-based PBA nanoparticles were homogeneously anchored on the BN/PCP surface to obtain the BN/PCP@PBA hierarchical nano-flame retardant. It is worth mentioning that this novel composite flame retardant effectively combined the superior barrier properties of BN, fire retardancy of N, P elements and the accelerated carbon conversion effect of Co-Fe/PBA. The test results showed that the loading of PCP on the BN surface could effectively improve the thermal insulation performance of EP, while Co-Fe/PBA had good catalytic carbon formation effect at high temperature. Specifically, the backside of the BN/PCP@PBA filled EP sample displayed the lowest temperature during flame attack (164.1 degrees C) compared to the other specimens, proving its best thermal insulation. The BN/PCP@PBA/EP obtained the maximum expansion height and expansion rate values (27.6 mm and 21.07) in the furnace chamber experiments, which are crucial for its fire resistance. In addition, BN/PCP@PBA/EP retained the highest residual char (32.6 %) and achieved the lowest smoke density rating (36.9 %), demonstrating its high carbon conversion and fume suppression. Carbon residue analysis confirmed that the char layer of BN/PCP@PBA/EP was more complete and the metal oxides were uniformly embedded in the carbon residue skeleton, which ensured good flame protection for the substrate.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has excellent lamellar structure and electrical insulation properties, and excels in improving the corrosion resistance of coatings. By utilizing the abundant hydroxyl and amino functional groups on the polydopamine surface, h-BN is endowed with excellent hydrophilicity. Simultaneously, the polysaccharide polymer MD-GT-CS (MGC), formed by cross-linking maltodextrin (MD), gelatin (GT), and chitosan (CS), was combined with the active sites on the surface of BN@PDA, which conferred pH-responsive functionality to the BN@PDA@MGC hybrid material. In addition, cerium ions were introduced into the carboxyl and amino sites on the MGC surface, resulting in the synthesis of BN@PDA@MGC(Ce) (BPMGC), a hybrid material that combines the layered barrier properties, pH responsiveness, and self-repairing functions. The BPMGC/EP composite coating was prepared by doping the hybrid material with EP. The EIS test results showed that the |Z|0.01 Hz value of the composite coating reached 1.45 x 109 S2 cm2 after 40 d, which is an improvement of four orders of magnitude compared to EP (6.85 x 105 S2 cm2). The results of EIS tests at different pH conditions showed that after 40 d of immersion at pH = 3 and 5, the |Z|0.01 Hz value decreased by two orders of magnitude, but was still two orders of magnitude higher than that of EP at pH = 7. Meanwhile, the strong self-healing ability of BPMGC/EP was determined by EIS analysis of the scratched coating, salt spray test, SEM and EDS analysis of the corroded area. The experimental results show that the incorporation of BPMGC provides a new method to improve the barrier and self-healing properties of epoxy resins.

The abundant C, P, and N elements in the structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can act as carbon, acid, and gas sources, and thus can be used as an efficient intumescent flame retardant. Here, a layer of polydopamine (PDA) with polyhydroxyl groups was firstly loaded on the surface of BN to provide a bridging effect for the surface modification of BN. Then, ATP-Cu was immobilized on the BN surface by complexation of ATP with Cu2+, resulting in an efficient inorganic-organic-metal composite flame retardant (BNP@ATP-Cu). This composite flame retardant effectively combined the high barrier effect of BN, the high swelling property of ATP and the catalytic carbon formation activity of Cu2+. The experimental results revealed that the EP loaded with BNP@ATP-Cu showed the lowest backside temperature (171.2 degrees C), indicating the highest thermal barrier effect. Moreover, BNP@ATP-Cu/EP exhibited the most significant swelling characteristics (22.7 mm, 17.46) and smoke suppression effect (42.8 %). In contrast, the carbon residue of BNP@ATP-Cu/EP (30.8 %) was significantly higher than that of the other coated samples, which was related to the combined effect of BN and ATP-Cu. The above relevant results fully demonstrated the effectiveness of the composite flame retardants in improving the fire resistance of epoxy coatings.

In this study, phytic acid -doped polyaniline (PPA) was loaded on the surface of carbon spheres, resulting in a classical C-N-P flame retardant system, that has a beneficial function for the formation of residual carbon. Subsequently, using this phosphorus-nitride carbon sphere (CS/PPA) as a carrier, flower-like Ni-Al-layered double hydroxide (Ni-Al/LDH) were uniformly grown on its surface, thus obtaining a novel nano-fire retardant with a graded structure to heighten the fire-resistant properties of aqueous epoxy resin. Importantly, the intervention of Ni-Al/LDH nanosheets not only imparts a gas-phase fire retardant function to the coating, but also the presence of Ni and Al bimetals can effectively catalyze the formation of more residual carbon in the combustion process. The highest residual carbon (30.7 %) in thermal weight loss experiments of the CS/PPA@Ni-Al/ LDH/EP composite coating confirmed this view. Tests on the thermal insulation behavior of coatings illustrated that the backside temperature (168.8 degrees C) for CS/PPA@Ni-Al/LDH/EP was significantly smaller than that of other coatings, and that this optimum thermal shielding is inextricably linked to the high residual carbon and the residual metal oxides. Furthermore, the CS/PPA@Ni-Al/LDH/EP specimen shown the greatest expansion height (25.1 mm), expansion ratio (19.61) as well as the smallest smoke density rating (39.1 %), proving that its expansion property and smoke suppression were effectively improved. Moreover, the microstructure for the expanded carbon layer demonstrated that the CS/PPA@Ni-Al/LDH filled EP possessed a more complete and dense residual carbon after burning. Moreover, the high degree of graphitization of the residual carbon for CS/ PPA@Ni-Al/LDH/EP determined its high thermal stability. The lowest cracked gas phase products and CO release of the CS/PPA@Ni-Al/LDH/EP composite coating during TG-IR testing confirmed its lowest fire toxicity. The development of such a composite flame retardant with a graded structure could help to advance the progress of waterborne intumescent fire coatings.

Spatial modulation (SM) is a type of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology that provides several benefits over traditional MIMO systems. SM-MIMO is characterized by its unique transmission principle, which results in lower costs, enhanced spectrum utilization, and reduced inter-channel interference. To optimize channel estimation performance over frequency-selective channels in the spatial modulation system, cross Z-complementary pairs (CZCPs) have been proposed as training sequences. The zero correlation zone (ZCZ) properties of CZCPs for auto-correlation sums and cross-correlation sums enable them to achieve optimal channel estimation performance. In this paper, we systematically construct CZCPs based on binary Golay complementary pairs and binary Golay complementary pairs via Turyn's method. We employ a special matrix operation and concatenation method to obtain CZCPs with new lengths 2M M + N and 2(M M + L ), where M and L are the lengths of binary GCP, and N is the length of binary GCP via Turyn's method. Further, we obtain the perfect CZCP with new length 4N N and extend the lengths of CZCPs.

In this study, we describe the synthesis of GP (g-C3N4@PDA) nanosheets via the encapsulation of g-C3N4 nanosheets with polydopamine (PDA). This encapsulation process serves to enhance the dispersion of the nanosheets in water, while also creating reaction sites for the subsequent loading of nanocontainers. Consequently, the GP nanosheets function as scaffolds for the in situ growth of pH-responsive ZIF-8-Ce nanocontainers, leading to the formation of GPZC (g-C3N4@PDA@ZIF-8-Ce) composite nanomaterials. Significantly, the porous structure of the g-C3N4@PDA@ZIF-8-Ce nanocontainer offers adsorption sites for benzotriazole (BTA). Through vacuum adsorption of a specific amount of benzotriazole, we successfully synthesize the composite nanomaterial GPZCB (g-C3N4@PDA@ZIF-8-Ce-BTA), which exhibits remarkable barrier and self-healing properties. To evaluate the comprehensive corrosion resistance of the composite coating incorporating GPZCB, a series of relevant performance tests were conducted. In the electrochemical test, the failure time of the GPZCB/sample was extended by 15 d. Additionally, the coating's durability time in the salt spray test was prolonged by 200 h.

A three-dimensional (3D) Pd–In2O3/rGO aerogel was fabricated via a one-step hydrothermal treatment and freeze-drying.

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) possesses the effect of interlayer barrier and dilute the concentration of flammable gases due to its unique lamellar structure, which enables it to perform excellent flame retardancy in both gas and condensed phases. In this paper, the abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of sodium alginate (SA) were utilized to confer excellent hydrophilicity to LDH. Meanwhile, through ion substitution at the carboxyl site of sodium alginate, thus introducing Cu to catalysis charring into LDH@SA for the synthesis of a novel organometallic ion flame retardant (LSCu). Combination of flame retardants with intumescent fireproofing coatings to prepare composite coatings and test them for fire performance. The large panel test indicated that when the LSCu content was 4 %, the backside temperature of the steel panel dropped to 174.7 degrees C, and the char layer surface remained intact, without any holes or cracks. In the furnace test, the composite coating had the highest expansion height (15.6 mm) and expansion rate (13.28 %) with uniform expansion. SEM illustrated that the char layer of the composite coating had a honeycomb structure, which enhanced the adsorption of heat and smoke. In addition, the composite coating retained the highest residual char content (28.1 %), which had to do with the synergistic effect between LDH and Cu complexes. Furthermore, through analyzing the residual char, it was demonstrated that the formation of metal oxides by LSCu at elevated temperatures improved the sustained barrier performance of the char layer.

Porosity and cracks during the curing process of waterborne epoxy resins have severely limited their application. In this study, Zn2+ was adsorbed on the surface of BN through a coordination reaction. And the electronegativity difference between Hexamethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (Hdtmp) and Zn2+ was exploited to make it forming a stable complex on the surface of BN. Corrosion-resistant composite coatings were prepared by doping the synthesized BN@Zn-Hdtmp hybrid materials into waterborne epoxy resin. The anticorrosion mechanism and anticorrosion properties of the BN@Zn-Hdtmp hybrid materials were predicted by molecular dynamics and density functional theory. Furthermore, after immersion in a 3.5 % NaCl solution for 45 days, the BN@Zn-Hdtmp/EP composite coating exhibited a significant decrease in resistance, from 3.371 x 109 Omega cm2 to 1.845 x 107 Omega cm2. This represents a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in resistance compared to pure EP. Additionally, the surface roughness of the carbon steel coated with BN@Zn-Hdtmp/EP was found to be lower than that of EP. EIS analysis of scratched coatings, salt spray tests, SEM images of the corroded areas and quantitative EDS spot scan analyses showed that the composite coatings have excellent self-healing properties. The crosslink ability between BN@Zn-Hdtmp and EP was demonstrated by DFT calculations as well as TGA tests to provide a new crosslinking mode and enhance the densification of EP. In the mechanical property tests, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and adhesion of the composite coatings were better than those of pure EP. The above results indicate that BN@Zn-Hdtmp/EP has excellent anticorrosive and mechanical properties, which provides a new method to achieve long-lasting anticorrosive protection of waterborne epoxy resin.

A self-healing coating containing g-C3N4-PPynts(BTA)@PDA (CPBP) hybrids was developed to inhibit corrosion in steel. Lamellar g-C3N4 and polypyrrole nanotubes were synthesized through direct pyrolysis and the methyl orange-iron chloride reactive self-degradation template method, respectively. Subsequently, benzotriazole (BTA) was incorporated into PPy nanotubes (PPynts) using the vacuum negative pressure technique. PDA (polydopamine) was then polymerized on the nanotube surface acting as a 'gatekeeper'. Finally, g-C3N4-PPynts(BTA)@PDA hybrids were formed by attaching PPynts(BTA)@PDA(PBP) nanocontainers to g-C3N4 nanosheets. The synthesized polypyrrole nanotubes exhibited superior loading capacity because of their larger size and could release encapsulated inhibitors in response to pH changes in the microenvironment. In addition, the variations in |Z|(0.01Hz) values of CPBP/WEC after 40 days of immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution were evaluated using the EIS test, and the results showed that the failure time of CPBP/WEC was prolonged by 15 days compared with that of WEC. Moreover, the EIS test results at different pH conditions showed that the |Z|(0.01Hz) values decreased from 2.601 x 10(9) Omega cm(2) to 4.9 x 10(7) Omega cm(2) after 40 days of immersion at pH = 3, and decreased from 3.168 x 10(9) Omega cm(2) to 7.7 x 10(7) Omega cm(2) at pH = 11. The |Z|(0.01 Hz) values were both two orders of magnitude lower compared to pH = 7, but still three orders of magnitude higher than the WEC at pH = 7, which exhibited high impedance values. Meanwhile, CPBP/WEC were found to have significant self-healing properties using EIS analysis of the scratch coatings, salt spray testing, SEM and EDS analysis of the corroded areas. The experimental results indicate that the incorporation of CPBP provides a new method to improve the service life of epoxy resin.

In2O3@ZnO nanotubes were fabricated using MIL-68@ZIF-8 as a template, and then fern-like In2O3@ZnO@Pd nanotubes with unique structures were synthesized by chemical reduction. The samples were thoroughly investigated to study their composition, morphology and structure. Hydrogen (H-2) sensitization characteristics of sensor of In2O3@ZnO@Pd nanotubes with different ZnO and Pd contents were tested at room temperature (RT). The In2O3@ZnO@Pd nanotube sensor with a palladium (Pd) content of 2.0 wt% exhibits a high response (R-a/R-g = 270) and fast response time (t(res) = 32 s) and recovery time (t(rec) = 116 s) to 10,000 ppm H-2 at RT, as well as excellent selectivity, behaving a response nearly six times that of interfering gases. The excellent hydrogen sensing performance indicates that the fern-like In2O3@ZnO@Pd nanocomposite has good application prospects and is an excellent hydrogen-sensitive material.

A novel flower-like flame retardant was employed to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resins. Specifically, polydopamine (PDA) was first loaded on the surface of floral Ni-Al layered dimetallic hydroxide (Ni-Al/LDH) to endow it with excellent hydrophilicity and abundant reactive groups. Then, hexachlorocyclotriphosphorus (HCCP) was grafted onto the surface of LDH/PDA to ensure the introduction of a significant amount of P elements, which is essential for enhancing the flame retardancy of the composite. Finally, zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) was anchored onto the surface of LDH/PDA/HCCP (LDH/PCP) by co-precipitation. The advantage lies in combining the char layer enhancement effect of Ni-Al/LDH, the gas-phase flame retardant and catalytic carbonforming effect of ZHS to obtain highly efficient nanocomposite fire coatings. The results revealed that the LDH/ PCP@ZHS/EP composite coating had the highest residual carbon rate (31.7 %) in the heat loss experiments, which provided the basis for its high thermal insulation performance. Tests on the thermal insulation performance of the coatings found that the backside temperature of LDH/PCP@ZHS/EP (162.6 degrees C) was lower than that of other coatings, which is closely related to the high residual carbon and residual metal oxides. Meanwhile, the LDH/PCP@ZHS/EP specimen has the largest expansion height (34.6 mm), the largest expansion ratio (23.13), and the smallest smoke density (35.7 %), indicating that its expansion height and smoke suppression performance are significantly improved. The microstructure of the expanded char layer showed that the residual carbon was more complete and dense after the combustion of LDH/PCP@ZHS/EP. This also reflects the excellent thermal insulation and flame retardant properties of LDH/PCP@ZHS/EP composite coating.

Herein, bionic coral-like PANI-loaded graphene oxide (GO@coral-like PANI) nanomaterials were successfully prepared by gas carbon formed by submicron calcium carbonate as a sacrificial template during the polymeri-zation of PANI with graphene oxide. The unique bionic coral-like PANI outer layer not only enhances the passive barrier ability and dispersion stability of the GO nanosheets, but also provides self-healing capability to the composite coating through the ability to promote the oxidation of iron ions to Fe2O3/Fe3O4 and the loaded corrosion inhibitors (BTA and Ce ions). While the structure, morphology and properties of the GO@PANI/BTA/ Ce (GPBC) nanocomposites have been systematically characterized, the barrier and self-healing properties of the composite coatings were tested by electrochemical, salt spray tests and corrosion product elemental analysis. The samples with GPBC exhibited an extended failure time of 30 d and an increased duration of 200 h in the salt spray test compared to pure WEC, as well as self-healing properties after 4 h of coating rupture. The results demon-strated that the WEC loaded with GPBC nanomaterials provides a long-lasting passive barrier effect and self -healing ability.

Zirconium phenyl phosphate (ZrPP) has good compatibility in polymers due to its simultaneous inorganic -organic structure. Here, ZrPP was anchored on high barrier boron nitride (BN) by an in situ synthesis scheme using polyaniline (PANI) as an intermediate, which is expected to yield a high performance multifunctional composite flame retardant. Among them, the formation of a rational composite structure of ZrPP and BN is conducive to the maximum enhancement of its barrier effect. Moreover, the presence of Zr and phosphoric acid molecules can effectively promote the cyclization of cleaved molecules and carbon formation in the burning stage, which reinforced the quality and strength of residual carbon. The results showed that the back side temperature of BP@ZrPP/EP waterborne coating was stabilized at the lowest value (167.2 degrees C), accounting for the most excellent thermal insulation effect of its residual carbon. The BP@ZrPP/EP composite coating showed the maximum expansion height (23.8 mm), expansion rate (18.03) and residual carbon (31.8 %), which depends on the synergistic barrier function of ZrPP and BN. Further, BP@ZrPP based EP exhibited the smallest smoke density rating (38.2 %), the largest limiting oxygen index (31.4 %), and achieved a V0 rating for the UL-94 test. Compared with EP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release rate (THR), peak smoke production rate (PSPR), total smoke production (TSP), and peak CO production rate (PCOPR) of BP@ZrPP-filled EP were reduced by 32.9 %, 30.7 %, 33.3 %, 31.3 %, and 35.4 %, respectively, proving its excellent flame retardant and smoke inhibition ability.

High flammability and fire toxicity are the biggest hindrances to further applications of epoxy resins (EP). In this work, we designed a novel "integrated" green intumescent flame retardant via bio-inspired adenosine triphos-phate modification of h-BN-anchored coral-like CuAl-LDH nanosheets (mBN@LDH@PATP). Then, the mBN@LDH@PATP was used as a filler to improve the fire safety of EP. Specifically, the anisotropic heat transfer mode of h-BN can effectively promote the longitudinal barrier and lateral diffusion of heat. The coral-like CuAl-LDH can successfully promote the catalytic carbonization of pyrolytic volatiles and their adsorption. Further-more, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synergistically interacts with h-BN and CuAl-LDH to impart a high heat-stable intumescent char network to EP. As expected, mBN@LDH@PATP significantly improved the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the EP nanocomposites. Compared with the control EP, the prepared mBN@LDH@PATP/EP showed a 43.3 %, 40.8 %, 36.5 % and 39.1 % decrease in PHRR, THR, PSPR and TSP, respectively. In addition, CO and CO2 yield were significantly reduced by 53.5 % and 57.5 %, while LOI (32.9 %) and UL-94 (V-0) were significantly improved. The enhanced fire safety of EP nanocomposites was confirmed by adequate characterization. This research offers a workable way to achieve efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant polymers.

To address the phenomenon of rapid fire spread in high-rise steel buildings, this paper used the in situ growth method to crystallize sodium metaborate (SMB) on the surface of layered double hydroxide (LDH) and grafted Ti -O onto LDH@SMB hybrid material by hydroxyl action. The synthesized LDH@SMB@Ti (LST) hybrid material was then doped into epoxy resin (EP) to prepare a composite coating. The fire test showed that the LST/EP coating makes the steel plate reach a stable temperature in a shorter time, so that the plate temperature did not continue to rise, and the temperature on the back side of the plate was stabilized at 172.9 degrees C, which was 87.4 degrees C lower compared to pure EP. This proves that the LST material gives the coating stronger fire retardant properties upfront and strengthens the continuous insulation ability of the char layer. Cone calorimeter tests showed that the total heat release rate (THR) of LST/EP was reduced by 47.3% and the total smoke release rate (TSR) was reduced by 45.4%, proving the excellent fire and smoke suppression performance of LST/EP. In the expansion performance test, the expansion height and expansion rate of LST/EP reached 29.90 mm and 23.36 respectively, and the expansion of char layer was more uniform. This indicates that the addition of LST hybrid material can improve the mechanical strength of char layer and attenuate the heat transfer rate in the vertical direction. The residual char of LST/EP was 33.2% by thermogravimetric analysis, indicating that the addition of LST could reduce the volatilization of volatile components and improve the thermal stability of EP.