Combination vaccines have been used for many years in the USA as part of the primary infant immunization series. However, the current program still requires up to 24 injections by 18 months of age. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in the USA recommends the use of combination vaccines whenever possible. A combination vaccine was recently licensed in the USA for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV/Hib). This product has been used exclusively for childhood immunizations in Canada for the last decade and shown to be safe and effective as part of a primary infant series and toddler booster immunization program. This article summarizes the available safety, immunogenicity and effectiveness data of this combination vaccine and provides a brief review of future trends in combination vaccine use.

The Highway 407 ETR concession in Ontario, Canada, is responsible for the management of a large highway network for a period of 99 years. As a part of that concession, 407 ETR manages over 600 lane-km (373 lane-mi) of exposed concrete highway. 407 ETR has a very active pavement maintenance and preservation program to maximize the life of the pavement. Also, as a private-sector concession, 407 ETR has the ability to act very quickly and actively partner with industry to promote innovation and to avoid the pitfalls of low-bid procurement. 407 ETR has an active pavement management and maintenance management system that is used for future needs planning but, more importantly, is also used to identify maintenance and rehabilitation needs early in their development so that they can be addressed using a less expensive preventive maintenance program. It is in the best interest of the concession to maximize the life of the pavement, to provide a high-quality riding surface for the paying public, and to avoid disruptions to traffic flow and revenue. To accomplish this, 407 ETR has employed many maintenance techniques including slab stitching, dowel bar retrofit, joint retrofit, diamond grinding, shot blasting, longitudinal grooving, underslab sealing and lifting, targeted slab replacement, microsurfacing, and other proprietary thin asphalt surfacings. This paper reviews each of the concrete pavement maintenance and repair techniques used by 407 ETR over the past 10 years, discusses their performance, provides guidance on “what to do and what not to do” aspects of their use, and compares their life-cycle benefits.

A novel series of tertiary alcohol containing 2-substituted benzyl morpholines have been discovered as potent and selective inhibitors of the norepinephrine transporter. Efficient synthetic routes were developed featuring a highly diastereoselective nucleophilic addition of benzyl Grignard reagents to enantiopure (4-benzylmorpholin-2-yl)phenylmethanone (11) as the key synthetic step. In vitro binding affinity for the norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin transporters and in vivo examination of a select compound (16) in a pharmacodynamic animal model for norepinephrine reuptake inhibition are presented.

For countless generations the Massachusett people of the Eastern Algonquian language group used speech customs to adapt to social and natural change. They dominated the seaboard around Massachusetts Bay until ‘‘virgin soil epidemics’’ contracted fromEuropean traders in the s killed up to  percent of their population and disrupted the continuity between generations essential to a society without written records.When, in thewake of this holocaust, English settlers began building onMassachusett land a new culture founded on the written word, the indigenous culture appeared doomed to fulfill American Indian author N. Scott Momaday’s warning that the ‘‘ancient chain of language we call the oral tradition’’ is ‘‘always but one generation removed from extinction’’ (). Yet the apparent frailty of oral traditions may mask a resourcefulness that, under special conditions, enables them to survive. Momaday’s generational lease for oral traditions emerges from a story told by his father. A Kiowa sitting with his wife making an arrow sees, through a tear in their teepee’s fabric, a stranger outside. Tribesman or enemy? The Kiowa stretches the arrow on a bow and speaks as though addressing his wife but loudly enough for the stranger to hear, ‘‘I know you are there. . . . If you are a Kiowa, you will understand what I am saying and will speak your name.’’ The silence outside is telling: onewithout the language cannot be one of the people. The Kiowa releases the shaft ‘‘straight to the enemy’s heart.’’ For the arrowmaker and his story, Momaday writes, ‘‘language represent[ed] the only chance for survival’’ (). The same might be said for the stranger and any story hemight have told. Spoken texts or, by extension, entire oral cultures may perish when their last speakers die. Yet they also may adapt to new conditions: Momaday knowingly extends the oral tradition beyond ‘‘the private possession of a few’’ by rendering it in a language other than Kiowa and a medium other than speech ().

ABSTRACT This article outlines a community practice methodology developed at the Center for Participatory Change, a nonprofit organization in the Appalachian mountains of Western North Carolina. This methodology, which we call participatory change, signals confluence of three practice approaches that have rarely been integrated: community organizing, popular education, and international participatory development or Participatory Rural Appraisal. The article provides an overview of these three practice approaches and discusses their strengths and limitations. Participatory change as a community practice approach is presented along with an introduction to the core values, attitudes, and behaviors that guide the use of the methodology.

The Vandfaldsdalen macrodike, which lies in the Skaergaard region of East Greenland, is a remark- ably zoned fossil magma chamber, with a granophyric cap overlying cumulate gabbros. The intrusion is dis- tinctly bimodal, with a large compositional discontinuity at the contact between the gabbro and granophyre. Al- though the exposed part of the macrodike is in contact with Tertiary basalts and sediments, the granophyre originated by assimilation of xenoliths derived from the underlying Archean basement. Sr and Nd isotopic ratios throughout the cumulate sequence are remarkably simi- lar, indicating insignificant contamination of the gabbro by the granophyre. Modelling of the compositional ef- fects of cooling and crystallization indicate that the cu- mulate pile resulted from fractional crystallization, with the complicating effects of trapped liquid and post-cu- mulus fractionation. The uppermost rocks in the marie part, of the chamber (SiO2 =62%; FeO*= 12.4%) re- sulted from about 85% fractional crystallization. A transgressive sill of strongly fractionated magma (SiOz = 67% ; FeO* = 8.8%) formed from extracted in- tercumulus liquid that was the result of 90% fractional crystallization of the original magma. Mass-balance in- dicates that typical granophyre is made up of about 75% dissolved xenoliths, by weight, and 25% mantle-derived basaltic magma. The magmas were not measurably af- fected by material exchange across the interface between the gabbro and granophyre. This magma chamber evolved by both assimilation and fi'actional crystalliza- tion, but the residual liquids formed by fractional crys- tallization were unaffected by assimilation. Heat ex- change between the two parts of the chamber was ob- viously important, but there was insignificant material exchange. The inability of fractional crystallization and assimilation to affect the same liquid is related to the dynamic behavior of this particular magma chamber, particularly the buoyancy of granophyre relative to evolving tholeiitic magma.