The use of chemical fertilizers was one of the most common technological links for increasing feed production. The motivation for this measure was the need to increase the food requirement for the constantly growing population of humanity correlated with the consumption of animal products. One of the challenges of the last decade is to use chemical fertilizers in the smallest possible quantity, preserving the properties of the soil in order to obtain qualitative productions. One of the current trends of modern agriculture is to use mixtures (grasses and legumes) that are agro-economically efficient. In this sense, the purpose of this work is to test mixtures of annual grasses and legumes for fodder in order to evaluate their qualitative potential (CP%). Thus, mixtures of annual clover (T) and two oat varieties (O1, O2) were used. The proportions in which they were sown were: clover (T)/(O1, O2) 50%/50%, 33%/66%, 66%/33%. The mixtures were sown under the same conditions. From the statistically analyzed data, we can conclude that the best results in terms of CP% were T/O2 33%/66%, and fiber T/66%/33%.

The current trends in agriculture in recent years are to considerably reduce the intake of chemical fertilizers, use of pesticides, and the costs of the energy consumption. Thus, the current focus is directed towards finding technological solutions to meet these requirements. One viable solution is mixes made from annual legumes and grasses. They constitute an important energy-protein source in the nutritional balance of the fodder ration. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the most efficient ratio (forage pea - oats) in terms of dry matter production (DM) and raw protein (CP). In the experimental device, two oat varieties (O) were sown in the spring and then used mixed with a pea variety (P). The proportions in which they were sown are P 33% + O 66%, P 50% + O 50%, P 66% + O 33%. For both varieties of oats, we used the same shares. According to the results obtained, the highest production of dry matter (DM) was obtained with P 50% + O 50% and the highest raw protein content was obtained with M 66% + O 33%.

The paper presents aspects related to the soil and climate conditions specific to Giarmata, Timis County, Romania, and their influence on the main qualitative indices of five cultivars of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus): Mari timpurii, Targu-Jiu 505, Oblacinska, Grecia 2, and Meteor. The research was carried out during 2021-2022 in a family-type plantation on a preluvosol soil type. The main indices studied were: tree vigour, fruit set degree, production, biometric elements, and fruit chemical composition. The results highlighted the following aspects: the diameter of the trunk was between 125.2-170.5 mm, the diameter of the crown was between 3.5-4.6 m per row and between 3.1-4.3 m between rows, the height of the trees was between 3.5-4.9 m, and the height of the crown was between 3.0-4.2 m. Fruit production ranged between 9.41 t/ha and 14.07 t/ha. Biometrics consisted of major diameter, minor diameter, tree height, tree size index and peduncle length. The chemical composition of the fruits was influenced by the soil and climate conditions, differing from one cultivar to another during the two study years.

Myzus persicae produces significant economic losses in the agroecosystem of Solanum tuberosum, through direct and indirect damage. The aim of this study was to control the population ofMyzus persicae, in the potato crop, by applying the substance acetamiprid and biological products based on potassium salt (Kabon andKonia) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bitoxybacilin). The study included seven variants, acetamiprid was applied in three doses (0.13 l/ha; 0.09 l/ha; 0.08 l/ha), 0.900 l/ha was applied in the variants treated with Kabon and Konia K Plus and 1.0 l/ha Bitoxybacilin. The efficiency of the biological and chemical products was compared with the control variant (untreated). Phytosanitary products were applied on 27.05.2022. The efficacy of the treatments was assessed 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after application, by analyzing 25 plants/variant. On the day of the treatments application, the number of individuals ofMyzus persicae was 274-284/25 plants. Acetamiprid 0.13 l/ha significantly reduced the aphid population. Among the biological products, Konia KPlus stood out. 28 days after application, the effectiveness of the products to control the Myzus pericae species decreased.

Background: Removable prostheses have seen a fundamental change recently because of advances in polymer materials, allowing improved durability and performance. Despite these advancements, notable differences still occur amongst various polymer materials and processing technologies, requiring a thorough grasp of their mechanical, physical, and therapeutic implications. The compressive strength of dentures manufactured using various technologies will be investigated. Methods: Traditional, injection molding, and additive and subtractive CAD/CAM processing techniques, all utilizing Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the main material, were used to construct complete dentures. The specimens underwent a compressive mechanical test, which reveals the differences in compressive strength. Results: All the specimens broke under the influence of a certain force, rather than yielding through flow, as is characteristic for plastic materials. For each specimen, the maximum force (N) was recorded, as well as the breaking energy. The mean force required to break the dentures for each processing technology is as follows: 4.54 kN for traditional packing-press technique, 17.92 kN for the injection molding technique, 1.51 kN for the additive CAD/CAM dentures, and 5.9 kN for the subtractive CAD/CAM dentures. Conclusions: The best results were obtained in the case of the thermoplastic injection system and the worst results were recorded in the case of 3D printed samples. Another important aspect depicted is the standard deviation for each group, which reveal a relatively unstable property for the thermoplastic injected dentures. Good results here in terms of absolute property and stability of the property can be conferred to CAD/CAM milled group.

Aim of the study. In this study, we examined how the choice of fabrication technology impacts the flexural strength of denture bases, considering the potential long-term consequences of permanent stresses on these structures. Such stresses can eventually result in cracking, fracture, or a loss of adaptation within the prosthetic field, which undergoes dynamic changes over time. Material and methods. The flexural strength was tested on specimens made of the same material (based on thermopolymerizable PMMA), using three different technologies: the classic press packing process and traditional polymerization, the injection technology and polymerization under constant pressure and an original suction-injection process (vacuum-pressure alternation), with polymerization under continuous pressure. The actual testing of the flexural strength was carried out in collaboration with the Department of Strength of Materials within the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Timisoara. Results & Conclusions. Superior outcomes were achieved through the suction-injection method, with polymerization under sustained pressure, in comparison to injection techniques associated with polymerization under constant pressure. These results surpassed those attained through manual press packing procedures and traditional hot polymerization methods.

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is one of the most important root vegetables cultivated worldwide, due to its nutritional valueand the phytochemicals content which promotes health. Carrot root is a rich source of carotene, carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, vitamins and other biologically active compounds. The processing of carrot root involves the production of waste such as carrot pomace, which can represent a good source of important nutritional and bioactive compounds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional content of carrot pomace resulting as a by-product of obtaining carrot juice from carrots sold in local agro-food markets. The results obtained showed that the analyzed dried pomace carrot contains important amounts of nutritional compounds that vary depending on the origin of the carrot: 49.02-53.16% carbohydrates, 25.61-31.88% fiber, 5.48-6.95% minerals (ash), 6.32-7.34% protein, 0.88-1.36% fat. The highest fiber potential was recorded in the case of samples from the batch cultivated in Dudestii Noi, while carrot samples grown in Timisoara recorded the highest intake in proteins, lipids, minerals and carbohydrates. The values of the nutritional parameters suggest the use of dried pomace carrot to obtain products with added nutritional value. The superior use of carrot pomace, as a secondary product, can be an ecological way of limiting the waste resulting from the processing of carrot roots.

Thrips are a common pest in most horticultural and ornamental crops. They are particularly common in greenhouses in western Romania. In the present study, we investigated thrips preference for different coloured traps as well as specific structure and abundance in Petunia hybrida varieties in greenhouses. Thrips attraction to colour was assessed using three commercially available coloured sticky traps: yellow, orange and blue. Taxonomically, the diversity of thrips is reflected in the relatively large number of species, identified in Petunia, 6 species: Frankliniella intonsa, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips palmi and Thrips tabaci. Of these species, 2 are the most common and abundant: Frankliniella occidentalis (n= 172) and Thrips tabaci (n= 163). In the Petunia varieties, significant differences were observed depending on the colour of the trap, these were found between yellow-blue (p = 0.000) and yellow-orange (p = 0.000) and it is observed that there are no significant differences between blue-orange (p = 0.434). Most of the thrips species were caught with the yellow sticky traps (F=39.398, p=0.000<0.05).

In the western part of Romania, Helicoverpa armigera larvae cause significant damage to several types of agricultural and horticultural crops leading to considerable economic losses, so the purpose of this paper was the use of some ecofrendly agricultural practices, namely the use of entomopathogenic microorganisms. The field experiment was conducted at the Research farm of West Land Company SRL, Jimbolia, (Timis County). The trial was laid out during 2022 vegetation season, in randomized block design with seven treatments: control plot, Bacillus sphericus + Glomus (2%) � 5 l/ ha, Metarhizium anisopliae + Glomus (2%) � 5 l/ ha, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki � 1 kg/ ha, chlorantraniliprole � 125 ml/ ha, indoxacarb � 250 ml/ ha (withdrawn from the market in 2022) and chlorantraniliprole 50 EC - 150 ml/ ha; replicated thrice having a plot size of 3042 sqm. The larval population of H. armigera was recorded before spraying and at 48 hours, 7 and 14 days after spraying. All treatments were significantly superior to control plots in reducing larval populations. Among the chemicals, percent larval reduction over control was highest at 7 days after spraying in chlorantraniliprole - 125 ml/ha plots, with an efficiency coefficient of 87.88%. Looking into the efficacy of the bioinsecticides, it was highlighted that the treatments with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki proved to be the most effective in minimizing the larval population of H. armigera in corn crop, showing an efficiency coefficient of 87.88% at 7 days, respectively 81.96% at 14 days after spraying.

The effects of climate change are already visible through rising air temperatures, melting glaciers and shrinking polar ice caps, rising sea levels, increasing desertification, as well as more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, floods and storms. Climate change is not uniform globally and affects some regions more than others. Climate changes directly affect Romania and lead to intense heat waves or extreme weather phenomena (floods due to heavy rains, wind intensifications). In terms of maximum temperatures, the number of tropical days in the city of Timisoara has doubled in recent years and the year 2021 brought absolute records at dozens of weather stations, also breaking records over 85 years old (there were +39 in Timi?oara). In the years 2000, 2005 and 2023 repeated floods were recorded in the Timi? county. This study investigates the perception of climate change in Timi? based on an online survey consisting of 14 questions that was conducted in the spring of 2023 and aims at the level of information and interest, perceived causes, perceived changes in meteorological phenomena at the regional scale. The results of the study show significant differences in the perception of climate change according to age, place of residence (ruralurban) and level of education.

The aim of this research was to analyse the agronomic characteristics of a maize variety consisting of 20 inbred lines, which are used as germplasm sources for hybrid maize production at SCDA Lovrin. The statistical analysis and interpretation of the results were carried out using IBM SPSS software. Descriptive statistics, including mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values, were calculated. To evaluate the significance of the differences, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests, as well as Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, were performed. Pearson correlation coefficients and regression lines were determined to study the relationships between variables. The results indicate significant differences between the studied traits, such as leaf color, leaf orientation, anther color (tassel), silk color, ear position (degree), total number of leaves, number of leaves up to the main ear, and number of tassel branches. Additionally, a linear correlation was observed between the number of growing degree days (GDD) to flowering/silking and the total accumulated GDD until flowering/silking.

Aphids have grown significantly both in number of species and in number of individuals in populations, especially in green spaces in urban environments. By feeding, they affect the plants in the structure of the ecosystem at the foliar and floral level, therefore it is necessary to manage them so that they are numerically reduced but at the same time to avoid the application of pesticides. Through this work, 2 ways of management were tried for 5 months (April-August): by exploiting existing natural enemies and by using sticky traps. The 4 study sites in western Romania (Timi?oara city) consisted of green spaces composed of various mixtures of ornamental plants, usually shrubs and trees of different species. As a result, 4 aphid species (Macrosiphum rosae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis pomi and Myzus cerasi) were identified whose populations had high values (x= 468.7-1246.5) and which were considered as the target organism in the study. The effectiveness of the most common natural enemies (beetles, syrphids and parasitic wasps) was analyzed and yellow sticky traps were placed for dual-role capture (aphid detection and their immortalization). It was found that both methods are effective, the harmful insects being visibly reduced compared to the initial value. Natural enemies vs. phytophagous aphids had a good effectiveness ratio (1:18.25), while colored sticky traps retained and killed 78% of captured aphids. The management of aphids in the agro-horticultural spaces between people's homes, although it seems difficult to achieve, we consider that it can be done within reasonable limits through non-pheromonal traps and existing natural enemies, somehow keeping the harmful populations under control and not affecting humans and the environment.

Potatoes play an important role in ensuring global food security. The potato peel, resulting as a by-product from the processing of potatoes, still contains available quantities of nutrient compounds, among which the mineral elements are counted. The purpose of this study is to determine the mineral profile of the potato peel obtained by peeling some local potatoes, in order to use them to enrich the mineral intake of some food products. The total concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu potato peel from potatoes sold in agro-food markets from Timisoara city (Romania) were determined. Preliminary results revealed that 100g of dried potato peel contain appreciable amounts of essential elements: 38.60-82.30 mg/100 g Na, 1856-2531 mg/100 g K, 155-201 mg/100 g Ca, 122-193 mg/100 g Mg, 4.62-10.88 mg/100 g Fe, 0.64-1.22 mg/100 g Mn, 1.61-2.53 mg/100 g Zn, 0.78-1.60 mg/100 g Cu. These values suggest that these by-products, after proper processing, could be introduced into the diet as a source of essential minerals.

The purpose of this work is to identify some meteorological risk indicators that most accurately express the extreme nature of the manifestations of atmospheric phenomena in the western part of the country, and for this we analyzed a period of four years, between the years 2019-2022. Most of the basic meteorological parameters of these years were presented for the town of Timisoara, for which we took into account the thermal regime, the pluviometric regime, the atmospheric pressure, the duration of the glow. For the characterization of the wind regime, we used the data provided by other representative weather stations in the Banat area, data provided by the Banat Crisana Regional Meteorological Center and which were analyzed according to multi-year averages. January is the coldest month in the Banat region, as no anomalies are recorded, with average values between 0 and -30C, and spring is somewhat earlier and warmer compared to other areas of the country. Temperature oscillations occur with colder periods under the influence of air masses from the north and northeast, but also warmer periods due to the activity of Mediterranean cyclones. Thus, late frosts and isolated frost can occur in the coldest mornings even at the beginning of May, but also hot days in June. Also in the spring, the first convective manifestations appear with stormy phenomena, torrential rains, hail.

The first attempts to explain the phenomena of soil formation and evolution were based on one or more pedogenetic factors, which results in the fact that there are a wide range of concepts and formulations in this regard. It is also specified that in the formation of the soil cover, in addition to pedogenetic processes, some geological processes also take place, which interfere with the formation of the soil cover and which are considered pedogeological processes. A thorough analysis of the specific and combined actions of all the factors involved in these processes is necessary in order to explain the genesis of soils and to establish their evolution time, both under natural conditions and under the conditions of their use by humans. This current research is important because it contributes to the knowledge of the physico-chemical characterization of the soil in the Doma?nea region, Cara? Severin. This knowledge can contribute to future research on other soiels with similar characteristics. Climate is a particularly active and important factor for soil formation through the complex of meteorological phenomena: precipitation, temperature, wind, air humidity, brightness, and other aspects. The climate influences the process of pedogenesis and soil evolution, both directly and indirectly. Directly, it acts through the amount of precipitation, through the amount of water that evaporates, temperature, wind, etc. The action of the climate on the massive rocks starts right from the first phases of solification, triggering their disaggregation and alteration and their transformation into loose rocks.

This paper presents the analysis of 15 cultivated maize hybrids for further selection of the hybrids that present a high yield potential and favourable agronomical traits, in the context of actual climate change. The analysis and interpretation of the obtained results was performed with the help of the IBM Spss statistical software. Descriptive characteristics were calculated: average, median, standard deviation, minimum values and maximum values. In order to analyse the significant differences, the ANOVA and Duncan statistical test was applied, respectively Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney. For the study of the links between the variables, the Pearson correlation coefficients and the regression lines were determined. The results are indicating the existence of significant differences between the analysed parameters Also, the results are corelated to the meteorological data, registered during the corresponding development phase of the plants.

Agri-fodder value, i.e., the diversity of floristic composition of communal pastures in Romania is strongly affected by impropper management practiced for the last three decades. Most permanent grassland areas are excessively grazed in addition to the effect of climate change on the multiplication and development of plant species making up the grassy cover. Communal pastures are the most important source of feed for animal growers in the territorial administrative units (TAUs) of the Timis County. Their current state is strongly correlated with grazing practices, with the maintenance of floristic composition, and their improvement methods. The goal of this paper is to illustrate ( from the perspective of floristic composition and of fodder value) the evolution of some communal pastures from Timis County. The study was carried out during three years (2020-2022) on several permanent grasslands belonging to the same TAUs. The Research method used is that of the double meter which points out biodiversity (the Shannon-Weaver Index H�, pastoral value PV, and grazing capacity Gc. Correlating these parameters allowed the authors to draw conclusions on the impact of management on vegetation and fodder value of the pastures studied. The results thus obtained are useful for the design of management strategies and for the development of some prediction models regarding the evolution of the grassy cover and of the agri-fodder value in the studied perimeter.

Atmospheric precipitations are meteorological elements with a great discontinuity in time and space, a fact that creates difficulties in their analysis and forecasting. This paper considers the western part of Romania and the western part of the Carpathian range which significantly influences the rainfall distribution function of the direction of the air mass circulation and the area under study. An idealized model of the atmosphere is used with the orographic obstacle influencing the air mass up to the level of the nodal surface situated between 400 and 100 hPa. The amounts of maximum precipitation corresponding to the three average cross profiles of the Carpathian range were determined. In a similar way, the amount of maximum precipitation to fall from a cumulonimbus cloud was estimated for a maximum vertical development. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between precipitation of orographic or convective origin and agriculture in order to formulate some relevant conclusions for both agricultural engineering as well as agrometeorology with regard to physical factors. The results show that the quantity of precipitation which originate from convective and orographic lifting has increased, but the total amount of precipitation has decreased due to increased mean temperatures as well as other factors related to climate change.

The climate changes represent an important problem in today-s society. Our study refers to the West Region of Romania, formed by the counties of Arad, Timis, Caras-Severin, Hunedoara, and it shows that there are significant differences regarding the climate changes between these counties. In our paper, we analyze the evolution of annual, respectively seasonal precipitations , and of the minimal, maximal and medium air temperatures in the considered region in the time frame 1991-2021. The statistical analysis of data shows an increase of the medium annual air temperatures, the observed changes being more pronounced in summer and winter. Beside the increase tendency of the air temperature in winter, one could observe also that the time of heat waves has become significantly longer in the West of Romania, such that the number of hot days is larger. An increase of the maximum length of the periods without precipitation has been observed over the last decades in the west during summer, as well as monthly anomalies of temperatures and precipitations. Annual estimates of the Climate Altering Land Cover Index are presented for the analyzed period and we observe that there is a positive correlation between these indices and the mean air temperature. In conditions of the climate changes, the mean summer precipitations will reduce in the coming decades, which will affect the management of water resources and the agriculture, which leads to the necessity of adjustment to the climate changes.

The western area of Romania, like the entire country, due to its geographical position - in the temperate zone, is exposed to a wide range of risk weather and climate phenomena with the potential to occur throughout the year. The purpose of this work is to identify some indicators that most correctly express the extreme nature of the manifestations of some meteorological parameters and their characterization over a four-year period. The paper analyzes the main meteorological parameters from the profile stations in the western part of the country, respectively from Timis and Arad counties, in order to have an overview of the weather-climate characteristics for the studied period. The more detailed analysis of certain phenomena was done to capture exceptions, special extreme situations or more significant meteorological elements. The location of Romania in a certain context of action of the main baric centers imprints the temperate character of the climate. The location of the analyzed territory in the western part of the country and the configuration of the relief nuance this character, imprinting sub-Mediterranean characteristics in the southern part of Timis county. The risk aspects provided by the weather stations in the two studied counties, in the interval of four years, highlight the specific climatic changes that occur in certain intervals. Knowing the weather-climate characteristics of the region is important for all areas of human activity and life, all extreme phenomena being grafted onto the main background of the aforementioned weather-climate characteristics.