Our work demonstrates the practical usage of a highly-compatible testing setup in the estimation of the effect that a given dipole electromagnet model has on the properties of an electron beam that is passed through the device's active length. Considering the direction control application of dipole electromagnets within particle accelerators, we will primarily be concerned with determining the rotation transformation that is applied by the dipole's field onto the electron beam's direction vector. In order to achieve this, our work involves fundamental concepts of particle physics and electromagnetism, together with a set of magnetic field measurements performed on the device under test. Our beam deflection computations will involve the assumption that the magnetic field generated by the device is directed along a single dimension of our coordinate system. This assumption is only valid if the dipole electromagnet is correctly positioned in the electron beam's path. In an attempt at solving this issue, our testing setup is used to correctly determine the adjustments that may be performed on the dipole's positioning, relative to its intended mechanical configuration, such that the previously mentioned condition holds. This method has the potential of allowing for the usage of electromagnets that are moderately outside specifications, as long as the field generated by them may be considered uniform in a given aperture. In other words, our work may be used to correct orientation errors in dipole electromagnet manufacturing, without increased costs.

The High Energy Storage Ring (HESR), a key component of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), includes, among other types of magnets, several hexapole magnets for chromatic aberration correction and several steerer corrector magnets for vertical and horizontal beam deviation. The present article focuses on the analysis of these corrector magnets. In close collaboration with Forschungszentrum Julich (FZJ), Germany, the Romanian National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering - Advanced Research (ICPE-CA) has designed both the hexapole and the corrector magnets. Following approval of the design by FZJ and FAIR, ICPE-CA initiated the manufacturing and testing phase. Magnetic field measurements were performed using a Hall probe inserted into the magnet aperture and positioned by means of a custom-built XYZ system. This paper presents the measurement procedure, the results obtained, and the corresponding simulations of the vertical corrector magnets, along with a detailed analysis of one HESR magnet, namely the vertical corrector magnet. To validate the measurements, a comparison was carried out between analytical predictions, numerical simulations, and magnetic measurements.

This paper aims to demonstrate the method by which a single experimental setup may be used in order to determine the geometric calibration constants and the adherence to manufacturing tolerances for a large number of particle accelerator electromagnet models, regardless of their size or function within the linear or storage ring accelerator assemblies. Our method is meant to serve as a more flexible alternative to the widely-used rotating search coil magnetometer method, which may be intractable or impossible for harmonic content measurements involving electromagnet apertures which are either oversized or, respectively, undersized relative to the rotating coil assembly. The hereby proposed method is heavily reliant on the usage of a triaxial Gaussmeter Hall probe together with certain signal processing techniques and an application-specific mathematical interpretation of the magnetostatic context within the core of an accelerator electromagnet. As part of this paper, we build upon both fundamental concepts of electromagnetic field theory and recent advancements in order to provide the proofs and mathematical insight on why this method is justified and how it relates to the rotating coil method, which it attempts to substitute for. Our method’s application is showcased on a quadrupole beam-focuser electromagnet model for the linear accelerator (LINAC) part of Variable Energy Gamma (VEGA) system from ELI-NP. We then compare the results of the experimental activity with FEM simulations of the ideally-occurring field inside the electromagnet apertures and conclude our paper by attempting to explain the inconsistencies between the two sets of results.

The validation of series-produced vertical corrector magnets, designed for the High-Energy Storage Ring (HESR) within the FAIR project [1], is reported. While the companion study [2] details the measurement system and Hall probe campaign, the present work focuses on processing the experimental datasets and their systematic comparison with numerical simulations. Using the Python programming language and its scientific libraries, the main magnetic characteristics were derived and analyzed: the local excitation curve (f(1)), the integral excitation curve (f(2)), the effective magnetic length (f(3)), and the local homogeneity curve (f(4)) [3]. The magnetic field distribution of the corrector magnet was simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics, which served as a consistent theoretical framework for comparison with the measurements.

The paper presents the construction of piezoelectric accelerometers, the mechano-electrical transfer mode, typical constructions, basic characteristics, and theoretical approaches to the vibration phenomenon appearing in accelerometry and calculation possibilities of the various characteristics of the transducers. In the second part of the paper, the functional testing of such a transducer is also presented, piezoelectric vibration transducers being useful for vibration determination and dynamic balancing of electric machines. In general, vibration transducers provide, through mechano-electrical conversion according to different principles, an electrical signal directly proportional to a vibration parameter (acceleration, travel speed, amplitude); depending on the principle, they can be piezoelectric, electrodynamic, inductive, capacitive, resistive or based on the Hall effect, with magnetic fluids, interferometric, laser, servo-accelerometers, etc. Since there is no universal accelerometer, each one is intended to encompass the characteristics of a concrete application best, the way of stressing the photosensitive medium in the first place, the design,, as well as the other characteristics, vary from one construction to another.

Mechanical antennas with rotating permanent magnets are a relatively new type of transmitting antenna in low- and ultralow-frequency (LF/ULF) ranges. The perspectives of the applications are encouraging, especially in the field of non-destructive defectoscopy and communications through conductive media (underwater communications), which is reflected in the articles published in the last decade. This article describes the experimental setup, results, harmonic analysis, and simulation validation for two configurations of mechanical antennas with rotating NdFeB permanent magnets. The emphasis is placed on the known analytical equations, specifically on the matching of the measurement results with the analytical data as well as with the results given by the numerical analysis. Also, several means of measurement are used to validate the results through replicate testing. Through analytical analysis and the performed measurement, this article establishes the basics for designing mechanical antennas with rotating permanent magnets for the considered configurations based on a single static magnetic field measurement. Finally, we explore prospects for future research in this domain as well as the advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of LF/ULF antennas.

This scientific paper emphasizes the paradigm of Industry 4.0 from the perspective of cybersecurity, in which if there are digitalized factories and a digital chain connected to them, there is also the need of an amplified security system, and the usual IT security procedures are not enough to protect the production lines.This article treats general concepts from IT security's perspective, as well as OT's security, and also about the joining of those two into a holistic approach combining people, processes and technology to properly defend against threats and build a security baseline.Digitization matter and analysis of industrial system evolution is taken into consideration in this paperwork, correlating them with cybersecurity.Ever evolving environment of technology influences the growth and diversity in the complexity of threats and security risks, such as cyberattacks, and related works in the IT domain gives new security challenges.

The paper presents a magnetic gearbox amplifier used for Flywheel Storage Systems (FESS) applications. This paper describes the design, functionality, and numerical simulation of such a magnetic gearbox amplifier. Also in the paper is presented an experimental model manufactured with a 3D printer using FDM technology, which is assembled and tested on a stand. The results of the numerical simulation are compared and validated by the experimental testing of the magnetic gearbox amplifier.

This paper presents a method based on the principle of harmonic /rotating coils, used for the rapid and complete characterization of the magnetic field created in the aperture of the electromagnetic particle accelerator electromagnets, aiming to develop an efficient technique. The mathematical model presented contains useful mathematical formulas for the development of processing algorithms using the rotating coil measurement method, as well as a detailed numerical model (FEM) of a normal conductor sextupole electromagnet for particle accelerators. This model will be used to obtain ideal magnetic field data required for the development stage of post-processing programs that will be developed. Additionally, this work presents a computation model for a single coil within a rotating coil magnetic field characterization method, which forms the basis of the rotating coil measurement method. This model aims to determine the magnetic field harmonics using Fourier analysis, and a comparison is made between the ideal model and the data obtained through Fourier analysis.

In the first part of the paper is presented the state of the art regarding the Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS) and the inertial energy storage system based on the flywheel principle FESS, with axial magnetic bearing developed at ICPE-CA.The second part of the paper is focused on the applicative extension of the inertial energy storage systems namely inertial device for energy storage and protection of local micro electric grids by the galvanic separation of the supply circuit of this microgrid from the industrial electrical network.The power supply is made for a certain period of time of special consumers aimed at data protection and fast storage in case of failure.The flywheel (FW) is permanently in rotation provided by an electric motor and transmits the movement to an electric generator.Both electric machines are sized to the cumulative power for a group of special consumers, in which the electric motor is powered by a controller from the industrial network, and the electric machine generator feeds the microgrid of special consumers through an electronic block for the conversion and adaptation of electrical parameters.Also, in the paper it is presented the preliminary syzing for the prototype inertial energy storage system which will be developed manufactured and tested.

This paper describes a general-purpose control standard and demonstrates its implementation as part of a controller-effector assembly.It elaborates on the specific layers on which the standard is defined: an adaptive control structure, a data transmission protocol and its corresponding instruction set.The aforementioned effector component consists of a reduced form factor robotics platform capable of remote controlled movement and optical inspection.

This article presents the achievement of a micropump for microfluidic applications. In order to select the constructive solution, related to the available technological possibilities, the constructive solutions for micropumps and microvalves were reviewed. The constructive solution chosen for the micropump is volumetric type and uses passive valves with internal cutouts, electromagnetically actuated. The analytical and numerical calculations for an electromagnetically actuated micropump, which involves the interaction between a planar microcoil and a small permanent magnet is presented. Additionally, the microfabricated elements that comprise the micropump are presented. Given the required pressure and gauge dimensions, a micropump driven by the interaction between a permanent micromagnet and a planar microcoil was made.

This paper presents certain technological aspects regarding the propulsion of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are dedicated to national security applications. The paper presents the current state of propulsion systems, focused on the field of electric machines for UAV systems, highlighting the contribution to these systems as well as presenting a technological solution of a dual excitation generator. In the last part of the paper, an experimental study is presented regarding the thermal behavior of the power distribution system of a captive multicopter (HOVER). Our results prove useful in choosing the type of power cables and power sources for UAV systems.

The paper assesses the mechanical torque of a two-dimensional magnetic gearbox used in energy harvesting applications by increasing wind turbines' low mechanical power speed. The simplified device doesn’t consider the rotational speed transmission from the inner magnetic rotor to the outer magnetic rotor, which is considered mechanically blocked. The numerical simulation analysis considers a parametric study to address the influence of the dimensions of the outer magnets on mechanical torque by introducing a shape factor and by maintaining the same area of the outer rotor magnets. The results are obtained using the finite element method (FEM).

PROGRAM AND SUMMARIES OF THE PAPERS PRESENTED

The bogies of railway cars are important components of the rolling stock system. The test stand solution that we have developed and proposed is used for testing car bogies under load to inspect and highlight the features that ensure operational safety and energy efficiency. This article presents the development and manufacturing of a prototype test stand for railcar bogies, incorporating specific elements such as hydraulic pressure cylinders, force transducers, displacement transducers, a hydraulic pumping system, a data computation and processing system, as well as a control and command unit. The technical topic of developing the test stand is aimed at testing bogies under a controlled, variable and uniformly distributed load, closely simulating the operational conditions of railcar bogies. The accurate and complete determination of the bogie's parameters assures the railroad operator that they are safely interchangeable—Moreover, decreasing the time spent on testing tasks and increasing the testing process efficiency through process automation is leading to a cutback in energy consumption and better predictability of the time intervals required for the repair of railway cars. The prototype consists of three hydraulic pressure cylinders: a centrally located hydraulic cylinder exerting a maximum pressing force of 20 tons-force and two lateral hydraulic cylinders, each applying a maximum pressing force of 10 tons-force. The hydraulic cylinders operate independently from each other, also supporting asymmetric load distributions that recreate the operating conditions as faithfully as possible. The data processing system monitors the magnitudes of the forces and the displacement of the hydraulic cylinders for reporting the specific characteristics of the bogie. To ensure rapid response in the control of the testing process, a control logic unit was developed, entirely dedicated to the control of this technological process. The graphical user interface of the embedded computer system was designed in the LabVIEW programming environment.

Control Momentum Gyroscope (CMG), are the most complex moment control devices, capable of producing on the spacecraft torques obtained by combining two movements: one similar to that performed in the case of Momentum Wheels MW (a rotation of an inertial mass around an axis) with one axis of rotation perpendicular to the axis of inertial mass, this second axis being called the gyroscopic axis.The paper presents design of a Single Gimbal Control Moment Gyroscope (SGCMG) and mathematical model of dynamic analysis for a Single SGCMG.Based on the mathematical model it has been performed simulations of SGCMG using SolidWorks Simulation Premium (Motion Analysis).The results from the simulations are compared with tests performed on a testing stand for SGCMG developed at ICPE-CA.

This paper presents the construction of an electromagnetic actuator with conical air gap and with a massive plunger, used in digital hydraulics to reduce the power losses and which can be integrated in fast switch on/off valves used in hydraulic circuits. Also, this paper presents the numerical simulations performed on this actuator. The results of the numerical simulations refer to the electromagnetic forces, magnetic field, magnetic energy which characterizes the analyzed electromagnetic actuator. The design of this actuator and the results of the numerical simulations leaded to the manufacturing of an experimental model. Preliminary experimental measurements performed on this model are also presented in this paper.

The purpose of this paper is to present a new stand developed for exeprimental testing of a tremor compensation system with bimorph piezoceramic actuators using optical methods.The characterization of the bimorphic actuators was performed by plotting the response curve, for displacements between 0 and 150 V.A new method for determining the response curve has also been developed, using optical image capture and processing.Comparing the results obtained using the optical method with those obtained by manual reading the measurements, it was found that similar results were obtained, relative to the type and maximum deflection of the tested actuators, which validates the new optical developed method by ICPE-CA.

The purpose of this paper is to presents the conception, achievements, measurement and data analysis regarding the connecting and the assembling of the components of a MEMS electromagnetic microactuator, cantilever type.The microactuator consists of two main components: a fixed lower part on which a flat coil has been machined and a movable upper part (made using a cantilever) consisting of an array of permanent magnets.The flat coil was made in two constructive variants, spiral type and grid type, made on a glass fibber board wafer covered with a layer of 35 µm of Cu.The array of permanent magnets was made using lithography for template and electroplating for deposition of magnetic materials.All process parameters for the exposure, development, etching of the cooper layer and removal of the unexposed photoresist, were optimized.Dimensional measurements were made for the finished parts, comparing them with designed data, and have tried removing the negative effect of isotropic etching.The conclusions established the optimal parameters for the realization of the components