Digital transformation has been changing and will continue to change nearly every aspect of business. As a result, the foundations of entire fields are now being revisited and updated to align with new developments. Corporate responsibility (CR) is one such field, and this article examines how important digital economy developments affect CR. The article uses three core questions—responsible for what? responsible toward whom? who is responsible?—to assess the impacts of digitalization on CR. Then, the article describes the implications of these impacts for managers, CR advocates, management scholars, and policymakers.

Objective: While several studies have examined the effectiveness of librarian interactions with clinicians and impact of librarians on patient care, no studies have explored a library’s effects on population care. The goal of this study was to investigate the library’s impact on both patient and population care. Methods: Using a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design, we first interviewed a small set of clinicians and researchers active in patient and population care. Based on the themes that we discovered through coding the interviews, we created a survey that was sent to faculty in the health sciences and the health system. Results: We collected data from a representative sample of our population. We discovered that all respondents value the library and informationists, using our services most for teaching, publishing, presenting, and professional development. Conclusion: We now have data to support our value to our population and to show where we can do more work to improve the use of our services. Our study shows the value of doing a mixed-methods sequential exploration in which themes that are important to our user community were identified prior to launching a large-scale survey.

This paper discusses perceptions regarding the roles of PhD- and MLS (or MLIS)-holding librarians within academic libraries in the United States gathered via a survey conducted in 2019. Based on a review of previous literature and the results of the survey—which present mixed opinions about PhD holders as librarians—the authors provide recommendations for ways libraries can effectively address some of the tensions regarding the role of PhD holders within academic librarianship. This article is useful for librarians of all educational backgrounds, PhD holders who are considering the transition to a library career, and library administrators involved in the hiring process.

Pharmaceutical companies developed Covid-19 vaccines in record time. However, it soon became apparent that global access to the vaccines was inequitable. Through a qualitative inquiry as the pandemic unfolded (to mid-2021), we provide an in-depth analysis of why companies engaged with the Covid-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility (COVAX), identifying the internal (to the company) and external factors that facilitated or impeded engagement. While all producers of the World Health Organization (WHO)-approved vaccines engaged with COVAX, our analysis highlights the differential levels of COVAX engagement and identifies contractual obligations, opportunities and company strategy, and reputational pressures as key explanatory factors. We discuss our empirical findings relative to the literature on political corporate social responsibility (PCSR). Accordingly, we question whether pharmaceutical companies lived up to their responsibilities as corporate citizens and conclude that they failed to fulfill the implied responsibility of combating inequitable vaccine distribution. We conclude with implications of our research for practice, in relation to the challenges of global access to Covid-19 vaccines and for access to medicines more generally.

Introduction: Widespread transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype four (GIV) occurred across mainland Australia in 2022. This resulted in forty-five human cases, including seven deaths, and the identification of JEV infection in over 80 commercial piggeries.Materials and Methods: We collected mosquitoes which were trapped using CO2-baited light traps deployed near piggeries reporting disease or in regions linked to human cases in the Wide Bay region in the state of Queensland. Mosquitoes from four traps yielded JEV RNA by real-time RT-PCR. Pools containing RNA positive mosquitoes were inoculated onto mosquito cell monolayers.Discussion: A single isolate of JEV was obtained from a pool of mixed mosquito species. Near whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the JEV isolate demonstrated its high genomic relatedness with JEV GIV pig sequences sampled from Queensland and the state of New South Wales in 2022.Conclusion: We report the first isolation of JEV GIV from mosquitoes collected in Australia. With only a few JEV GIV isolates available globally, the isolate we report will be essential for future research of JEV host interactions, evolution and disease markers, and development of effective therapies, vaccines, diagnostic assays, and mosquito control strategies.

Business ethics can be regarded as a field dealing with corporate self-regulation as it relates to the treatment of stakeholders. However, a concern for corporate stakeholders need not take a corporate-centric perspective, as shown by recent efforts (especially Singer in Bus Ethics Q 25(1):65–92, 2015) to situate corporate conduct within Rawls’ political theory. Although Rawls was largely mute on the subject himself, his theory has implications for business ethics and corporate governance more specifically. Given an understanding of a “Rawlsian society” as a whole—where corporations as associations are a part—this paper addresses how a Rawlsian perspective would safeguard against corporate harms in society. We argue that a Rawlsian society would primarily regulate corporate conduct through exogenous constraints in the form of legislation. To the extent that business ethics is concerned with endogenous constraints in the form of corporate-centric self-regulation regarding stakeholders , to adopt a Rawlsian perspective is to assume instead a society-centric perspective and to impose exogenous constraints on corporate conduct in the form of legislation for the benefit of citizens . In the context of Rawls’ political liberalism, normative concerns in business are accounted for through legislation and the system of background justice. In a clear departure from Singer (Bus Ethics Q 25(1):65–92, 2015, Bus Ethics J Rev 6(3):11–17, 2018a), we further develop our argument to propose that Rawls' theory can be interpreted as providing a rule for corporate governance. The rule—which is imposed exogenously for the good of society—states: After choosing the corporate constraint mechanism (exogenous vs. endogenous) that best promotes the Liberty Principle, choose the corporate control regime (shareholder vs. stakeholder) that maximizes economic efficiency.

Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Share: Permalink Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely Copy URL Public Health and Political Corporate Social Responsibility: Pharmaceutical Company Engagement in COVAX INSEAD Working Paper No. 2022/42/ATL 69 Pages Posted: 13 Sep 2022 See all articles by Markus ScholzMarkus ScholzFHWien University of Applied SciencesN. Craig SmithINSEADMaria Riegleraffiliation not provided to SSRNAnna Burtonaffiliation not provided to SSRN Date Written: September 13, 2022 Abstract Pharmaceutical companies developed Covid-19 vaccines in record time. However, it soon became apparent that global access to the vaccines was inequitable. Through a media analysis and interviews as the pandemic unfolded (up to mid-2021), we provide an in-depth analysis of why companies engaged with the Covid-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility (COVAX). We discuss our empirical findings relative to the literature on Political Corporate Social Responsibility (PCSR). We provide an answer to the question of whether pharmaceutical companies have lived up to their responsibilities as corporate citizens and political actors and fulfilled the implied responsibility of fighting inequitable vaccine distribution. While all producers of WHO-approved vaccines engaged with COVAX, our analysis highlights the differential levels of COVAX engagement and identifies explanatory factors. We also explore the implications of our research for practice, in relation to the challenges of global access to Covid-19 vaccines and for access to medicines more generally. Keywords: Political Corporate Social Responsibility, Access to Medicine, Multi-stakeholder Partnerships, Covid-19, COVAX Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation Scholz, Markus and Smith, N. Craig and Riegler, Maria and Burton, Anna, Public Health and Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships: Pharmaceutical Company Engagement in COVAX (September 13, 2022). INSEAD Working Paper No. 2022/42/ATL, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4217684 Markus Scholz (Contact Author) FHWien University of Applied Sciences ( email ) Währinger Gürtel 97Vienna, 1180Austria N. Craig Smith INSEAD ( email ) Boulevard de Constance77305 Fontainebleau CedexFrance Maria Riegler affiliation not provided to SSRN Anna Burton affiliation not provided to SSRN Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Do you have a job opening that you would like to promote on SSRN? Place Job Opening Paper statistics Downloads 0 Abstract Views 2 PlumX Metrics Related eJournals INSEAD Working Paper Series Follow INSEAD Working Paper Series Subscribe to this free journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 5,612 PAPERS 801 This Journal is curated by: Lily H. Fang at INSEAD - Finance Feedback Feedback to SSRN Feedback (required) Email (required) Submit If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. Submit a Paper Section 508 Text Only Pages SSRN Quick Links SSRN Solutions Research Paper Series Conference Papers Partners in Publishing Jobs & Announcements Newsletter Sign Up SSRN Rankings Top Papers Top Authors Top Organizations About SSRN SSRN Objectives Network Directors Presidential Letter Announcements Contact us FAQs Copyright Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To learn more, visit Cookie Settings. This page was processed by aws-apollo-4dc in 0.202 seconds

simulation (ISS) is an effective educational tool that improves patient safety outcomes The aim of the study was to establish a regular programme of inter-professional ISS delivered by a dedicated team in the emergency department (ED).An ED simulation team was created, including consultants, a senior registrar and two newly appointed simulation junior clinical fellows. Sessions run monthly in both EDs in the trust, taking place in the ‘green’ resus area, in the morning when clinical demand is usually lowest. Participants include doctors and nursing staff of all grades, with cross-speciality involvement. Increasing participation required was influenced by senior management and clinical staff agreeing this was a necessary and valuable tool. Faculty include the ED simulation team and a simulation technician. Scenarios are developed by the team with specific intended learning outcomes, e.g. ALS in COVID-19, assessment of the acutely unwell pregnant patient. Intended learning outcomes are influenced by new guidelines, specific emergency cases or skills and suggestions by staff. The patient has been trialled as an actor and/or SimMan3G, depending on the scenario. Clinical equipment is mostly donated and expired. A structured debrief is led by a senior simulation team member. Key learning from each session is summarized in a ‘Sim News’ poster which is tweeted, disseminated via email to all staff and published on the departmental ‘EMBeds’ website. Participants fill in an anonymous feedback form online and receive a certificate of participation.Fifty-nine participants from December 2020 to April 2021 gave feedback (see Feedback form resultsThe

Boards of directors can play a critical role in determining how much attention their firms pay to sustainability. Craig Smith and Ron Soonieus explain how boards can turn their aspirations for sustainability into meaningful action, particularly in light of the fundamental questions boards should be asking in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2018, an outbreak resulting in deaths of 28 breeding pigeons was reported north of Brisbane, Australia. The affected birds had runny nasal discharge and poor body condition. Two birds were submitted to Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Brisbane, for investigation. A range of diagnostic tests excluded a number of known pathogens, and no virus was isolated in cell culture. Histopathological examination revealed severe acute multifocal necrosis in the liver with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) revealed full-length sequences for pigeon adenovirus 1 (PiAd-A) and pigeon torque teno virus (PTTV). This report indicates concomitant PiAd-1and PTTV infections in Australian pigeons.

Middle Point orbivirus (MPOV) is an Australian arbovirus, belongs to the Yunnan orbivirus species found in China. First detected and reported from Beatrice Hill, Northern Territory (NT), MPOV has to date, only been exclusively reported from the NT, Australia. Whilst genetic characterization of MPOV has been previously described, only restricted to sequence information for segments 2 and 3 coding core protein VP2 and outer capsid protein VP3, respectively. This study presents for the first time nearly full-length genome sequences of MPOV, which represent 24 isolates collected over a span of more than 20 years from 1997 to 2018. Whilst the majority of isolates were sampled at Beatrice Hill, NT where MPOV is most frequently isolated, this report also describes the first two isolations of MPOV from Queensland (QLD), Australia. One of which is the first non-bovine isolate obtained from the mosquito vector Aedes vittiger. We further compared these MPOV sequences with known sequences of the Yunnan orbivirus and other known orbivirus sequences of mosquito origin found in Australia. The phylogenetic analyses indicate the Australian MPOV sequences are more closely related to each other than other known sequences of Yunnan orbivirus. Furthermore, MPOV sequences are closely related to sequences from the Indonesian isolate JKT-8650. The clustering of Australian sequences in the phylogenetic tree suggests the monophyletic lineage of MPOV circulating in Australia. Further, ongoing surveillance is required to assess the existence and prevalence of this or other yet undetected lineages of MPOV and other orbiviruses in Australia.

Boards are key to unlocking substantive action by firms on sustainability. We clarify their potential role and show how and why they are failing to deliver on that role and what can be done about it. We start by highlighting the importance of board engagement as a driver of sustainability and then report research evidence of limited board attention to the topic. This is short-sighted given the significance of sustainability but also as a matter of good corporate governance. Nonetheless, recent survey research provides encouraging evidence to suggest that many boards have the right aspirations when it comes to sustainability—they are convinced it is a strategic necessity. Often, however, they do not have what is required in terms of the people, knowledge and tools to turn those aspirations into meaningful action. Our in-depth interviews with board directors examined the obstacles to board attention to sustainability from inside the boardroom, including the characteristics of board members themselves. We identified five board sustainability archetypes: The Deniers, The Hard-headed, The Well-Meaning, The Complacent, and The True Believers. We characterize each archetype and explain how they can be identified by executives or consultants working with the board or by board members themselves. We offer recommendations for how to respond to the different archetypes and how more generally boards can advance the sustainability agenda.

This chapter examines the multi-faceted and reciprocal influence of marketing on corporate social responsibility strategy and practice, especially in light of consumer concern about company social and environmental impacts. As well as potential harmful consequences of marketing to consumers, we highlight that society and the natural environment can also be significantly impacted negatively by consumers and their consumption practices. More positively, we illustrate how marketing, through consumer demand for responsible products and services, can also be a key driver for companies to create beneficial social and environmental impacts. We propose that the marketing function should avoid marketing myopia by adopting a broad stakeholder orientation that acknowledges its role in engaging with multiple company stakeholders as well as customers. We suggest that by using marketing methodologies and expertise (e.g., market research, market segmentation), it occupies a privileged organizational position in helping companies respond to the diverse social and environmental challenges they face.

When 10 million Polish workers united to form the Solidarity movement in 1980, it became the first domino to fall in a chain of events that led to the collapse of the Soviet Empire. Within Poland, Solidarity created a social contract for rebuilding Polish society with the values of justice, dignity and freedom. Yet the actual transformation that Poland underwent emphasized mainly freedom, of those three values. Leaders implemented “shock therapy” to transform the economic system into a free market economy—with scant regard to the effects on human welfare. Today, Poland is regarded as one of the success stories of the post-Soviet transformation. But many Polish workers and consumers have felt excluded from the gains in living standards. Critics complain that the values of dignity and justice were ignored in the process of bolstering Poland’s economic freedom. Illustrating this at the level of the firm are cases on a labor strike and a consumer protest that also show Polish citizens challenging the terms of the social contract under which businesses operate in Poland. The discussion concludes that, in newly established democracies, social contracts must continually evolve as the population awakens to the challenges of creating a free and inclusive society.

COVID-19 has required major changes in behavior and created significant health and economic concerns for many individuals. In this context, we have explored ethical judgments as part of a larger project on market ethics. We found that marketing practices judged as highly unethical before the pandemic, were judged to be much less unethical one year later. Of the questionable practices examined during the lockdown, those related to the pandemic (e.g., price gouging on hand sanitizer) were generally evaluated the most unethical, equal to or more unethical than the most egregious practices previously tested. Experience of lockdown affected ethical judgments, with number of people in the household, lockdown duration, and time spent on social media associated with less unethical judgments. Broader effects of the pandemic, including negative affect, diminished well-being, and financial difficulties, were also associated with less ethical concern. Implications for policymakers and marketing practitioners are discussed.

This chapter examines the Shareholder Primacy Norm (SPN) as a widely acknowledged impediment to corporate social responsibility (CSR), including how this relates to Stakeholder Theory. We start by explaining the SPN and then review its status under US and UK law and show that it is not a legal requirement, at least under the guise of shareholder value maximization. This is in contrast to the common assertion that managers are legally constrained from addressing CSR issues if doing so would be inconsistent with the economic interests of shareholders. Nonetheless, while the SPN might be muted as a legal norm, we show that it is certainly evident as a powerful social norm among managers and in business schools— reflective, in part, of the sole voting rights of shareholders on corporate boards and of the dominance of Shareholder Theory. We argue that this view of CSR is misguided, not least when associated with claims of a purported legally enforceable requirement to maximize shareholder value. We propose two ways by which the influence of the SPN among managers might be attenuated: extending voting rights to non-shareholder stakeholders or extending fiduciary duties of executives to non-shareholder stakeholders.

We examine how digital transformation of the economy may affect the field of corporate responsibility (CR) and whether some of its foundational assumptions need to be re-examined. Grounding our analysis in the relevant theory, we identify five key digital economic phenomena from a CR-relevant perspective, outline their associated ethical opportunities and threats, and map those opportunities and threats against three core questions that define the domain of the CR field: responsible for what, responsible towards whom, and who is responsible? We find that while there are foreseeable changes required of the field in relation to all three questions, it is the third one that poses the biggest challenges, questioning foundational assumptions on the allocation of responsibility (notably, that responsible entities are clearly identifiable and are human agents only). We develop a research agenda to address the concerns raised and conclude with a discussion of our contribution and its implications.

The profound influence of Thomas Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee's integrative social contracts theory (ISCT) on the field of business ethics has been challenged by Andreas Scherer and Guido Palazzo's Habermasian approach, which has achieved prominence of late with articles that expressly question the defensibility of ISCT's hypernorms. This article builds on recent efforts by Donaldson and Scherer to bridge their accounts by providing discursive foundations to the hypernorms at the heart of the ISCT framework. Extending prior literature, we propose an ISCT* framework designed to retain ISCT's practical virtue of managerial guidance while answering the demands of Scherer and Palazzo's discursive account. By subscribing to a suitable portfolio of discursively justified hypernorms, we argue, companies unlock the valuable moral guidance of ISCT*, which says to treat these hypernorms as unequivocal outer bounds to the pursuit of business and as a starting point to tailor local norms through discursive stakeholder engagement.