Iron, selenium, and zinc are crucial for growth, immune function, and overall health, particularly in early childhood, where deficiencies can lead to nutritional problems such as stunting, a major health issue in Indonesia. This study measured the concentrations of these minerals in chicken and beef using neutron activation analysis (NAA). A total of 146 samples were collected from 73 traditional markets across five provinces in Java: Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java and Yogyakarta. Samples were irradiated for 2 h at a thermal neutron flux of 1013 n·cm-2·s-1 with the rabbit system at the G.A. Siwabessy Reactor, Serpong, and analyzed using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometer. On a wet-weight basis, chicken contained of 5.85 ± 2.59 µg/g iron, 0.19 ± 0.14 µg/g selenium, and 12.3 ± 7.19 µg/g zinc, while in beef were 15.75 ± 8.66 µg/g, 0.20 ± 0.18 µg/g, and 37.45 ± 16.11 µg/g, respectively. Dietary intake estimates, calculated from national consumption data that contribution from chicken and beef were below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for all three microminerals, with a highest of 18.2% for selenium in adult males. This study provides valuable data for updating the Indonesian Food Composition Table and highlight the application of neutron activation analysis as a reliable tool for food nutrient characterization in Indonesia.

Rapid industrial growth has heightened concerns about environmental contamination and related public health impacts. This study examines the spatial distribution, ecological threats, and human health risks of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Fe, Mn, V) and naturally occurring radionuclides (Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40) in surface soils collected from 27 regencies and 8 cities in East Java Province, Indonesia. Heavy metals were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF), while gamma spectrometry was used to measure radioactivity. Cadmium (Cd) concentrations exceeded the WHO safety limit (>1 mg.kg(-1)) at all sites (50-245 mg.kg(-1)), with the highest level recorded in Tuban. The Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) showed extreme ecological risk (>1200) in most locations, driven mainly by Cd contamination. Non-carcinogenic risks were identified based on Hazard Index values exceeding 1 (HI > 1) pose a concern for children at nearly all sites, except Bondowoso, while carcinogenic risks (TCR > 10(-4)) were especially high in Tuban and Probolinggo. Ingestion was the main exposure route, with children's intake up to four times higher than that of adults. Radioactivity levels of Ra-226 (0.8-41 Bq.kg(-1)), Th-232 (2.6-50 Bq.kg(-1)), and K-40 (6.9-357 Bq.kg(-1)) were generally within or slightly above global averages, with higher Ra-226 and Th-232 in Bangkalan and Sumenep. However, the radiological risk assessment indicated that both AEDE (0.01-0.08 mSv.yr(-1)) and ELCR (2.33 & times; 10(-5)- 2.67 & times; 10(-4)) posed no significant radiological concern. Overall, these findings highlight the urgent need for targeted environmental controls and early risk mitigation, particularly to reduce Cd exposure for children in Tuban's industrial zones.

The high levels of pollution and their inadequate management have emerged as one of the national issues in the environmental area. The development of an integrated air quality and environmental radiation monitoring system based on low-cost sensors and real-time monitoring is needed for the early identification of environmental conditions efficiently. The initial stage of this research activity is focused on assessing air quality parameters, especially the concentration of ambient air particulate masses based on low-cost sensors and their verification with filter-based sampling methods. The activity was carried out in July-August 2022, in the Bandung Nuclear Area. The results of the low-cost sensor method obtained showed that the average mass concentration of airborne particulates with a diameter of less than 1 µm (PM1.0), 2.5 µm (PM2.5), and 10 µm (PM10) was 34.50±10.08 µg/m3, 54.36±17.90 µg/m3, and 62.01±19.30 µg/m3, respectively. Evaluation of the low-cost results obtained was verified using a filter-based sampling method, especially for PM2.5 fine air particulate parameters. Based on these preliminary data obtained, the comparative results of the two methods were obtained very well with a coefficient of determination value of 0.95 and an average value of comparison to the two methods of 0.83±0.08 excluding the overestimated PM2.5 concentration. The results obtained will be used as a reference in the development of low-cost sensors for multi-pollutant air monitoring systems to provide comprehensive information as an early warning system in improving air quality in Indonesia.

Pb contamination in environmental caused by industrial development became a complex public health issue. To investigate pollution status and ecological risk, the lead concentrations in environmental samples such as soil is needed to be analyzed. In this study, we will investigate the potential impact of industrial activities to the soil environment in industrial site in East Java, Indonesia. The soil samples were collected in Waru site, which is surrounded by several industries. A total of 26 samples were collected from sampling location with different depth 0-10 m (top surface) and 10-30 m (subsurface) with divided into three regions from the center point, radius 1 500 m, radius 2 1000 m and radius 3 2000 m. Soil samples were sundried and homogenized to 200 mesh. About 1 gram of soil sample was put into sample holder and loaded to sample changer of ED-XRF. ED-XRF spectrometer Minipal 4 equipped silicon drift detector and 12-position sample changer with sample spinner used to measure Pb in the sample. SRM NIST 2711a Montana soil used to evaluate Pb value from sample measurement. The results showed that Pb concentration in soil in all sampling area mostly are below regulatory standard for Pb in agricultural soil level limit. Concentration of Pb in soil samples obtained varies between 31,44 to 241,93 mg/kg. Based on 3 sampling radius, the highest concentration for radius 1, radius 2, and radius 3 were 186,14 mg/kg from west, 241,93 mg/kg from north, and 130,20 mg/kg from east, respectively. These results generally indicate that the level of risk in the Waru area of East Java Indonesia is low. Another result shown that south direction has a decreased trend from radius 1 to radius 3, which is correlated to the distance of the industrial area. The ecological risk of HI and HQ were also discussed. Our research provides a reference data to prioritizing future research.

Anthropogenic activities such as industry are primary sources of heavy metals and other elements, which can contaminate the surrounding environment. One of the most significant problems is soil and air pollution, which is harmful to humans and animals because it accumulates hazardous metals in plant tissue when growing in contaminated environments. This study identified and evaluated the magnitude of heavy metal contamination in leaves of plant samples at 22 locations, which consist of radii of 0.5-1; 3; and 5 KM from the industrial site in Gresik, East Java. The level of elements in the plant has been determined using Total X-Ray Fluorescence. An estimation of human health risks from consuming the plants was also conducted. The analysis result of the element content in plant samples was in the following order: Pb < Cu < Zn < Mn < Fe. The range of concentrations for each element in the samples was obtained and compared with the permissible levels set by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The results obtained from this analysis revealed that Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb are in general accordance with the recommended standard, and the hazard quotient (HQ) was lower than 1 for a crop, indicating no appreciable health risk due to the consumption of these samples in the study area.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a concern due to its health effects, necessitating critical monitoring for both quantity and variability. Utilizing low-cost sensors to track PM2.5 is essential to augment other monitoring instruments, which are effective in generating temporal and spatial data. Therefore, in this study, we employed the low-cost PurpleAir (low-cost PA-II) to characterize the seasonal and diurnal variation of PM2.5 in Bandung, Indonesia, representing the densely populated metropolitan area of Bandung. During the sampling period from June 2022 to May 2023, co-location sampling with the filter-based Super Speciation Air Sampling System (SuperSASS) was employed to assess the low-cost PA-II. The PM2.5 data collected by the low-cost PA-II were compared to the SuperSASS data. The annual average mass concentration of PM2.5 measured by SuperSASS and the low-cost sensor was 31.51±15.53 μg/m3 and 39.04±15.16 μg/m3, respectively, surpassing the Indonesian government’s regulation limit for an annual average of 15 μg/m3. The comparative results of the two methods were obtained with R2 = 0.96, and low-cost PA-II data was 1.24 higher than SuperSASS. The difference may be attributed to several factors, including differences in sensor technology, calibration, location, and data processing. The seasonal variation indicated an increase in concentration during the dry season and a decrease during the wet season. The diurnal pattern indicates the morning peak between 06:00 and 08:00 during the rush hour, as well as the evening peak between 18:00 and 23:00, attributed to low temperatures and stagnant conditions. The diurnal pattern of PM2.5, which often exhibits the lowest peak at midday, is influenced by a combination of meteorological, atmospheric, and human activity factors. The findings suggested that the utilization of low-cost PA-II for a broader spatial scope is promising for real-time monitoring of PM2.5, to increase air pollution awareness in society.

Traditional foods from Central Java is part of Indonesian cuisine that varies greatly by region. Some of it have been passed through and consumed by many generations. This traditional food becomes significant part in fulfilling basic needs for human including physiological function and metabolism, which affected by the nutrients composition in the food. In this study, determination of the micro mineral composition as one of the important human nutrients was carried out using a specific and sensitive analytical technique Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). About 27 samples of traditional food were obtained from Central Java Province. Micro mineral essential such as cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) was determined, with the concentration range of 0.001-0.067, 0.006-0.774, 5.62-163.33, 0.002-0.231 and 0.95-35.84 mg/kg, respectively. The water content of the food samples were also calculated, with the range of 3.58-97.06%. The results can be utilized to complete the Indonesian food composition data (FCD) particularly in micro mineral database for local food items, which still limited. Information on the nutrient composition of food including micro mineral essential in the FCD is important for dietary assessment, research into diet-disease relationships, food regulatory policy formation and food labelling.

Leaves as a part of a plant are inevitably important to produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. Several elements like calcium (Ca), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) are involved in plant growth. The deficiency of those elements in plants is making them more susceptible to disease. Thus, the evaluation of elements in plant leaves becomes indispensable. However, the elements’ quantification might be challenging due to the presence of organic substances. Consequently, a sensitive, multielement, low-limit detection and matrix-independent nuclear analytical technique (NAT) such as instrumental nuclear activation analysis (INAA) and Total Reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) are applied to overcome the aforementioned purpose. In INAA method, the dried leaves samples were prepared in a small polyethylene vial and irradiated by neutrons in TRIGA 2000 reactor at 500 kW for 1min (short-irradiation) and ±67 h (medium to long irradiation). The samples were then cooled down and counted using an HPGe detector. Characteristic delayed gamma (γ) energy for each element was analyzed by Genie software. Meanwhile, in TXRF, leaves samples were prepared as a suspension, then deposited on siliconized quartz, resulting in a thin-layer sample, then irradiated by x-ray using 50 kV molybdenum (Mo) anode, and counted by SDD detector. The particular x-ray energy of each element was analyzed using TEsprit software. The result presented that either INAA or TXRF were valid and had a good performance in quantifying short-lived (Ca, Mn), medium-lived (K), and long-lived (Fe, and Zn) elements. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between INAA and TXRF results. So, when rapid element determination is required, TXRF can complement and support the INAA, especially for short-lived elements like Ca and Mn that require a specific pneumatic system in INAA. This study indicates that the combination of both methods is promising for Ca, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn quantification.

Rapid urbanization and high population density in three major cities in Indonesia, Bandung, Jakarta, and Tangerang have led to significant air quality issues. Fine inhalable particles (PM2.5) with distinct morphologies and elemental compositions pose considerable health risks. This study evaluates the morphology and chemical composition of PM2.5 in these urban areas on Java Island. PM2.5 samples were collected for 24-hour periods using a Teflon filter with the Super Speciation-Air Sampling System (SuperSASS) following the EPA sampling schedule, from May to September 2022. The Teflon sample with the highest PM2.5 concentration, representative of both weekdays and weekends, was selected for morphological analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and elemental characterization using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) Epsilon. SEM images revealed distinct morphological characteristics at each site. In Bandung, particles were irregularly shaped, agglomerated, and flaky, with sizes ranging from 1.1-1.6 µm on weekdays and 0.9-1.3 µm on weekends. Jakarta has particles with semi-crystalline, tabular, elongated, and puff-like morphology, with sizes predominantly from 0.5-0.8 µm on weekdays and 0.9-1.3 µm weekends. In Tangerang, particles were irregularly faceted and agglomerated, with sizes between 0.5-1.3 µm on weekdays and 0.9-1.4 µm on weekends. Teflon-derived minerals (C,F) were present across all sites. EDX spectra revealed Ca-rich particles in Bandung, while S-rich particles were observed in Jakarta and Tangerang. XRF analysis further proved the major and minor elements, reflecting local pollution sources. The combined use of SEM-EDX and XRF offers a comprehensive profile of PM2.5, highlighting specific pollution sources in each city.

Generally, particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis is performed using protons as the incident projectiles. In this study, helium ions were used for inducing X-ray emission to improve the detection limit for the characterization of light elements in the PM2.5 fine fraction. The sampling was conducted for 24 h using a Gent stacked filter unit sampler at an industrial site in Surabaya, Indonesia. The samples were analyzed by PIXE using a 4-MV Van de Graaff accelerator at Kyoto University. Both helium and protons were used in the analysis to obtain optimal results, and 21 elements were detected in the samples. Notably, the use of helium particle-induced X-ray emission was more suitable for Na, Mg, Al, and Si than protons. Moreover, the sensitivity and limit of detection for these elements were enhanced using helium ions. Validation was performed using standard reference material NIST 2783 air particulates on filter media, and the results were in good agreement. Using both He-PIXE and H-PIXE, heavy metals, crustal elements, and other elements were identified that exhibited the characteristics of PM2.5 collected in Surabaya, Indonesia. Further statistical analysis and receptor modeling are required to identify the possible pollutant sources of PM2.5.

A comprehensive study on air quality in the industrial area of Indonesia, which significantly impacts respiratory health and poses breathing hazards, is still lacking. This study aims to uncover the contents of toxic elements, identify potential sources of fine particles, and evaluate their contributions to health risks in Surabaya's industrial area. The study focuses on identifying chemical composition, sources, and assessing health risks for both children and adults. The PM2.5 concentration from 2021 to 2022 ranged from 3.29 to 27.05 mu g m(-3), with an average value of 13.63 +/- 4.54 mu g m(-3), exceeding the WHO's annual standard of 5 mu g m(-3). Black carbon (BC) accounted for 27% of PM2.5 composition. A seasonal variation was found; the highest PM2.5 and BC were observed during the dry season, with the highest peak in June. The highest concentration of elements in PM2.5 was observed for S, followed by Si, K, Zn, Fe, and Pb, with maximum values of 3.53, 1.16, 1.01, 1.86, 0.29, and 0.37 mu g m(-3), respectively. Source apportionment using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) revealed eight sources: galvanising industry, ammonium chloride, secondary sulphate, biomass burning emission, soil, steel industry, vehicle emissions, and lead smelting, with metal industries accounting for 37.3%. Investigation into their potential source locations was conducted using the conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) method. Human health assessment for adults and children indicates carcinogenic risks with a total risk of 9.50 x 10(-5) and 2.38 x 10(-5), respectively. The results emphasise the significance of managing sources linked to industry and transportation-related sources, crucial in decreasing high PM2.5 levels and several elevated elements and mitigating the health impact in Surabaya's industrial area, Indonesia.

This study aims to characterize the heavy metals in fine particulate matter PM2.5 in the vicinity of a lead smelter industry in Lamongan, Indonesia. The samples were collected using a dichotomous Gent stacked filter unit sampler. Eighteen elements were identified using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) for source identification and potential risk assessment. PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 7.3 to 30.6 µg/m3 with black carbon attributed to 19

Abstract The characteristic of heavy metals in soils collected from the area in the vicinity of lead smelter in East Java, Indonesia was investigated as a pre-study step to evaluate the impact of the lead smelter on soils in the surrounding areas. Chemical composition, spatial distribution for selected heavy metals and potential risk assessment were carried out. Soil samples were collected in the surface area/topsoil of 0 ~ 10 cm and subsurface of 15 ~ 30 cm, within radius of 1.5, 3 and 5 km from the lead smelter as a center. Soil samples were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) to determine As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to reveal the source of heavy metals in the soil. The assessment of the ecological risk of the soil was carried out by evaluating the contamination factors (Cf). Compared with the background soil, the Pb contamination in the study area in radius of 1.5 km was most severe and very strongly polluted with the average Cf values of Pb were 22.0. The health risk assessment showed that the maximum HQs of the individual heavy metals were more than 1 for As and Pb, indicating high potential health risks.

There is a need to maintain nutrient element adequacy through food consumption. Due to the risk of toxic element exposure during food consumption, an accurate and precise characterisation approach is required. This makes the development of a simpler and faster procedure a great concern, especially in Indonesia, where time-consuming methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are still dominant. Therefore, ththe present work aimed to evaluate a suspension technique for food matrices in combination with TXRF S4-TSTAR (total reflection X-ray fluorescence) in Indonesia. The examination focused on standard reference materials (SRM) such as 1570a spinach leaves (SL), 1548 typical diet (TD), 1566b oyster tissue (OT), and 8418 bovine muscle (BM). The concentration of elements was determined by mixing each SRM with internal standard gallium (Ga). This was followed by the comparison of the concentration and sensitivity of Ga to each element in SRM. The TXRF performance was evaluated by quantifying nutrients such as calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and toxic element namely arsenic (As). The trueness and precision were calculated through %bias, %recovery, coefficient of variance (%CV), and HorRat ratio (r). The recovery of all elements in SRMs was within 81.20 - 103.35%, except for SRM TD and BM which were 61.73 - 91.70 and 73.78 - 99.41%, respectively. The CV of all SRMs was within the range of 0.63 - 9.54%, except for SRM BM and HorRat ratios which were 2.10 - 25.22 and 0.12 - 3.21%. Based on the results, the concentration of Zn was in good agreement with the primary method of neutron activation analysis (NAA). This showed that TXRF S4-TSTAR had good trueness and precision on SRM food matrices, and could be a promising method to be applied for element characterisation in Indonesian nutritional research.

This study investigates the characteristics of potentially toxic elements in soils collected from the vicinity of a lead smelter in East Java, Indonesia. The objective is to assess the impact of the lead smelter on the surrounding soil. The study involves chemical composition analysis, spatial distribution mapping, and potential ecological and health risk assessments. Soil samples were collected from the surface area (0–10 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) within radii of 1.5 km, 3 km, and 5 km from the lead smelter. The samples were analyzed for As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify the sources of potentially toxic elements in the soil. The results indicate severe Pb contamination within a 1.5 km radius of the smelter, with an average contamination factor (Cf) value of 22.0, posing a high potential health risk. The contamination factor indicated that the soils were heavily polluted by As and Pb and moderately polluted by Cu, Ni, and Zn. The results of PCA showed that smelter releases are the main source of potentially toxic element contamination in the soil, accounting for 66.2

Abstract PM2.5 become people’s concern due to its health effect and its presence in the air that reduce visibility when levels are raised. Therefore, monitoring of PM2.5 level is essential for assessing the level as well as the variability. In this study, the low-cost sensor Purple Air was utilized for PM2.5 monitoring. Evaluation of the low-cost sensor was done by co-location sampling with the filter-based Super Speciation Air Sampling System (Super SASS) instrument as the Federal Reference Method (FRM). The low-cost data during June 2022 - May 2023 were compared to the data from Super SASS. Sampling was done in Tamansari Bandung, Indonesia. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 from the low-cost sensor was 39.04±15.16 mg/m3. The comparative results of the two methods were obtained with a coefficient of determination value of 0.96. An average ratio of 1.24 shows that the concentration of PM2.5 from low-cost sensors is generally higher by 24% than from Super SASS. The low-cost sensor in this study was utilized for monitoring the temporal variation of PM2.5. Temperature and humidity measured by the low-cost sensor and the value obtained in the range of 26.29-33.41°C and 37.41-63.91%, respectively. The low-cost sensor shows its capability in monitoring the temporal variation of PM2.5 in Bandung, where the results indicate that PM2.5 levels are influenced by meteorological factors and emission sources. The outcomes of this study provide valuable information to authorities, enabling them to establish appropriate measures and policies to control and mitigate the impacts of air pollution on air quality.

The purpose of this study was to characterize heavy metals in PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 µm) in two industrial estates with different activities in East and West Surabaya, Indonesia. Samples of PM2.5 were collected on Nucleopore polycarbonate filters using a low volume GENT sampler, during 2019-2020. A total of 73 samples were collected. Eighteen elements were measured to study their levels. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 in.the East and west Surabaya were 18.37±6.06 µg/m3 and 12.72±6.47 µg/m3, respectively. The samples were analyzed for black carbon (BC) using an EEL smoke reflectometer and for elemental concentrations using Ion Beam Analysis (IBA). The average concentration of black carbon in East and West Surabaya is 3.51±1.13 µg/m3 and 2.90±1.62 µg/m3, respectively. The results obtained indicate that in general the concentration of heavy metals in East Surabaya is higher than in West Surabaya. The heavy metals Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb, which are markers of the steel industry in East Surabaya have concentrations of 2.5, 1.5, 4.2, and 9.7 times greater than West Surabaya, respectively. The relatively high levels of heavy metals indicated that the area around the industry is polluted. These results can be used as an early warning and should not be neglected. At the later stage, the data from this research can be developed for the source apportionment studies and health risk assessment. These results can be used as a scientific-based reference for formulating strategies and policies for regional air quality management.

To ensure the validity and reliability of the analysis results, suitable reference materials are needed as a quality control analysis. Reference materials are substances that have characteristic properties, homogeneous, stable and concentration has been established to be used in samples examination, therefore in the development of reference material (RM) for quality assurance purpose, homogeneity and stability are an integral part. In the present study, the homogeneity and stability of a coal bottom ash RM candidate for elemental characterization were examined using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF). The method was validated in this study. The homogeneity was assessed for represent elements, i.e. As, Co, Cr, Cs, K, Sm, Th and Zn. At the same time, the stability of coal bottom ash reference material was investigated for 18 months of storage at room temperature. The homogeneity of RM candidate materials was assessed using one-way analysis of variance, and significance trend analysis were applied for stability test according to ISO Guide 35. The F values obtained for As, Co, Cr, Cs, K, Sm, Th and Zn were 1.10, 1.37, 0.94, 0.97, 1.02, 1.15, 1.30 and 0.59 respectively, and were found smaller than Fcrit =3.02, showing its homogeneity. It is also shown that there is no significant trend in stability for most elements observed in that period. The uncertainty contribution of homogeneity and stability were also discussed. These results demonstrated the suitability of the developed reference material candidate for quality assurance in the elemental analysis of coal bottom ash.

In this study, trace elements in crackers were determined using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) to assess their intake, food safety, and health contribution. The 62 samples of crackers were collected and purchased from local markets in five provinces of Java during 2013–2014. The validation method was performed using SRM Wheat Flour 1567a, with 80–110% accuracy (% recovery) and precision less than 10% (% RSD). The concentration of trace elements such as Cr, Co, Fe, and Zn was analyzed and found in the range of 0.03–1.4, 0.01–0.32, 14.49–85.70, 0.15–17.26 µg/g, respectively. Daily intake of elements in crackers contributes less than 1% to Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Based on food safety evaluation through the calculation of Hazard Quotient, the value of Cr, Co, Fe, and Zn is less than 1, indicating that the crackers are safe for consumption and do not possess non-carcinogenic health risks due to heavy metals content. Therefore, the crackers in all Java provinces meet the current standards and are safe for consumption.