The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)VD3) instead of vitamin D3 on the quality and seminal plasma antioxidant indicators of fresh and cryopreserved semen, serum minerals, vitamin D3 status, hormone levels, blood biochemistry, antioxidant and immune function in different age of bulls. Thirty-two Holstein bulls (16 bulls aged 24-36 months and weighted 727 +/- 99.0 kg; 16 bulls aged 12 months and weighted 332 +/- 24.9 kg) randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with 2 sources of vitamin D3 (vitamin D3 or 25(OH)VD3) fed at 300 IU/kg dry matter intake and two different age of bull (maturity or prepuberty) through a 60 day period. Bulls were tied in individual pens without access to sunlight. Bulls fed 25(OH)VD3 had greater semen concentration (P = 0.03), sperms motility (P = 0.02), viability (P < 0.001), membrane integrity (P < 0.001) and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) at fresh stage compared with bulls fed vitamin D3. In addition, 25(OH)VD3 increased sperms motility (P = 0.02) and membrane integrity (P = 0.04) in cryopreserved semen. Feeding 25(OH)VD3 increased serum total calcium (P = 0.03), total phosphorus (P < 0.001), 25(OH)VD3 (P < 0.001), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (P < 0.001) compared with dietary vitamin D3. Feeding 25(OH)VD3 improved concentrations of serum estradiol (P = 0.02), testosterone (P = 0.003) and growth hormone (P < 0.001) and decreased serum cortisol (P = 0.01). Lower blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.005), creatinine (P = 0.02), aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.005) and higher serum glucose (P = 0.03) were observed in the 25(OH) VD3. Dietary 25(OH)VD3 increased serum glutathione (P = 0.001) and immunoglobulin M (P = 0.03) and decreased malondialdehyde (P = 0.04) compared to those fed vitamin D3. The total

To study the effects of replacing alfalfa hay with Moringa oleifera leaves and peduncles in diets on intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation in dairy cows, eight multiparous Holsteins cows with similar DIM (day in milk, 93 +/- 18 d) and body weights (624 +/- 38 kg) were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments. The treatment diets contained similar concentrate mixtures and corn silage but different proportions of M. oleifera leaves and peduncles. The treatments were a (1) control diet (0% M. oleifera feed) and (2) M. oleifera diet (10.85% M. oleifera feed). The M. oleifera feed used M. oleifera leaves and M. oleifera peduncles at a ratio of 3:2 and replaced portions of alfalfa hay. The experimental period was 18 d, with 15 d for treatment adaptation and 3 d for data collection. Compared with the control diet, the dry matter intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber in the M. oleifera diet were significantly increased. No difference was observed in ruminal pH; however, the ammonia-N concentrate was lower for the M. oleifera diet than the control diet. The concentrations of total ruminal volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and butyrate were higher in cows fed the M. oleifera diet than in those fed the control diet. The results of ruminal microbes showed that those consuming the M. oleifera diet had greater relative expression level of Fibrobacter succirtogenes, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacter amylophilus, Streptococcus bovis, Prevotella ruminicola which were observed for the control diet than the M. oleifera diet. These results show that the M. oleifera diet can improve intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, and rumen fermentation in dairy cows.

The effects of supplementing transition dairy cows with Acremonium terricola culture (ATC) in the transition period were investigated. Ten dairy cows received a dietary supplement of 30 g/cow/d ATC from 14 d prior to their estimated calving date to 21 d postpartum, and 10 did not. The cows that receiving ATC showed greater milk production, energy-corrected milk yield, and feed efficiency, and had a lower somatic milk cell count and body mass change than the non-supplemented cows (P < 0.05). Cows that consumed ATC also had significantly higher plasma concentrations of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity than the controls (P < 0.05). In addition, they had significantly higher blood glucose and lower plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acid, and cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with ATC improved production, antioxidant status, and energy balance in transition cows, with no obvious adverse effects.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Acrermonium terricola culture (ATC) on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters in dairy cows. Six non-lactating ruminally and duodenally fistulated cows were evaluated in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design, with each period lasting 27 d. The cows were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: (1) basal diet (no additive); (2) basal diet plus 15 g/cow per day ATC; and (3) basal diet plus 30 g/cow per day ATC. Cows supplemented with ATC had a higher total-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, production of ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids, and relative population size of proteolytic bacteria than did unsupplemented cows. ATC supplementation decreased ruminal pH, concentration of urea nitrogen, aspartate transaminase, non-esterified fatty acids, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in plasma and improved ruminal disappearance of roughage and blood glucose content. Overall, ATC is an effective feed additive and regulates apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolism for dairy cows.

由于抗生素对人类和动物可产生负面效应,欧盟已经完全禁止抗生素作为生长促进剂在动物生产中使用,而抗生素的禁用又导致在动物生产性能的提高上出现了问题,动物疾病的发生率也随之上升.耐药细菌的出现与抗生素停用带来的经济损失之间的矛盾愈发凸显,饲用抗生素替代物的发展迫在眉睫.许多以安全、有效和经济为基础,改善动物健康和提高生产性能的新策略和商品得到了发展.文章综述了当前对提高奶牛生产性能和改善奶牛健康有效或具有潜力的饲用添加剂,为实际生产与应用提供参考,为后续的科研工作提供指导.

Objective This trial was performed to examine the effects of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) levels in total mixed ration (TMR) with low corn-based starch on the milk production, whole-tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Methods Eight multiparous Holstein cows (body weight [BW]: 717±63 kg; days in milk [DIM]: 169±29) were assigned to a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 62.3% ruminally degradable starch (% of total starch, low RDS) or 72.1% ruminally degradable starch (% of total starch, high RDS). Changes to the ruminally degradable levels were conducted by using either finely ground corn or steam-flaked corn as the starch component. Results The results showed that dry matter intake, milk yield and composition in dairy cows were not affected by dietary treatments. The concentration of milk urea nitrogen was lower for cows fed high RDS TMR than low RDS TMR. The whole-tract apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude protein decreased, and that of starch increased for cows fed high RDS TMR over those fed low RDS TMR, with no dietary effect on the whole-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The proportion of urinary N excretion in N intake was lower and that of fecal N excretion in N intake was higher for cows fed high RDS TMR than those fed low RDS TMR. The N secretion in milk and the retention of N were not influenced by the dietary treatments. Total purine derivative was similar in cows fed high RDS TMR and low RDS TMR. Consequently, estimated microbial N flow to the duodenum was similar in cows fed high RDS TMR and low RDS TMR. Conclusion Results of this study show that ruminally degradable starch levels can influence whole-tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows fed low corn-based starch diets, with no influence on performance.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaves and peduncles replaced 50％ alfalfa in basal diet on production performance, plasma biochemical, antioxidant and immune indexes in lactating dairy cows.Eight healthy and multiparous Holstein cows (same or similar in body weight,parity and milk production, at 100 to 150 d after deliver) were allocated to two groups and make a crossover trail.Cows in experimental (A) group were fed diet which Moringa oleifera leaves and peduncles replaced50％ alfalfa in a basal diet, and those in control (B) group were fed the basal diet.There were two periods in this study, and each period had 15 days of pretrial period and 3 days of trail period.Blood and milk samples were collected, and dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production were recorded.The results showed as follows: 1) compared with B group, DMI in A group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and milk production had a tendency to rise (0.05 ≤ P<0.10), and A group significantly improved milk protein rate, milk protein yield and milk total solid content, while milk somatic cell count had a tendency to decrease (0.05 ≤ P<0.10);2) the contents of cholesterol (CHOL) and triglyceride (TG) in plasma of A group were significantly lower than those of B group (P<0.05), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA) content of A group had tendencies to decrease (0.05 ≤ P<0.10);3) compared with B group, A group not only significantly improved total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and inhibition of hydroxyl radical capacity in plasma (P< 0.05), significantly decreased the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) in plasma (P <0.05), and significantly increased plasma content of immunoglobulin G (IgG) (P<0.05).In conclusion,Moringa oleifera leaves and peduncles can promote the improvement of production performance of dairy cows to a certain extent, prevent the happening of mastitis, and improve plasma biochemical indexes, antioxidant function and immune function, and can be applied in production practice of dairy cows as a high quality roughage.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017, 29 (2) : 628-635]

本试验旨在研究辣木作为新型奶牛粗饲料与几种常用粗饲料常规营养成分的差异,并在瘤胃降解规律上进行比较,为辣木在奶牛生产上的应用提供理论依据.利用康奈尔净碳水化合物-净蛋白质体系(CNCPS)评价辣木叶、辣木梗、苜蓿、羊草和玉米青贮5种粗饲料的常规营养成分.选取3头体重600 kg左右,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管健康的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法研究5种粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(DNF)的瘤胃降解率和有效降解率.结果表明:辣木叶的营养水平相对较高,其中蛋白和脂肪含量均显著高于苜蓿、羊草、玉米青贮和辣木梗(P＜0.05);辣木叶和苜蓿的饲料相对价值显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P＜0.05),辣木梗饲料相对价值最低,与羊草相当.苜蓿的DM降解率在各个时间点均高于辣木叶和辣木梗,24 h之后与辣木叶的DM降解率差距变小;辣木梗的DM降解率在各个时间点显著低于其他4种饲料(P＜0.05);苜蓿、辣木叶和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率均大于60％,极显著高于辣木梗和羊草(P＜0.01).瘤胃降解12h后,辣木叶的CP降解率快速升高,且显著高于苜蓿及辣木梗(P＜0.05).辣木叶、苜蓿、玉米青贮的CP有效降解率较高,羊草和辣木梗的CP有效降解率无显著差异.辣木叶和苜蓿的NDF有效降解率显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P＜0.05),辣木梗的NDF含量较高但较难被瘤胃微生物利用.综上所述,基于较高的蛋白含量和良好的瘤胃降解特性,辣木叶在奶牛粗饲料应用方面具有巨大的潜力;辣木梗的饲料相对价值与羊草相当,可在奶牛生产中作为粗饲料进行应用.

The objective of this experiment was to inhibit the growth of dominant moulds in corn stalk using chitinase producing strain,and provide a reference for improving the utilization efficiency of corn stalk.Chitinase producing strain of BS-1 was screened from corn stalk using colloidal chitin medium.At the same time,the dominant moulds were isolated and purified.Identification of strain BS-1 and dominant moulds were carried out through morphological observation and 16S rDNA or 18S rDNA sequence analysis.In addition,the chitinase activity of strain BS-1 was assayed using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method after 24,48,72,96,120,144 and 168 h of fermentation and the inhibition action of fermentation liquid of strain BS-1 to dominant moulds was detected by oxford cup method.The results showed as follows:strain BS-1 isolated from corn stalk was Bacillus subtilis and four dominant moulds were Mucor circinelloides,Fusarium oxysporum,Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger,respectively.After 120 h of fermentation at 37 ℃,the highest chitinase activity of strain BS-1 was obtained to be 3.23 U/mL.The fermentation liquid of strain BS-1 showed obvious inhibition to four dominant moulds from corn stalk,the diameter of inhibition zone was 18.13,18.48,17.55 and 15.68 mm,respectively.In conclusion,the screened chitinase producing Bacillus subtilis BS-1 can effectively inhibit the growth of dominant moulds of Mucor circinelloides,Fusarium oxysporum,Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger from corn straw.

Soybean meal (SBM) was used as a reference feed,and rumen fermentation and degradation difference of Canadian canola meal (Ca-RSM) and Chinese double-low rapeseed meal (Ch-RSM) were compared using an in vitro gas production method.The three feed meals were incubated for 2,6,12,16,24,30,36,48 h with rumen fluid collected from dairy cows after morning feeding,and cumulative gas production,rumen fermentation and degradation kinetics of three meals were measured.The results showed that similar gas production trend against incubation time occurred for these three meals.The cumulative gas production and potential gas production (a+b) were all lower in Ch-RSM than both SBM and Ca-RSM (P＜0.05).The rapid fraction of gas production differed among three meals (P＜0.05).Final pH and NH3-N concentration in culture fluids were affected by feed type and fermentation time and presented interaction responses (P＜0.01).Volatile fatty acid concentration against the incubation time differed among three meals (P＜0.01).Effective degradable NDF and effective degradable DM ranked SBM ＞ Ca-RSM ＞ Ch-RSM (P＜0.05).

为了研究地顶孢霉培养物对奶牛乳中氨基酸和后肠道菌群的影响,试验选择30头荷斯坦奶牛,根据产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次随机分为3纽,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+15 g/d地顶孢霉培养物、基础日粮+ 30 g/d地顶孢霉培养物,预试期7d,正试期56 d,在正试期的第28,56天收集奶样,测定乳中的氨基酸含量;在正试期的第54,55,56天收集粪样,测定后肠道中大肠杆菌、乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的数量.结果表明:地顶孢霉培养物显著提高了乳中总氨基酸(P＜0.05)、必需氨基酸(P=0.02)和风味氨基酸(P＜0.05)的含量.与对照组相比,添加地顶孢霉培养物组奶牛后肠道乳酸菌的数量显著提高(P＜0.05).说明地顶孢霉培养物对提高乳质量和改善乳风味有积极影响,并且能够提高奶牛后肠道益生菌数量,且30g/d的添加量效果最好.

选择四头体重600 kg装有永久性瘤胃瘘管荷斯坦奶牛,试验分为4组,分别为基础日粮组及基础日粮+10、20和30 g地顶孢霉培养物组(干物质基础).采用4x4拉丁方试验设计,共4期,每期15d.日粮中添加地顶孢霉培养物可降低瘤胃液pH,提高瘤胃中NH3-N、TVFA、乙酸和丙酸浓度并调节瘤胃部分微生物相对菌群数量,同时增加血液中血糖和球蛋白浓度,降低β-羟丁酸、非酯化脂肪酸和谷丙转氨酶浓度.地顶孢霉培养物可改善瘤胃发酵环境,维持瘤胃代谢稳定,对奶牛机体无不良影响.结果表明,30g·头-1·d-1为最适添加量.

探究辣木叶粉对SD大鼠生长性能、血液生化指标、血液与肝脏抗氧化及免疫指标的影响.选取体重相近的雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为灌胃等容积生理盐水的对照组,以及灌胃剂量分别为0.45、0.9、1.8和3.6g/kg/体重(BW)的辣木叶粉悬浊液的实验组,预饲3d,连续灌胃21 d后,摘眼球取血,处死,摘取脏器称重,所有样品用于抗氧化和免疫指标的检测.结果显示辣木叶粉能够有效降低血液中的胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(CREA)的含量(P＜0.05),提高大鼠血液及肝脏的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力,降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,实验组血液中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的含量显著升高(P＜0.05),另外,血液及肝组织中的抗炎因子白介素-10(IL-10)的含量均显著升高,血液中促炎因子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)以及肝组织中的白介素-17(IL-17)的含量显著降低(P＜0.05).实验结果表明辣木叶粉对大鼠生长性能无明显促进作用,但可有效降低血液中血脂、尿素氮和肌酐的含量,提高肾小球的滤过率,改善大鼠血液生化指标,提高SD大鼠血液及肝脏的抗氧化活性及免疫能力,且剂量在0.9～1.8 g/kg(BW)范围内效果表现较好.

试验旨在应用粗饲料分级指数(GI)和饲料相对价值(RFV)评定8种反刍动物非常规粗饲料(湖北花生藤、山东花生秧、河南花生秧、东陵区玉米叶、甘肃豌豆秧、重庆皇竹草、四川谷草和内蒙麦秸)营养价值,并就非常规粗饲料的GI和RFV进行比较研究.结果表明,①分别按粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维等含量对非常规粗饲料的品质排序,结果均不一致;②按GI2001、GI2008和RFV评价非常规粗饲料品质依次是湖北花生藤＞山东花生秧＞河南花生秧＞东陵区玉米叶＞甘肃豌豆秧＞重庆皇竹草＞四川谷草＞内蒙麦秸.结果表明,单一指标不能准确评价粗饲料营养品质,GI2001、GI2008和RFV评定粗饲料品质结果一致,8种粗饲料中营养价值最高是湖北花生藤,其次是山东花生秧,内蒙麦秸最低,GI2008可更科学合理评定非常规粗饲料营养价值.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding steam-flaked corn in varying proportions on ruminal acidity. This experiment was designed as a 4*4 Latin square using four Holstein cows in dry period with rumen-cannulated. Diets were chemically similar but varied in steam-flaked corn added(0%, 30%, 60%, 100%). They were divided into 4 groups (4 trial time) and first 14 d to adjust the diet and last 12 d for experiments. The results showed that reducing steam-flaked corn ritio of diets, declined ruminal pH significantly(P<0.01); As increasing steam-flaked corn ritio of diets, the propionate acid content and TVFA (total volatile fatty acids) content is significantly higher than three other groups(P<0.01), and acetate/propionate ratio of high steam-flaked corn added significantly lower than three other groups(P<0.01),it had changed the ruminal fermentation type. Therefore, the effects of feeding steam-flaked corn in varying proportions on ruminal pH in varying time had difference significantly, and so were the propionate acid, it had changed the ruminal fermenta?tion type. This study indicates that adding steam-flaked corn in dairy diets play an active role.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Acremonium terricola culture (CAT) on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune responses of weaned calves. Twenty-four weaned female Holstein calves of the same age and with a similar genetic background were randomly assigned to one of two treatments for a 40 day feeding period. Treatments consisted of feed supplemented with (1) nothing (i.e., the control group) or (2) 50mg CAT/kg of body weight (BW). Feed, fecal and blood samples were collected on days 0, 20 and 40. The seventh day after weaning was defined as Day 0. The results demonstrated that CAT supplementation increased body weight, feed efficiency and average daily weight gain compared to the control group. Supplementation with 50mg of CAT/kg of BW significantly increased concentrations of immunoglobulins A, M, and G, interleukin-4, as well as the ratio of soluble CD4/soluble CD8, activities of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase in plasma. In contrast, CAT supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in the concentrations of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor – alpha, cortisol and malondialdehyde in plasma. These results suggested that supplementation with 50mg of CAT/kg of BW may enhance growth performance and antioxidant and immune functions in weaned calves.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Acremonium terricola culture ( ATC) on ru-minal degradation parameters of roughages and microflora of dairy cows. Three ruminally cannulated multipa-rous Holstein cows averaging 650 kg of body weight were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Dairy cows in different groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0 ( control group ) , 15 ( low-dose group ) and 30 g/( d·cow) ATC ( high-dose group) , respectively; The experiment consisted of 3 periods with 27 days per period, and each period consisted of a 15-day pre-test period and 12-day test period. The changes of rumi-nal degradation parameters of Chinese wildrye, corn silage and alfalfa hay, and ruminal microflora were deter-mined. The results showed as follows:1) compared with control group, effective degradability and degradation rate of fraction of slowly degraded of dry matter of corn silage in high-dose group were significantly increased ( P<0.05);effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber of three kinds of roughages in high-dose group was significantly higher than that of the other groups ( P<0.05) , and degradation rate of fraction of slowly degrad-ed of neutral detergent fiber of Chinese wildrye and degradable fraction content of neutral detergent fiber of al-falfa hay in high-dose group were significantly higher than those of the other groups ( P<0.05);compared with control group, effective degradability and the content of fraction of immediately degraded of crude protein of corn silage in high-dose group were significantly increased ( P<0.05) , effective degradability of crude protein of alfalfa hay in test groups was significantly increased ( P<0.05); the contents of fraction of immediately de-graded and degradable fraction of Chinese wildrye in high-dose group were significantly increased ( P<0.05) , but effective degradability was not affected (P>0.05). 2) Compared with control group, ruminal protozoal population and the relative contents of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus and Prevotella in high-dose group were significantly increased ( P<0.05) , and the relative content of Selenomonas ruminantium in test groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), however, the relative content of Fibrobacter succinogenes in high-dose group was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Therefore, under the conditions in the present study, ATC may adjust contents of certain rumen microbes and improve degradability of roughages of dairy cows, and the suitable recruitment is 30 g/(d·cow).

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition values of 4 kinds of by-products of food process-ing using Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system ( CNCPS) and national research council ( NRC) models. Dry corn gluten feed ( DCGF) , soybean hulls ( SH) , sugar beet pulp ( SBP) and bear residue ( BR) from four different pastures in northeast China were collected to determine nutrient compositions, and partition of the protein and carbohydrate subfractions using CNCPS system. The predicted nutrient supply of by-products of food processing was estimated based on CNCPS system. Finally, the digestible nutrient contents and energy values were predicted using NRC models. The results showed as follows:1) the contents of neutral detergent fi-ber ( NDF) from high to low in turn were SH, SBP, DCGF and BR; the contents of non-protein nitrogen ( NPN) from high to low in turn were DCGF, BR, SBP and SH;the content of acid detergent insoluble crude protein ( ADICP) was the highest in SBP, the contents of others from high to low in turn were SH, DCGF and BR, the contents of ADICP in DCGF and BR had no significant difference ( P>0.05) . 2) The contents of non protein nitrogen ( PA) from high to low in turn were DCGF, BR, SBP, SBP and SH;the contents of true pro-tein ( PB) from high to low in turn were SH, SBP, BR and DCGF; the contents of undegradable nitrogen (PC) from high to low in turn were BR, SBP, SH and DCGF. 3) The contents of microbial protein (MP) from high to low in turn were BR, SH, SBP and DCGF. 4) The contents of total digestible nutrients at mainte-nance (TDNm) were higher in DCGF and BR, and there was no significant difference between them (P>0.05); the values of net energy for lactation at production level (NELP) from high to low in turn were BR, DCGF, SH and SBP, and the NELP in DCGF had no significant difference from BR and SH ( P>0.05); the values of the metabolizable energy at production level (MEP) from high to low in turn were BR, DCGF, SBP and SH. The results indicate that DCGF and SH can be used as a fiber source in dairy cattle feed;the contents of rumen bypass protein and MP are highest in BR, which can be used as a protein source in dairy cattle feed. The energy values from high to low in turn are BR, DCGF, SH and SBP.

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Acremonium terricola culture on growth perform?ance, antioxidant and immune indexes of serum and liver in Sprague Dawley rats. Fourty Sprague Dawley rats with near weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 8 replicates per group and 1 rat per replicate. One was control group and others were experimental groups with different doses of Acremonium terricola culture (10, 50, 250 and 1 250 mg/kg BW, respectively). Acremonium terricola culture was given corresponding medicines for 21 days via gavage. The results showed as follows: Acremonium terricola culture significantly improved average daily gain of rats ( P<0.01);improved liver and thymus indexes;improved serum total pro?tein ( TP) , albumin ( ALB) , globulin ( GLB) and glucose ( GLU) contents, decreased serum activities of al?anine transaminase (ALT) and aspertate transaminase (AST), and serum content of low?density lipoprotein (LDL); improved glutathione peroxidase (GSH?Px) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T?AOC), de?creased malondialdehyde ( MDA) content of serum and liver, and improved superoxide dismutase ( T?SOD) activity of liver; increased serum contents of immunoglobulins A, M and G, increased interleukin?4 ( IL?4) content of serum and liver, and decreased contents of interleukin?1β ( IL?1β) and interleukin?17 ( IL?17 ) of serum and liver. In conclusion, Acremonium terricola culture can improve average daily gain, biochemical in?dexes, antioxidant and immunity of serum and liver in Sprague Dawley rats, and the optimal supplemental lev?el is 250 mg/kg body weight.