Objectives To assess the accuracy of dynamic computer-assisted implant surgery (d-CAIS) in dental implant placement for single, partial, and complete edentulism, and to compare how these edentulism types affect surgical accuracy. Data Any published studies, except for case reports, assessing d-CAIS accuracy were included until April 15, 2025. Risk of bias was assessed. Random-effects meta-analyses assessed linear and angular deviations at platform and apex levels, and examined differences among single, partial, and complete edentulism groups (p < 0.05). Sources Electronic search was performed on MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, along with hand-searching and cross-referencing without any limitation for publication year. Study Selection Data from 24 clinical studies, including 687 patients and 1147 dental implants, were analyzed to assess d-CAIS accuracy. The meta-analysis at the implant level found a mean overall accuracy of 1.03 mm CI [0.95; 1.11] at the platform, 1.18 mm CI [1.10; 1.27] at the apex, and 2.90°CI [2.61; 3.17] for angular deviation. For single tooth gaps, deviations were 0.90 mm CI [0.82; 0.98] at the platform, 1.02 mm [0.88; 1.16] at the apex, and 2.65° [2.19; 3.11]. Partial edentulism groups showed 1.08 mm [0.96; 1.20] at the platform, 1.23 mm [1.14; 1.32] at the apex, and 3.10° [2.75; 3.45] for angular deviation. Complete arches had 1.15 mm [0.85; 1.56] at the platform, 1.41 mm [1.14; 1.67] at the apex, and 2.59° [1.51; 3.68] for angular deviation. Single tooth gaps demonstrated greater accuracy compared to partial and complete edentulism at the platform (p=0.0212) and apex (p=0.0101). No significant differences were observed in angular deviation (p=0.2611). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, d-CAIS demonstrated reliable and comparable accuracy for dental implant placement across all types of edentulism. Greater linear precision at both platform and apex was measured in single-tooth implant placement compared to partial or complete edentulous cases, although these differences were not clinically significant. No significant differences in angular deviations between groups were observed. Clinical Significance Even if single-tooth gap resulted the most accurate when compared to partial edentulism and complete arches, these differences were not clinically significant. dCAIS may be used for dental implant placement in various types of edentulism.

BACKGROUND:Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives have been proposed as an alternative to conventional suturing for wound closure in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This narrative review summarizes the available clinical evidence on their use in oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures, focusing on operative efficiency, wound healing, and postoperative outcomes. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives as an alternative to conventional suturing in oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures. FINDINGS:Six clinical studies involving 302 subjects were included. Only 29 of these subjects (in 2 split-mouth trials) underwent an intrapatient comparison of both techniques; the remaining studies compared separate groups across heterogeneous procedures. Across different surgical settings, cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives were associated with reduced operative time; in the studies reporting quantitative data, closure time decreased from 7.31 to 2.16 minutes, from 355.4 to 191.9 seconds, and from 18.7 ± 1.66 to 6.3 ± 0.73 minutes. Early wound stabilization and hemostasis appeared favorable in selected procedures. One study reported higher day 1 hemostasis with cyanoacrylate than with sutures (70.0 vs 43.4%). Long-term soft tissue outcomes were generally comparable to conventional sutures; in one trial, 6-month graft shrinkage was 19.08 ± 4.78 mm2 with cyanoacrylate and 16.83 ± 4.84 mm2 with sutures, with no significant difference (P = .264). Postoperative pain outcomes were variable across studies, and no serious systemic adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives may offer some clinical advantages over conventional sutures in selected oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures, particularly in terms of operative time and early wound stabilization. Nevertheless, long-term outcomes appear broadly comparable, and the available evidence is limited by heterogeneity and inconsistent outcome reporting. Because the included procedures were heterogeneous and only a small subset allowed direct intrapatient comparison, these findings should be interpreted as descriptive clinical trends rather than evidence of superiority, and cyanoacrylate should be regarded as a complementary tool rather than a universal replacement for sutures.

This retrospective study aimed to compare extended sinus elevation and extramaxillary surgical protocols for restoring severely atrophic maxillae with zygomatic implants (ZIs) and evaluate their clinical effectiveness. The study included patients who were treated at a dental clinic in Italy from 2012 to 2022 who received fixed screw-retained complete dentures supported by either two or four ZIs. The patients underwent a minimum 1-year follow-up after loading, following two protocols: the hybrid and the quad protocol. Digital planning incorporated CBCT scans, intraoral scans, and digital prosthetic plans within implant-planning software. Surgical techniques involved extended sinus elevation and extramaxillary techniques, using the ZAGA approach for ZI placement. The results showed that out of 19 patients with a mean age of 65.3 years, a total of 56 ZIs and 20 standard implants were used, with no failures observed in either the implants or the definitive prostheses, resulting in a 100% survival rate. According to the ORIS criteria, overall success was achieved in terms of implant stability, sinus health, peri-implant soft tissue condition, and prosthetic function. Only two ZIs (3.6%) exhibited minor gingival recession and moderate thread exposure, which were closely monitored through professional hygiene maintenance. Both the extended sinus elevation and extramaxillary protocols demonstrated comparable clinical outcomes and minimal complications in the restoration of severely atrophic maxillae with ZIs. However, further extensive studies involving larger, multicenter designs and longer follow-up periods are needed to validate and refine these outcomes.

This single-center, split-mouth, single-blind pilot randomized trial compared patient morbidity, healing and root coverage between the subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) and the de-epithelialized free gingival graft (D-FGG) when combined with the modified coronally advanced tunnel (MCAT) technique in multiple adjacent gingival recessions. Sixteen systemically healthy patients with bilateral Miller Class I/II (Cairo RT1) recessions were enrolled, and contralateral sides were randomly allocated to MCAT + SCTG (control) or MCAT + D-FGG (test) by means of sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes (SNOSE). Patient-reported outcomes (pain, chewing discomfort, bleeding) and the Landry Healing Index were assessed at 1 and 2 weeks; recession depth, mean root coverage (mRC) and Root Coverage Esthetic Score (RES) were evaluated at 6 months. Both techniques achieved high mRC (test: 94.22% ± 10.28%; control: 94.60% ± 9.99%) and RES (test: 8.02 ± 0.63; control: 8.14 ± 0.77), with no statistically significant intergroup differences. Donor-site pain was significantly lower in the D-FGG group, whereas early chewing discomfort and bleeding were higher. Because the trial was not powered for equivalence or non-inferiority, these preliminary findings are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in adequately powered trials.

PURPOSE:To systematically analyze the accuracy of autonomous dental implant robotic (ADIR) surgery for dental implant placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS:PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched on February 21, 2024. Any clinical studies, with the exception of case reports, assessing ADIR accuracy by superimposing preoperative digital planning with postoperative CBCT images were included. The risk of bias was assessed, and a meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to evaluate linear and angular deviations between planned and placed implants. RESULTS:Data from six clinical studies reporting ADIR accuracy in 96 patients with 299 dental implants were included (102 implants in 69 partially edentulous patients, 197 implants in 27 complete-arch scenarios). The meta-analysis at the implant level reported a mean overall accuracy of ADIR of 0.60 mm (95% CI [0.5133; 0.6965]) at the platform and 0.63 mm (95% CI [0.5663; 0.6909]) at the apex and 1.242 degrees (95% CI [1.2182; 1.6320]) of angular deviation. ADIR accuracy resulted in significantly higher values than static and dynamic computer-assisted implant surgery. CONCLUSIONS:Within the limitations of this review, ADIR surgery has shown to be feasible for placing implants in both partially and completely edentulous patients, achieving consistent mean linear and angular deviations of approximately 0.6 mm and 1.40 degrees, respectively. However, clinical practicality of ADIR surgery remains cumbersome, with well-trained operators needed to plan and assist ADIR procedures as well as a technical expert providing backup control.

Background: The management of pain and inflammation after third molar extraction is essential for patient comfort and recovery. While conventional ibuprofen is widely used for pain relief, ibuprofen arginate, a formulation aimed at faster absorption, has shown potential for faster onset and enhanced efficacy. The aim of the present scoping review was to assess current evidence on the effectiveness of ibuprofen arginate in reducing pain and inflammation following third molar extraction compared to conventional ibuprofen. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE database for studies published between 2002 and 2024, focusing on ibuprofen arginate’s impact on postoperative sequelae after third molar extractions. The studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case–control studies in English. Results: Four studies, with a combined sample of 1245 patients, met the inclusion criteria. The findings suggest that ibuprofen arginate (200/400 mg) offers a faster onset of pain relief, with significant effects noticeable within 1–2 h. At six hours post administration, pain control was found to be similar between ibuprofen arginate and conventional ibuprofen. Additionally, a study found that ibuprofen arginate (600 mg) reduced postoperative swelling more effectively, although its impact on trismus was limited. Conclusions: Ibuprofen arginate seems to offer quicker pain relief and better control of swelling after third molar extractions compared to regular ibuprofen, making it a promising option for faster recovery. However, more studies are needed to fully understand its benefits and potential uses.

Cortical laminar bone membranes (CLBMs) combine mechanical strength with controlled resorption to overcome the limitations of conventional guided bone regeneration membranes. This narrative review synthesizes the clinical efficacy and comparative outcomes of CLBMs from human studies. A systematic literature search identified 13 human clinical studies evaluating CLBMs from xenogeneic (porcine, equine, bovine) and autogenous sources. Compared to conventional alternatives, CLBMs demonstrated superior outcomes: horizontal ridge augmentation achieved 3.1–5.8 mm gains with CLBMs versus 2.0–3.0 mm with collagen membranes (50–100% improvement); membrane exposure rates were 3–8% (CLBMs) versus 15–30% (titanium mesh); and socket preservation achieved a 72% resorption reduction versus natural healing controls. Vertical augmentation achieved 7–11 mm gains. Maxillary sinus augmentation achieved a 100% implant success (1–5 year follow-up). The overall implant survival rates ranged 90.9–100% with CLBMs, exceeding the reported success rates (85–95%) of conventional GBR approaches, with complication rates of 0–12.5%. A histomorphometric analysis demonstrated new bone formation of 29.7–40% at 6 months, with a residual biomaterial of 26.2–35%. CLBMs demonstrate favorable exposure rates and excellent biocompatibility. These membranes support lateral, vertical, and combined defect reconstruction, with reduced donor-site morbidity compared to autogenous approaches. High-quality comparative trials and extended follow-up studies are needed to establish definitive clinical guidelines.

PURPOSE:To evaluate changes in implant stability quotient values of hydrophilic tissue-level implants over time, and to investigate the influence of local factors on variations in these values. METHODS:Fifty tapered, self-tapping, tissue-level implants with a hydrophilic surface were placed and monitored for 12 months. Implant stability quotient values were recorded at the time of insertion (T0) and monthly thereafter for 12 months. All implants were restored with screw-retained restorations 2 months after placement. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the trends in implant stability quotient values over time. A multiple linear regression model was employed to determine the impact of various factors on changes in implant stability quotient values. RESULTS:Implant stability quotient values decreased from T0 to T1, although this reduction was not statistically significant (P = 0.28). The greatest decrease was observed in implants with initially high implant stability quotient values at T0 (P 0.05). Values increased significantly at each subsequent time point (P 0.001). A significant time effect was noted between immediate and delayed placement protocols (P 0.05), with immediate implants demonstrating lower initial implant stability quotient values but a steeper increase over time. Implants placed in the mandible and wider implants in molar sites showed higher implant stability quotient values compared to those placed in the maxilla and narrower implants (mandible vs maxilla P 0.05; wide molar vs regular premolar P 0.05). Insertion torque was positively correlated with implant stability quotient values at T0 (P 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:The lowest implant stability quotient value was recorded 1 month after implant placement, and then increased consistently throughout the study period without reaching a plateau. Implants placed immediately showed a steeper improvement in implant stability quotient values. CONFLICT-OF-INTEREST STATEMENT:The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest relating to this study.

Aim: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess possible histomorphometric differences in new bone formation and in remaining graft particles when hyaluronic acid (HA) was added and mixed with graft materials in bone regeneration. Materials and methods: This review was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) of the National Institute of Health Research (registration number CRD42024530030). Electronic research was performed, and involved studies published up to 29 February 2024 using a specific word combination. The primary outcome was to assess possible histomorphometric differences in new bone formation and in remaining graft particles when HA was added and mixed with graft materials in bone regeneration. The search resulted in 138 potential studies. Meta-analyses were performed using the fixed and random effects model to identify significant changes in new bone formation and in the remaining graft particles. Results: After screening procedures, only three randomized controlled trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The effect size of HA in the new bone formation was not statistically significant at 95% CI (Z = 1.734, p-value = 0.083, 95 % CI -,399; 6516). The effect size of HA in the remaining graft particles was not statistically significant at 95% CI (Z = −1.042, p-value = 0.297, CI -,835; 255). Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present systematic review and meta-analysis, the addition of HA to bone graft did not result in significant changes in bone regeneration procedures in terms of new bone formation and residues, even if the included studies showed encouraging and promising results.

Aim: To evaluate the potential synergistic activity of metronidazole (MTZ) and chlorhexidine (CHX) against Porphyromonas. gingivalis (P. gingivalis) growth. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of P. gingivalis to MTZ and CHX were performed on in vitro serial 2-fold dilutions of MTZ (from 1 mg/mL to 0.015 mg/mL) and CHX (from 1 mg/mL to 0.03 mg/mL) in thioglycollate medium broth in a 96-well plate. The turbidity of each sample was analyzed by absorbance spectrophotometry at 450 nm wavelengths by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader. The MIC50 (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) were assessed. To investigate the potential synergism between MTZ and CHX, bacterial cells were treated with MTZ or CHX, as described above, either alone or in combination. Results: The MIC50 of MTZ was 0.03 mg/mL while that of CHX ranged from 0.12 to 0.06 mg/mL. MTZ and CHX exerted a significant inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis growth in a dose-dependent manner. MTZ at a low and ineffective concentration of 0.015 mg/mL, associated with a suboptimal concentration of CHX (0.03 mg/mL), exhibited a significant synergistic inhibitory effect on bacterial growth (50% inhibition vs. control) (p < 0.001), and the effect was more remarkable with 0.06 mg/mL CHX (75% inhibition vs. control). Conclusions: CHX and MTZ showed a significant synergistic effect against P. gingivalis growth. A non-effective concentration of MTZ (0.015 mg/mL) combined with suboptimal concentrations of CHX (0.03 mg/mL and 0.06 mg/mL) were related to a 50% growth in the inhibition and 99.99% death of P. gingivalis, respectively. The applicability of the clinical use of these concentrations should be tested in randomized controlled trials.

This study aimed to examine the clinical and esthetic outcomes of immediately provisionalized self-tapping implants placed in extraction sockets or healed edentulous ridges one year after treatment. Sixty patients in need of a single implant-supported restoration were treated with self-tapping implants (Straumann BLX) and immediate provisionalization. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) and insertion torque were recorded intraoperatively. After one year in function, the implant and prosthesis survival rate, pink esthetic score (PES), white esthetic score (WES), and marginal bone levels (MBL) were assessed. Sixty patients received 60 self-tapping implants. A total of 37 implants were placed in extraction sockets and 23 in edentulous ridges, and then all implants were immediately provisionalized. All implants achieved a high implant stability with a mean insertion torque and ISQ value of 58.1 ± 14.1 Ncm and 73.6 ± 8.1 Ncm, respectively. No significant differences were found between healed vs. post-extractive sockets (p = 0.716 and p = 0.875), or between flap vs. flapless approaches (p = 0.862 and p = 0.228) with regards to the insertion torque and ISQ value. Nonetheless, higher insertion torque values and ISQs were recorded for mandibular implants (maxilla vs. mandible, insertion torque: 55.30 + 11.25 Ncm vs. 62.41 + 17.01 Ncm, p = 0.057; ISQ: 72.05 + 8.27 vs. 76.08 + 7.37, p = 0.058). One implant did not osseointegrate, resulting in an implant survival rate of 98.3%. All implants achieved PES and WES scores higher than 12 at the 1-year follow-up. The clinical use of newly designed self-tapping implants with immediate temporization was safe and predictable. The implants achieved a good primary stability, high implant survival rate, and favorable radiographic and esthetic outcomes, regardless of the immediate or delayed placement protocols.

Complete edentulous arches have been considered as one of the main limitations of intraoral scanners (IOSs). In these clinical scenarios, the accuracy of IOSs can be reduced because of several anatomical factors. To overcome these limitations, some studies have proposed several techniques to increase the accuracy of the impressions by means of various materials and instruments. The aim of this narrative review was to describe these techniques and to compare the obtained results to understand if it is currently feasible to increase the accuracy of the digital impressions of complete edentulous arches. An accurate analysis of the literature was performed using PubMed (National Library of Medicine) as well as manual searching without time and language restrictions. The results showed that there are few articles in the indexed literature on this topic, and that all are in vitro studies. Although the results of the analyzed studies were encouraging and reported useful in vitro results for artificial landmarks as well as for the use of an auxiliary geometry part related to the splinting of intraoral scan bodies (ISBs), clinical trials are needed to confirm that these techniques are feasible in daily clinical practice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of fixed screw-retained complete-arch rehabilitations supported by four narrow-diameter implants (NDIs). The records of patients treated with complete-arch prostheses screwed onto four NDIs treated with an immediate loading protocol between 2010 and 2020 with at least 1 year of follow-up after the positioning of the definitive restoration were reviewed. The implants were placed according to the final prosthetic design and were immediately loaded. The interim prostheses were replaced after the healing period by definitive acrylic resin titanium-supported prostheses. Patients were followed to evaluate treatment success, the implant survival rate (ISR), and the prosthetic survival rate (PSR). A total of 121 NDIs were positioned in 30 patients to restore 30 complete arches (18 maxilla and 12 mandible). One implant did not achieve osseointegration, resulting in an overall ISR of 99.2%. No prosthetic or implant failures occurred during the 1 to 11 years of follow-up. Three biological and four prosthetic complications occurred, resulting in a treatment rehabilitation survival of 94.1% and a PSR of 86.7%. Despite the limitations of the present retrospective study, such as the use of one single type of dental implant and patients treated in a single rehabilitation center, complete-arch rehabilitation with fixed prostheses supported by four NDIs seems to be a reliable treatment in the medium to long term.

The aim of this study was to systematically review the current scientific literature regarding the accuracy of fully guided flapless implant positioning for complete-arch rehabilitations in edentulous patients and to assess if there was any statistically significant correlation between linear deviation at shoulder point, at apex point and angular deviation. The electronic and manual literature search of clinical studies was carried out using specified indexing terms. A total of 13 studies were eligible for qualitative analysis and 277 edentulous patients were rehabilitated with 1556 implants patients by means of fully guided mucosa-supported template-assisted flapless surgery. Angular deviation was 3.42° (95% CI 2.82–4.03), linear deviation at shoulder point 1.23 mm (95% CI 0.97–1.49) and linear deviation at apex point 1.46 mm (95% CI 1.17–1.74). No statistically significant correlations were found between the linear and angular deviations. A statistically significant correlation was found between the two linear deviations (correlation coefficient 0.91) that can be summarized by the regression equation y = 0.03080 + 0.8254x. Computer-assisted flapless implant placement by means of mucosa-supported templates in complete arch restorations can be considered a reliable and predictable treatment choice despite the potential effects that flapless approach could bring to the overall treatment.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective single-cohort study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological performance of a novel dental implant positioned in post-extraction sockets in the anterior zone of both jaws and immediately loaded after 1 year in function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients requiring single implant in the anterior zone were treated between January and March 2019 and followed for at least 1 year of function. Minimum values of 35 Ncm or 64 ISQ were required to perform immediate loading. Screw-retained zirconia-based single prostheses were delivered after the healing period. Patients were followed up for 1 year after definitive prosthesis placement to determine implant and prosthetic survival rate, marginal bone loss (MBL), insertion torque, and ISQ values. RESULTS: 40 implants (BoneLevel X, Straumann AG) were positioned in 60 patients. None of the positioned implants failed accounting for an implant survival rate of 100 %. No definitive prostheses failed to result in a 100% prosthetic success rate. Mean MBL was 0.6 mm +/- 0.4 mm. Mean overall insertion torque was 58.9 +/- 13.8 while mean overall ISQ at implant placement was 72.3 +/- 8.1. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the present prospective single-cohort study, the investigated clinical and radiological performance of the novel dental implant placed in the anterior zone seems to be a reliable treatment option.

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate survival rate of short dental implants placed in the posterior area of the maxilla. The electronic literature search of studies published between January 1, 2010 and February 29, 2020 was performed using specific word combinations. The outcome was to meta-analyse the implant survival rate (ISR). The search generated 238 potential studies. After screening procedures, only nine randomized controlled trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative and quantitative analysis. ISR of short implants ranged from 91.9% to 100%, while standard-length implants ISR ranged from 82.9% to 100% with a follow-up from 1 to 5 years in function. The risk ratio difference was 1.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.63–2.45, P = 0.52) for short dental implants failure when compared with standard dental implants, and was not statistically significant. Based on the evidence of the included studies, short implants (≤6 mm) reported high survival rates over short to medium follow-up in posterior maxilla, but the long-term success is as yet not demonstrated.

The aim of this study was to establish the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer's disease. An electronic search of publications was established from three electronic databases: Cochrane, PubMed and Web of Science. The search strategy used a combination of controlled vocabulary and free-text words. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined by the authors before the start of the study. The inclusion criteria were: all studies published in English language; in vitro analysis; in vivo on animals and postmortem biopsies on humans; studies analyzing the correlation between periodontal disease and Alzheimer. The search resulted in 262 titles. Only 9 articles were included in the quantitative analysis. An inflammatory status in the oral cavity might be connect to a brain degeneration syndrome such as dementia and AD. However, a strictly connection is still not evincible. More trials are recommended in order to investigate the role of periodontal bacteria and Porphyromonas gingivalis in AD pathogenesis and aggravation.

The case report aims to describe the parameters of performing upper labial frenectomy with the use of diode laser beams without infiltrated local anaesthesia. A 6-year-old patient was referred by the orthodontist for assessment of the upper anterior labial frenum. The dental treatment plan reported only the presence of caries on deciduous teeth and seals on the first permanent molars. The clinical examination reported the presence of a high attachments of labial frenum with a pathologically attachment and the presence of a diastema supports this theory. The laser used to remove the frenulum was a diode laser used with a wavelength of 980 nm with 320 microns of fiber in contact with a power of 2.0 W in continuous wave mode. The clinical examination showed an acceptable healing by secondary intention of the wound and the initial functional recovery of a physiological upper lip movements. The patient reported that the procedure was well tolerated. The diode laser can be used with good result for the removal of pathological frenum. The diode laser can be used in pediatric dentistry because of its application, adequate coagulation, no need for sutures and less inflammation and pain.

PURPOSE:This study aimed to assess the survival rate, marginal bone levels, and prosthetic success of short implants when placed in posterior areas of severely reabsorbed mandibles.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A systematic review was performed of all randomized controlled trials with at least 10 patients with a control group where bone augmentations were performed that were published between January 2015 and February 2020. From 77 pertinent studies, 14 full-text publications were studied, and 6 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria.RESULTS:The implant survival rates of short dental implants ranged from 92% to 96.9% with a follow-up from 1 to 5 years, and the prosthetic success rate ranged from 90% to 100% during the same follow-up. The mean marginal bone level values of involved short implants ranged from -0.51 to -2.30 mm.CONCLUSION:The obtained data showed that short dental implants are a valid therapeutic choice to rehabilitate severe mandibular atrophy in the medium to long term.