Approximately one third of the world's 1.2 billion poorest people on earth live in India. It is home to more people living in poverty than any other country in the world. Although overall poverty rates in India have decreased in the past several decades because of India's emphasis on poverty reduction and community development since independence, the number of people at or below the poverty line remains in the hundreds of millions. Poverty in India, as in many developing countries, is not just the absence of income but the presence of an ongoing state of helplessness, hopelessness, powerlessness, inequality, and marginalization of the poor. This article examines how Lay Counselor Training and Family Life Education can have a potentially powerful and long-lasting impact on the socio-economic development of individuals, families, and communities in India. The authors highlight how professionally trained Indian counselors and family life educators, in cooperation with NGO's and professionals from other areas of the world, can help reduce poverty and enhance healthy human development through the training of lay persons in both rural and urban areas, and how these efforts can, in turn, potentially augment the economic conditions of families and communities. These effects become mutually reinforcing since the economic development of families and communities is also likely to enhance the mental and emotional health of family members and the overall resilience of the family. Hence, a multimodal approach to poverty reduction is needed. In this article India serves as an example for other developing countries.

The conservation of the architectural surfaces in the tablinum of the House of the Bicentenary at the ancient Roman site of Herculaneum is a collaborative project of the Getty Conservation Institute, the Herculaneum Conservation Project and the Soprintendenza Pompeii. The tablinum was selected as a case study given the significance, beauty, and severe deterioration of its decorated surfaces. A multi-disciplinary team with a wide range of expertise, comprised of conservators, chemists, geo-physicists, engineers, and conservation scientists, worked in partnership across a number of institutions with the objective to study the wall paintings in the tablinum. Scientists and conservators worked together to test the feasibility of portable techniques and in situ investigations to better understand Roman painting technology; identify previous restoration materials; determine the presence of alteration products; and characterize deterioration mechanisms commonly found on architectural surfaces at archaeological sites of the Vesuvian Region. The collection and interpretation of the instrumental data has been critical to the design and implementation of appropriate passive and remedial interventions to stabilize the architectural surfaces and mitigate deterioration. The paper will present the results of the investigations using portable instrumentation along with a discussion of the capabilities and limitations of each technique and the practical implications of their use for architectural surfaces on archaeological sites.

Diagnostics based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) are becoming increasingly important, not only in the medical field but in industry and cultural heritage. CT devices typical for medical applications, however, can seldom be used on art objects because both they are not easily transportable and they often present high X-ray absorption. It is therefore necessary to make use of portable instrumentation and/or to develop tomographic systems optimized to the characteristics of the objects under examination. This work describes the computed tomography of a first century A.D. Roman bronze statue of Cupid (96.AB.53) in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum, within the collaborative framework between the Getty Conservation Institute and the Department of Physics and Astronomy (DIFA) of the University of Bologna (Italy). The tomography performed at the Getty facilities employed a 450 kV X-ray tube and a detection system developed at DIFA. The study highlighted the casting and construction techniques used by Roman foundry workers and provided information on the status of conservation of the statue. A 3D virtual reconstruction allowed the user to define different cross-sections enabling the study of the internal features.

This chapter focuses on two large-scale legal changes that have occurred in England and Wales since the publication of the first edition of this text, the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and the Mental Health Act 2007. Mental health law is concerned with the management of people who are afflicted with poor mental health. Mental health legislation, like all European legislation, is subject to the European Convention on Human Rights. Mental capacity was hardly mentioned in psychiatric books in the twentieth century; it is everywhere and causing some confusion. An approved clinician may be a doctor or other mental health professional who has had specialized training. The pre-2007 Mental Health Act 1983 contained various ‘exclusions whereby a person might not be treated as suffering from a mental disorder by reason only of promiscuity or other immoral conduct, sexual deviancy or dependence on alcohol or drugs.’.

The business literature distinguishes ‘tame’ and ‘wicked’ problems. Ten cited differences emphasise that, whilst the former have correct solutions, we cannot agree on the correct analysis of, let alone solutions for, the latter. Whilst administration and management are appropriate for tackling tame problems, wicked problems require leadership. Many policing decisions, and other public protection and human services, involve ‘wicked’ problems. Thus they require leadership, rather than administration or management. This article explains these points and discusses the implications.

They are everywhere; inquiries. We all do it; investigate. Some people are employed to do it; detectives. Every genuine academic disciple requires it; the development of skills in identifying, collating, analysing, assessing, presenting, etc., facts as evidence for an essay, report, argument, trial. And yet no university, let alone one which proclaims the importance of encouraging multidisciplinary studies, provides a degree directly studying investigations in all their richness and variety. This article outlines the case for such a degree and identifies the core courses it should contain.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious and widespread problem in India as it is in many parts of the world today. The trauma associated with sexual abuse can contribute to arrested development, as well as a host of psychological and emotional disorders, that some children and adolescents may never overcome. When sexual abuse goes unreported and children are not given the protective and therapeutic assistance they need, they are left to suffer in silence. This article discusses the nature and incidence of the sexual abuse of minors in India and presents an overview of research findings to date. Socio-cultural and familial risk factors involved in CSA are discussed. Common symptoms and disorders associated with sexual abuse are outlined. Finally, some implications for counselors working with children in India who have been sexually abused are highlighted.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a widespread problem the United States as it is in many areas of the world today.CSA can lead to a host of psychological and emotional difficulties and disorders that can cripple some children and youth for a lifetime.In this article the authors discuss the sexual abuse of minors in the United States.Risk factors involved in and potential causes of CSA are discussed.Signs and symptoms of CSA are summarized along with common consequences associated with sexual abuse.Characteristics of sexual perpetrators of children and adolescents are also examined.In addition, the authors discuss the problems children often have in disclosing the abuse, along with the individual, familial and societal challenges involved in reporting incidences of sexual abuse.Some assessment issues and tools associated with CSA are highlighted, and the importance of investigators and clinicians capturing children's narrative descriptions of their abuse, and various methods for doing so, are outlined.Finally, an overview of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for children is presented, and common challenges for therapists in treating children who have experienced sexual abuse and their families are discussed.

An extensive literature on risk has tended to focus upon the possibility of harms, rather than potential benefits, on risk assessment rather than risk management, and on the contributions and responsibilities of individual decision-makers, rather than their managers and employers for the systems within which they work. Risk aversion has been a consequence. This article uses a statement of 10 principles of professional risktaking, which has been approved for the police and officially recommended for child protection practice, to consider recent developments. Whilst suggesting that such principles could support professional practice, and challenge risk aversion, it argues that little can be expected to change unless there are significant changes in the manner that professionals' risk decisions are reviewed, when harm occurs. So the article identifies a further statement of 10 principles, which could govern how reviews are undertaken. It is readily recognised that some of the criticisms, identified here, have been acknowledged and are already being acted upon, to different degrees in different human services. But the article seeks to use the statements of principles as a means of pulling a large number of ideas together for integrated action.

Introducing a special issue of this journal, Youngs discussed the desirability of, but problems in realising, greater collaboration between psychology and the criminal investigation and trial processes. This paper acknowledges the value of investigative psychology's potential contribution but argues that the alleged incompatibilities, between psychology and law, are based upon too narrow a conception of law and legal action. A direct approach, with considerable potential for productive, principled, and practical research, already exists. It involves focusing on the evidence, assessing it along each of its three credentials, and identifying the nature of the inferential reasoning involved. This paper identifies a number of ways in which practical, inter-disciplinary and collaboration could and should be developed to ensure that the courts receive quality evidence. It also argues that more attention should be paid to abductive inferential reasoning, both by researchers and courts. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.