Cancers of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (LOCP) represent a substantial public health challenge worldwide. Using GLOBOCAN national estimates of incidence, detailed cancer registry data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, and population statistics from the United Nations, the authors report the distribution of new cases of LOCP cancers in 185 countries by sex in 2022. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated. For countries lacking registry data, regional averages from high-quality registries were used to impute subsite-specific estimates. Worldwide, 758,000 people were diagnosed with LOCP cancers in 2022, with oral cavity cancer accounting for approximately 42% of cases, followed by oropharynx (19.3%), nasopharynx (15.9%), hypopharynx (11.4%), salivary gland (7.3%), and lip (4.2%) cancers. Oral cavity cancer was the most frequent LOCP subsite among women in 141 countries and among men in 93 countries, and incidence rates were highest in countries in South-Central Asia. Oropharyngeal cancer was the most frequent LOCP subsite among men in 44 countries and among women in five countries across Europe, Northern America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. Nasopharyngeal cancer was the most common subsite among men in 39 countries and women in 23 countries, mainly in Northern Africa, Middle Africa, and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia. Rates of hypopharyngeal and salivary gland cancers were low globally, although the incidence burden was greater than that of lip cancer. The authors discuss incidence patterns in relation to disease etiology and the prospects of delivering effective cancer control measures, spanning primary prevention, early detection, cancer treatment, and survivorship.

Laryngeal cancer shows considerable variation in global incidence, which has primarily been studied through national estimates. This study aims to analyse the global incidence of laryngeal cancer, comparing estimated and high-quality recorded data, and examine temporal trends to inform targeted prevention strategies. Estimated incidence rates for 2022 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database for 185 countries. Recorded incidence data from population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) for the five-years period 2013-2017 were sourced from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5-XII). Temporal trends and the Estimated Annual Percent Change were assessed for 34 countries using the Global Cancer Observatory - Cancer Over Time database. The highest estimated age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) were observed in Cuba, Moldova, and Romania, particularly among males: 14.8, 12.2, and 10.3 per 100,000, respectively. Recorded data showed significant regional variability, with the highest ASIRs for males in Pskov, Russia (13.3 per 100,000) and the Azores, Portugal (11.8 per 100,000). Most countries exhibited a decline in laryngeal cancer rates among males, while trends among females remained largely stable. Our findings underscore the importance of PBCRs in identifying high-risk populations for developing laryngeal cancer. While national estimates are essential for understanding the global distribution of laryngeal cancer and other malignancies, they may overlook subnational variations. Expanding the coverage and quality of PBCRs is crucial for improving cancer surveillance and enhancing prevention and control efforts at national and global level.

Background Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, yet the current epidemiological profile of lung-cancer incidence by histological subtype is only partly understood. We aimed to assess geographical variation in incidence of lung cancer by subtype worldwide in 2022, geographical variation in adenocarcinoma incidence attributable to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution worldwide in 2022, temporal trends in lung-cancer incidence by subtype from 1988 to 2017 in 19 countries, and generational changes. Methods For this population-based study, we used data from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) 2022, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volumes VII-XII, and members of the African Cancer Registry Network. To obtain national estimates of lung cancer in 2022 for the four main histological subtypes (ie, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma [SCC], small-cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma) by year, sex, and age group, we combined national estimates with representative, subsite-specific incidence proportions of lung cancer on the basis of recorded incidence data compiled in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume XII and from members of the African Cancer Registry Network. We calculated country-specific, sex-specific, and age-specific proportions of and sex-specific and age-specific incidence rates per 100 000 people for all four histological subtypes. To account for differences in age composition between populations by country, we calculated age-standardised incidence rates (ASRs) per 100 000 people for lung cancer by subtype and sex at national and regional levels. We also quantified the burden of adenocarcinoma incidence attributable to ambient PM pollution for 179 countries in 2022. We conducted joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analysis to assess temporal trends in ASRs in 19 countries by sex. Findings In 2022, we estimated that there were 1 572 045 new cases of lung cancer worldwide among male individuals, of which 717 211 (456%) were adenocarcinoma, 461 171 (294%) were SCC, 180 063 (115%) were small-cell carcinoma, and 101 861 (65%) were large-cell carcinoma. In 2022, we estimated that there were 908 630 new cases of lung cancer worldwide among female individuals, of which 541 971 (597%) were adenocarcinoma, 155 598 (171%) were SCC, 87 902 (97%) were small-cell carcinoma, and 59 271 (65%) were large-cell carcinoma. Among male individuals, the highest ASRs were in east Asia for adenocarcinoma (2712 [95% CI 2704-2721] per 100 000 people), east Europe for SCC (2170 [2151-2189] per 100 000 people) and small-cell carcinoma (985 [972-998] per 100 000 people), and north Africa for large-cell carcinoma (433 [420-445] per 100 000 people). Among female individuals, the highest ASRs were in east Asia for adenocarcinoma (1904 [1897-1911] per 100 000 people), north America for SCC (528 [521-535] per 100 000 people) and small-cell carcinoma (428 [421-435] per 100 000 people), and north Europe for large-cell carcinoma (287 [278-296] per 100 000 people). We estimated that 114 486 adenocarcinoma cases among male individuals and 80 378 adenocarcinoma cases among female individuals were attributable to ambient PM pollution worldwide in 2022, with ASRs of 235 (95% CI 233-236) per 100 000 male individuals and 146 (145-147) per 100 000 female individuals. Temporal trends in lung-cancer incidence by subtype and sex during 1988-2017 varied considerably across the 19 countries. Interpretation Estimated geographical and temporal distribution of lung-cancer incidence varied across the four main subtypes worldwide. Our study highlights the need for future studies that identify possible causal factors that contribute to the changing risk patterns of lung cancer. Copyright (c) 2025 World Health Organization. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Most epidemiologic analyses of male‐to‐female (M:F) ratios for cancer incidence have done so to gain aetiological understanding, focusing on age‐standardized M:F rate ratios for specific cancer sites. None have quantified the extent and timing, with respect to age, of sex differentials in the total cancer burden (all sites excluding non‐melanoma skin cancer). In the present study, using data from IARC's Cancer Incidence in Five Continents for 2013–17 ( N = 60 countries) and GLOBOCAN mortality 2022 ( N = 69), we estimated ages when the sex ratios peaked and reversed from a male to a female excess, or vice versa. Across all countries included, a common 4‐period pattern was observed. For incidence, period 1 featured an early‐life male excess up to age 21 years (region‐specific means ranged from 18– to 24), followed by a period 2 multi‐fold female excess lasting until age 59 (56–65) and peaking at a F:M of 2.4:1 (2.0–2.9) at age 41 (39–47), then period 3 with a large male excess peaking at M:F of 1.5:1 (1.2–1.6) at 73 (69–85) years. For the absolute burden alone (not rates) countries with long life expectancies experienced a 4th period of a female excess of cancers/cancer deaths at ≥85 years. These patterns were also present for mortality, but with a shorter period 2 duration. In summary, this study characterizes the four age periods of alternating sex differentials in the cancer burden, providing essential information to support sex‐appropriate allocation of cancer prevention and oncology resources.

Objective. To provide a comprehensive overview of geographical patterns (2001-2010) and time trends (1993-2012) of cancer incidence in children aged 0-19 years in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and interpret the findings in the context of global patterns. Methods. Geographical variations in 2001-2010 and incidence trends over 1993-2012 in the population of LAC younger than 20 years were described using the database of the third volume of the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer study containing comparable data. Age -specific incidence per million person -years (ASR) was calculated for population subgroups and age -standardized (WSR) using the world standard population. Results. Overall, 36 744 unique cases were included in this study. In 2001-2010 the overall WSR in age 0-14 years was 132.6. The most frequent were leukemia (WSR 48.7), central nervous system neoplasms (WSR 23.0), and lymphoma (WSR 16.6). The overall ASR in age group 15-19 years was 152.3 with lymphoma ranking first (ASR 30.2). Incidence was higher in males than in females, and higher in South America than in Central America and the Caribbean. Compared with global data LAC incidence was lower overall, except for leukemia and lymphoma at age 0-14 years and the other and unspecified tumors at any age. Overall incidence at age 0-19 years increased by 1.0% per year (95% CI [0.6, 1.3]) over 1993-2012. The included registries covered 16% of population aged 0-14 years and 10% of population aged 15-19 years. Conclusions. The observed patterns provide a baseline to assess the status and evolution of childhood cancer occurrence in the region. Extended and sustained support of cancer registration is required to improve representativeness and timeliness of data for childhood cancer control in LAC.

Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) require specialized follow-up throughout their lifespan to prevent or manage late effects of cancer treatment. Knowing the size and structure of the population of CCS is crucial to plan interventions. In this scoping review we reviewed studies that reported prevalence of CCS in Europe. We searched Medline, Web of Science, and Embase using permutations of terms referring to childhood, cancer, survivors, prevalence, registries, and Europe. We followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines to select studies and The Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool to evaluate their quality. From 979 unique studies published between 1989 and 2022, 12 were included. Limited-duration prevalence (LDP) for all childhood cancers, assessed in three studies using counting method, varied between 450 and 1240 persons per million. Complete prevalence (CP) of survivors of any childhood cancer except skin carcinomas, reported in three studies using observed data complemented with modelled data for the unobserved period, varied between 730 and 1110 persons per million. CP of survivors of an embryonal tumour was estimated by completeness index method in six studies. In four of them CP ranged from 48 to 95 persons per million for all embryonal tumours, while CP for those occurring in central nervous system was 43 per million in one study and CP for rhabdomyosarcoma was 17 per million in another. Information on prevalence of CCS in Europe is fragmented and inconsistent. The large variations in LDP and CP estimates were linked to differences in data availability, the selection of populations, prevalence measure, statistical method, incidence period, index date, age at diagnosis and prevalence, cancer types, sex, and, for LDP, also the length of follow-up. Standardisation of methodology and reporting are needed to systematically monitor and compare CCS prevalence in Europe and provide data to help address survivors’ needs.

In 2022, leukemia ranked as the second most common hematological malignancy after non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. However, updated global estimates of leukemia incidence by subtype are unavailable. We estimated leukemia incidences for different leukemia subtypes by country, world region, and human developmental index using data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents databases combined with the GLOBOCAN 2022 estimates of leukemia in 185 countries. We estimated sex-specific age-standardized rates (ASRs) per 100 000 for children (0–19 years) and adults (20+ years). In adults, the most common leukemia worldwide was AML (males: 38

The data sources and methods used to develop global cancer incidence and mortality statistics-the GLOBOCAN estimates-for the year 2022 are documented in this article, alongside a brief overview of the global cancer burden. The estimates, made available in 185 countries or territories worldwide for 36 cancer sites by sex and age, are based on the best available local data sources, namely population-based cancer registries (for incidence) and national vital statistics (for mortality). In males, lung cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide in 2022 (1.57 million new cases [95% UI: 1.56-1.58]), followed by prostate cancer (1.47 million [1.46-1.48]). With 2.30 million (2.28-2.30) new cases estimated in 2022, breast cancer was the most diagnosed cancer in females, followed by lung cancer (0.91 million [0.90-0.91 million]) and cervical cancer (0.66 million [0.66-0.67]). The most common causes of cancer death in males and females were lung cancer (1.23 million [1.22-1.24]) and breast cancer (0.67 million [0.66-0.67]), respectively.

On a global scale, gallbladder cancer is a relatively rare cancer with a striking variability in incidence across countries and world regions. We examined recent geographic variations worldwide based on national gallbladder cancer incidence estimates for the year 2022 from the GLOBOCAN database for 185 countries alongside recorded incidence data from the most recent volume of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. In 2022, 122,491 new gallbladder cancer cases and 89,055 deaths were estimated to occur worldwide, of which 64.5% and 64.7% respectively were among females. The highest reported rates (ASR per 100,000) were in subpopulations of Northeastern regions of India and Southern Chile in both males (ASR of 6.1 and 5.3, respectively) and in females, though rates were two times higher than males (ASR of 14.9 and 15.4). The lowest incidence rates were reported in subpopulations of Uganda for males and South Africa for females (0.21 and 0.14, respectively). Recorded gallbladder cancer incidence rates among subnational populations within countries differed considerably from their respective national estimates and revealed a 100-fold variation in gallbladder cancer, highlighting the importance of subnational population-based cancer registry data in pinpointing areas of high risk, driving research and prioritizing tailored public health actions.

BACKGROUND Estimating the number of childhood cancer survivors is crucial for cancer control, including clinical guidelines. To compare estimates across countries despite data sharing restrictions, we propose a new method of computing limited-duration prevalence of childhood cancer survivors (POCCS) using aggregated data. METHODS We developed a Markov model that simulates, for each calendar year and birth cohort in a population, the proportion of individuals in the following health states: healthy, newly diagnosed with cancer, surviving with cancer, and deceased. Transitions between health states were informed using annual sex- and age-specific incidence rates, conditional 1-year net survival probabilities from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (1989-2011), and annual mortality probability by sex and age group for The Netherlands from the Human Mortality Database. Applying a Markov model, we computed 20-year prevalence of childhood cancer survivors. The resulting POCCS estimates, stratified by sex, were compared with SEER*Stat estimates derived from individual cancer records from the same registry. RESULTS In 2011, POCCS predicted 654 males [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 637-672] and 539 females (95% CI: 523-555) per million persons living in The Netherlands after childhood cancer diagnosed within the previous 20 years. Using SEER*Stat, the 20-year prevalence was 665 males (95% CI: 647-683) and 544 females (95% CI: 529-560) per million persons on 1 July 2011. CONCLUSIONS Using the POCCS model and aggregated cancer data, our estimates of childhood cancer survivors limited-duration prevalence were consistent with those computed by a standard method requiring individual cancer records. The POCCS method provides relevant information for planning follow-up and care for childhood cancer survivors.

Striving to be focused and concrete, Silvia de Sanjosé offers a specific example to inform present and future commitments in the ongoing cancer pandemic by articulating a global strategy for eliminating cervical cancer. Cervical cancer, which is preventable, is a global public health problem. It is the fourth most common cancer, with over 600,000 new cases diagnosed every year and it is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Most of these cancer cases occur in low-resource settings where women are not screened regularly. While highlighting these ongoing challenges, the author stresses the existing opportunities for prevention, screening, and vaccination.

Our study briefly reviews the data sources and methods used in compiling the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN cancer statistics for the year 2020 and summarises the main results. National estimates were calculated based on the best available data on cancer incidence from population-based cancer registries (PBCR) and mortality from the World Health Organization mortality database. Cancer incidence and mortality rates for 2020 by sex and age groups were estimated for 38 cancer sites and 185 countries or territories worldwide. There were an estimated 19.3 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 19.0-19.6 million) new cases of cancer (18.1 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million (95% UI: 9.7-10.2 million) deaths from cancer (9.9 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) worldwide in 2020. The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide were female breast cancer (2.26 million cases), lung (2.21) and prostate cancers (1.41); the most common causes of cancer death were lung (1.79 million deaths), liver (830000) and stomach cancers (769000).

Background There has been a considerable increase in thyroid cancer incidence among adults in several countries in the past three decades, attributed primarily to overdiagnosis. We aimed to assess global patterns and trends in incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents, in view of the increased incidence among adults. Methods We did a population-based study of the observed incidence (in 49 countries and territories) and mortality (in 27 countries) of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents aged 0–19 years using data from the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer Volume 3 study database, the WHO mortality database, and the cancer incidence in five continents database (CI5plus; for adult data [age 20–74 years]). We analysed temporal trends in incidence rates, including absolute changes in rates, and the strength of the correlation between incidence rates in children and adolescents and in adults. We calculated the average annual number of thyroid cancer deaths and the age-standardised mortality rates for children and adolescents. Findings Age-standardised incidence rates of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents aged 0–19 years ranged from 0·4 (in Uganda and Kenya) to 13·4 (in Belarus) cancers per 1 million person-years in 2008–12. The variability in the incidence rates was mostly accounted for by the papillary tumour subtype. Incidence rates were almost always higher in girls than in boys and increased with age in both sexes. Rapid increases in incidence between 1998–2002 and 2008–12 were observed in almost all countries. Country-specific incidence rates in children and adolescents were strongly correlated (r>0·8) with rates in adults, as were the temporal changes in the respective incidence rates (r>0·6). Thyroid cancer deaths in those aged younger than 20 years were less than 0·1 per 10 million person-years in each country. Interpretation The pattern of thyroid cancer incidence in children and adolescents mirrors the pattern seen in adults, suggesting a major role for overdiagnosis, which, in turn, can lead to overtreatment, lifelong medical care, and side effects that can negatively affect quality of life. We suggest that the existing recommendation against screening for thyroid cancer in the asymptomatic adult population who are free from specific risk factors should be extended to explicitly recommend against screening for thyroid cancer in similar populations of children and adolescents. Funding International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Union for International Cancer Control; French Institut National du Cancer; Italian Association of Cancer Research; and Italian Ministry of Health.

Malignant renal tumours represent 5% of childhood cancers and include types with likely different aetiology: Wilms tumour (WT), rhabdoid renal tumour, kidney sarcomas and renal carcinomas. WT is the most common renal tumour in children, previously shown to vary internationally and with ethnicity. Using the comprehensive database of the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer study (IICC), we analysed global variations and time trends in incidence of renal tumour types in children (age 0-14 years) and adolescents (age 15-19 years). The results were presented by 14 world regions, and five ethnic groups in the United States. We included 15 320 renal tumours in children and 800 in adolescents reported to the 163 contributing registries during 2001-2010. In children, age-standardised incidence rate (ASR) of renal tumours was 8.3 per million (95% confidence interval, CI = 8.1, 8.4); it was the highest in North America and Europe (9-10 per million) and the lowest in most Asian regions (4-5 per million). In the United States, Blacks had the highest ASR (10.9 per million, 95% CI = 10.2, 11.6) and Asian and Pacific Islanders the lowest (4.4 per million, 95% CI = 3.6, 5.1). In adolescents, age-specific incidence rate of renal tumours was 1.4 per million (95% CI = 1.3, 1.5). WT accounted for over 90% of all renal tumours in each age from 1 to 7 years and the proportion of renal carcinomas increased gradually with age. From 1996 to 2010, incidence remained mostly stable for WT (average annual percent change, AAPC = 0.1) and increased for renal carcinomas in children (AAPC = 3.7) and adolescents (AAPC = 3.2). Our findings warrant further monitoring.