Introduction/Background* To present the clinicopathological features of cases with Endometrial Stromal Nodule (ESN) and Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (ESS) in our center. Methodology The cases diagnosed between 2008-2020 were re-examined microscopically. The information for clinical follow-up were retrieved from the hospital archives, retrospectively. Result(s)* ESN cases consisted of 11 patients between the ages of 41-68 (mean 51,8), Low Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (LGESS) cases consisted of 13 patients between the ages of 24-53 (mean 44), High Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (HGESS) cases consisted of 9 patients between the ages of 60-84 (mean 71,2). Mean tumor size was 3,3 cm (1,7-8 cm) in ESN cases; 6,4 cm (1-13 cm) in LGESS cases; 6,5 cm (4,5-9 cm) in HGESS cases. In LGESS cases, the number of mitosis in 10 high power fields was 0-7 (average 2,8); In HGESS cases it was counted as 10-45 (average 22). Ki-67 proliferation index was evaluated as 2-5% (mean 3.8%) in LGESS cases; as 30-100% (mean 68%) in HGESS cases. At the median follow-up of 56,5 months (range, 21-147 months), all of 11 ESN cases are alive. At the median follow-up of 60 months (range, 47-144 months), 1 of 13 case of LGESS have died (%8). At the median follow-up of 8 months (range, 1-53 months), 5 of 9 cases of HGESS have died (%56). Distant metastasis was seen only in 1 case of 9 HGESS, the location of metastasis is lung. 85% of cases with LGESS were presented in stage I and,%15 were in stage II. 37.5% of cases with HGESS were presented in stage I, 50% were in stage III and 12.5% were in stage IV. Conclusion* Endometrial stromal neoplasms are rare lesions of the uterus, usually presenting in the postmenopausal period. The histological type and stage of these lesions are directly related to the clinical course. Average mitotic activity and Ki-67 levels can also provide information in the direction of the clinical course.

Aim: The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an alpha (alpha) / beta (beta) heterodimeric DNA binding complex and directs an extensive transcriptional response involving the induction of genes relevant to tumor progression, such as angiogenesis, glucoseenergy metabolism, cellular growth, metastasis, and apoptosis. HIF-1 alpha has also emerged as an attractive target for cancer therapy. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between tissue HIF-1 alpha expression, prognostic significance, and the clinicopathologic features of ovarian serous tumors. Materials and Methods: HIF-1 alpha expression was studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a total of 82 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimen of ovarian serous tumors. Results: In this series, there were 34 ovarian high grade serous carcinoma, 12 borderline, and 36 benign serous tumors. Statistically it was determined that the expression of HIF-1 alpha was positive, usually in carcinomas or borderline serous tumors, while it was negative in benign serous tumors (p = 0.043). The overall survival of patients with tumors that stained strongly for HIF-1 alpha (mean 22 months) was not significantly different than that of patients with tumors that stained weakly or were negative (mean 27 months) for HIF-1 alpha (p = 0.812). Conclusion: The results suggest that the role of hypoxia may change according to the aggressive and invasive natures of ovarian tumors. In addition the present findings demonstrated the presence of a correlation between HIF-1 alpha expression and serous carcinomas. Therefore expression of HIF-1 alpha may also confer chemoresistance in high-grade serous carcinomas.

Aim: Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an important regulator of cellular processes and it involves several biological and metabolic functions, including cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and also carcinogenesis. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the differences of tissue expressions of Cav-1 in a spectrum of cervical neoplasms. Materials and Methods: Tissue expression of Cav-1 was studied in a total of 107 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded uterine cervical tumors specimens and its association with different clinicopathologic parameters was evaluated. Results: In this series, there were 30 low- and 29 high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasms, 27 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 15 adenosquamous carcinomas (ASCs), and six adenocarcinomas (ACs). Epithelial Cav-1 expression was determined in most SCCs, while it was negative in all ACs and most ASCs (p <0.001). Statistically it was determined that the expression of stromal Cav-1 was significantly upregulated in invasive carcinomas when compared with non-invasive squamous cell carcinomas (p <0.001), and this finding was inconsistent with literature. Conclusions: The present findings demonstrated a link between epithelial Cav-1 expression and the squamous differentiation of uterine neoplasms, as well as the relationship between invasion and stromal Cav-1 expression. Therefore it may be suggested that Cav-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of cervical SCCs.

Objective: Human epididymal secretory protein 4 (HE4) is originally described as an epididymis specific protein but more recently suggested to be a putative serum tumor marker for ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between tissue HE4 expression and the clinicopathological features of ovarian epithelial tumors. Materials and Methods: HE4 expression was studied in a total of 137 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ovarian epithelial tumors specimens, and its association with different dinicopathologic parameters was evaluated. Results: In this series, there were 89 ovarian epithelial carcinomas, 12 borderline serous tumors, and 36 benign serous tumors. Among the malignant tumors, 34 were serous carcinomas, 17 were mucinous carcinomas, and 38 were endoinetrioid carcinomas. Statistically it was determined that as the tumor became more invasive, it gained HE4 expression (p = 0.037) and all epithelial over carcinomas demonstrated high rate of HE4 expressions. However there was no statistical difference between HE4 status and type of carcinoma or survival. Conclusion: The present findings demonstrated a link of HE4 expression and the aggressiveness of ovarian cancer. Therefore it may be suggested that the tissue expression of HE4 can be used to differentiate the borderline tumors from carcinomas.

Objective: AT-rich interacting domain 1 Alpha (ARID-1A) is a subunit of chromatin remodeler Switch/ Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex. It is involved in several important cellular processes such as cellular differentiation, regulation of cell cycle and restoration of DNA damage. Although higher mutation rate of ARID-1A is strongly determined in several human cancers, its significance has not been fully established in Wilms tumor (WT). The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of ARID-1A expression in WT. Materials and methods: Nuclear ARID-1A expression in 50 tissue samples harvested from children with Wilms tumor and its relationship with prognostic parameters were evaluated. Results: Tissue samples of 50 cases (male, n=23; 46%, and female, n=27: 54%) with Wilms tumor with a mean age of 3.26 +/- 2 years were analyzed. Mean tumor size, and weight of kidneys were 9.16 +/- 2.9 cm in diameter and 478 +/- 312 gr, respectively. Thirteen (26%) cases were in stage I, 18 (36%) in stage II, 7 (14%) in stage III, 6 (12%) in stage IV, and 6 (12%) in stage V. Thirty-nine cases were alive (78%), while 11 cases (22%) were deceased. Mean overall survival time was 68.2 +/- 39.5 (2-148) months. ARID-1A expression was normal in most tumors, while it was decreased or negative in 14 tumors (28%). Statistically, ARID-1A expression was found to be correlated with the weight of the tumor (P=0.002) and survival (P=0.021). Conclusion: This study indicates that ARID-1A expression may be associated with development of Wilms tumor. However further studies are needed to clarify the importance of this relevance.