新疆农村人口占多数,收入水平低的问题对于新疆经济的持续健康发展具有很大的威胁。应用格兰杰因果检验的计量经济学方法,对1990-2009年新疆农业经济结构与农民收入水平的关系进行分析表明农业产业结构的优化有利于农民收入水平的提高,农民收入水平也一定程度上促进了农业经济结构的调整。基于实证分析结果,提出了提高新疆农民收入的建议。

Based on the investigation for the consumption of the rural household biogas in Jiangsu,this paper concludes that per capita energy consumption of the family with biogas is lower than that without biogas,because biogas alternates biomass used by legging way and some commercial energy,and it also contributes to adjust the energy structure of raising the proportion of new energy and commodities.Furthermore,choosing biogas,for rural household,is influenced by many factors,of which the financial and technical support from government plays the biggest positive role.The raising of per capita amount of live pigs and the increase of the highest years of schooling of the staying-home population are positively related to the choice of biogas.However,if farmers live in major grain-producing area or use LPG,they will not choose biogas.And the per capita net income and proportion of the employed labor in a family act negative role:with their increase,farmers decline the probability of choosing biogas.

Field surveys of the rural areas of Jiangsu and Jilin for energy consumption were conducted to explore regional disparities.Results show that Jilin is much higher than Jiangsu in total energy consumption per capita because the former needs more energy for heating in winter.In the respect of bio-energy,Jiangsu uses more crop stalks/straws whereas Jilin,rich in forest resources,burns crop stalks/straws as well as firewood.In the respect of commercial energy,Jiangsu depends more on electrical power,petro-products,and gasol whereas Jilin more on coal.In the respect of renewable energy-biogas,Jiangsu achieved better results than Jilin in popularization.With the help of the econometric model,factors affecting rural household energy consumption were analyzed.Results show that factors,such as per capita net income,per capita farmland area,per capita number of durable household electrical appliances,per capita motorcycle and major productive fixed assets,and region,are the major ones affecting the rural energy consumption,meanwhile financial and technical support from the government,per capita net income,per capita head of pigs in pen,and location of the household,agricultural zone or forest region are major factors influencing the farmer households in adopting biogas or not.

Energy is closely related to daily life for cooking,heating and producing in rural area of Inner Mongolia,a large province where animal husbandry is the major industry.According to household surveys,the most remarkable characteristics in energy consumption here is using animal dung on a large scale because of its nature of resource,level of economic development and energy behavior.The types of energy use in rural area of Inner Mongolia include biomass(dung,straw and firewood),commercial energy(coal,electricity,refined oil and LPG)and renewable energy,such as wind,solar energy and biogas.Energy can be used in a very traditional way,with more consumption of biomass and less of commercial and renewable energy.Energy consumption mainly depends on local natural resources and the composition of animal dung,straw and coal is chief household fuels there.Regional disparities of energy use are significant among pastoral areas,farming-pastoral areas,as well as the farming areas in rural Inner Mongolia.According to biomass consumption,more dung is used in pastoral area than other areas because the major industry,animal husbandry,can provide rich source,while straw is consumed most in farming area.As for commercial energy consumption,more coal,electricity,refined oil and LPG are used with the shift from pastoral area to farming area for their different energy demands for life and production.More renewable energy,solar and wind energy and supplementary energy to electricity are used in the pastoral area.However,biogas develops best in the farming area due to the rapid promotion of greenhouse for vegetable,which better prevents biogas pool underneath from being damaged in cold winter.In the last part,we employ multiple linear regression model to examine the influence on energy consumption per capita in rural household with consideration of many factors and conclude that it is greatly encouraged by some factors,such as net income per capita,area of land per capita,heads of livestock per capita,number of durable household electrical appliances per capita,number of motorcycles per capita,number of agricultural machinery per capita as well as housing area per capita.In other words,per capita energy consumption would rise with the increase of above factors if other variables remain unchanged.However,it is limited by the number of resident population,with the increase of which,energy consumption per capital would decline if other variables remain unchanged.Regional virtual variable reflect that energy consumption per capita in rural pastoral areas would be more than that in the other two areas.

最近几年,食品安全问题得到越来越广泛的关注,我国频繁发生的农产品安全问题给国家经济和人民生活带来了很大影响。文章分析了欧盟的食品安全政策的特点,提出其对我国农产食品的生产和贸易的影响,并提出确保我国农产品安全的对策。