In this paper, we propose a new method to quantitatively evaluate the quality of the carrier phase observation signals of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) during weak and moderate geomagnetic storms. We take a moderate geomagnetic storm that occurred on 12 May 2021 during the 25th solar cycle as an example. The results show that the newly defined PAS (Percentage of Affected Satellites) index shows significant anomaly changes during the moderate geomagnetic storm. Its variation trend has good correlations with the geomagnetic storm Kp index and Dst index. The anomaly stations are mainly distributed in the equatorial region and auroral region in the northern and southern hemispheres. The proposed PAS index has a good indication for both BDS2 and BDS3 satellites. We further validated this index by calculating the Precise Point Position (PPP) positioning error. We found that the anomaly period of PAS has strong consistency with the abnormal period of PPP positioning accuracy. This study could provide methodological support for the evaluation of the signal quality and analysis of positioning accuracy for the BeiDou satellite navigation system under different space weather conditions.

Land subsidence is generally caused by stress concentration of the overlying strata, which may reach the rock failure limit, causing surface collapse. The Liaohe Plain is an important resource producing area in China. Concentrated exploitation of underground resources leads to the generation of underground cavities, and surface subsidence gradually occurs as cavities increase. We used small baseline subsets synthetic aperture radar interferometry to monitor large-scale surface deformation on the Liaohe Plain. Field investigations found that the spatial distribution of land subsidence on the Liaohe Plain is highly correlated with coal mining areas. Taking the interferometric synthetic aperture radar deformation as the real constraint, a nonlinear Bayesian inversion algorithm was used to reconstruct underground reservoir parameters, such as the position and attitude of underground coal seams, based on a multi-source dislocation model. The R-2 between observed and modeled deformation in multiple coal mining areas was above 0.9. On this basis, relying on the Coulomb failure stress (CFS) criterion, the elastic model parameters and regional geological data were used to calculate the stress field caused by underground resource exploitation on the ground surface. The results show that the CFS fields of multiple groups of coal seams at close distances have mutual influence, and it is more concentrated at the perimeters than in the central portions of the subsidence area. The proposed dislocation model of closely spaced multiple coal seams improved the inversion accuracy of complex mining conditions, and would provide important information for risk assessment and prevention from the perspective of geodesy. (c) 2022 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

We present the conjugated ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomalies prior to the 2011 M w 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake, Japan, observed by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations in northern Australia. The onset time of the anomaly, determined by the Akaike’s information criterion, is 41.5 min before the earthquake in Australia, which is very close to the time observed in Japan. The positive TEC anomalies in Australia emerged on the same longitude as the land area of NE Japan. This supports the model that electric fields within the ionosphere redistributed the electrons immediately before large earthquakes. However, the observed anomaly is shifted equatorward by ∼500 km reflecting the difference in physical mechanisms between the two hemispheres. We also found that the geomagnetic declination near the conjugate point simultaneously started to change ∼40 min before the earthquake, but its physical implication is yet to be explored.