The completion of the integration of an optimised SRF cryomodule for application on ERL accelerators has now culminated with its successful assembly, following an intensive 5 years of development evolution. The cryomodule, which incorporates 2 x 7-cell 1.3 GHz accelerating structures, 3 separate layers of magnetic shielding, fully adjustable and high power input couplers with fast piezo tuners, is nearing its installation readiness on the ALICE ERL facility at Daresbury Laboratory. It is intended that its implementation will permit operational optimisation for maximised efficiency demonstration, through increased Qext adjustment, whilst retaining both effective energy recovery and IR-FEL lasing. The collaborative design processes employed in completing this new cryomodule development are explained, along with the assembly and implementation procedures used to facilitate its proposed installation on the ALICE ERL facility at Daresbury.

The European x-ray free electron laser is under construction at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY). The electron beam energy of up to 17.5 GeV will be achieved by using superconducting accelerator technology. Final prototyping, industrialization, and new infrastructure are the actual challenges with respect to the accelerating cavities. This paper describes the preparation strategy optimized for the cavity preparation procedure in industry. For the industrial fabrication and preparation, several new hardware components have been already developed at DESY. The design and construction of a semi-automated rf-measurement machine for dumbbells and end groups are described. In a collaboration among FNAL, KEK, and DESY, an automatic cavity tuning machine has been designed and four machines are under construction. The functionality of these machines with special attention to safety aspects is described in this paper. A new high pressure rinsing system has been developed and is operational.

Since 15 years a prototype semi automatic cavity tuning machine is used at DESY to tune field flatness and concentricity of TESLA [1] shape nine cell cavities for FLASH [2]. Based on this experience a further development work was done in a collaboration effort among FNAL, KEK and DESY to support the high throughput of series cavity productions necessary for new projects like the European XFEL [3], the ILC project, Project “X” and other SRF based future projects. Initially four machines were built within the collaboration at DESY. Two of them will be delivered and operated by the cavity vendors for tuning the XFEL cavities. The remaining two machines are delivered to FNAL for commissioning. One of them will be passed on to KEK. In the following the mechanical design and functionality of these machines is described. Special attention refers to safety aspects for the machines operation at industry and the fulfillment of requirements according to the EC directive of machinery.

The collaborative development of an optimised cavity/cryomodule solution for application on ERL facilities has now progressed to final assembly and testing of the cavity string components and their subsequent cryomodule integration. This paper outlines the verification of the various cryomodule sub-components and details the processes utilised forfinal cavity string integration. The paper also describes the modifications needed to facilitate this new cryomodule installation and ultimate operation on the ALICE facility at Daresbury Laboratory.

The conceptional design of the proposed linear electron-positron collider TESLA is based on 9-cell 1.3 GHz superconducting niobium cavities with an accelerating gradient of Eacc ≥ 25 MV/m at a quality factor Q0 ≥ 5 · 10 . The design goal for the cavities of the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) linac was set to the more moderate value of Eacc ≥ 15 MV/m. In a first series of 27 industrially produced TTF cavities the average gradient at Q0 = 5 · 10 9 was measured to be 20.1 ± 6.2 MV/m, excluding a few cavities suffering from serious fabrication or material defects. In the second production of 24 TTF cavities additional quality control measures were introduced, in particular an eddy-current scan to eliminate niobium sheets with foreign material inclusions and stringent prescriptions for carrying out the electron-beam welds. The average gradient of these cavities at Q0 = 5·10 9 amounts to 25.0±3.2 MV/m with the exception of one cavity suffering from a weld defect. Hence only a moderate improvement in production and preparation techniques will be needed to meet the ambitious TESLA goal with an adequate safety margin. In this paper we present a detailed description of the design, fabrication and preparation of the TESLA Test Facility cavities and their associated components and report on cavity performance in test cryostats and with electron beam in the TTF linac. The ongoing R&D towards higher gradients is briefly addressed.

ILC is by far the largest and most challenging application of superconducting RF accelerator technology. Starting from the experience with TESLA and XFEL I will describe the level of industrial competence in the three global regions (Asia, America and Europe). In particular I will refer to the state of the art of cavity fabrication, module assembly and auxiliary components as well as to the synergy with the XFEL project. I will use the fabrication experience with SC magnets for LHC at CERN as benchmark for industrialization strategies for ILC.

ThexTiO2-(1−x)α-Fe2O3ceramic nanoparticles system has been obtained by mechanochemical activation forx= 0.1 and 0.5 and for ball milling times ranging from 2 to 12 hours. Structural and morphological characteristics of the anatase-doped hematite system were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with electron diffraction (ED). In the XRD patterns, we could evidence the dissolution of anatase in hematite, more pronounced forx= 0.1. The Rietveld structure of the XRD patterns yielded the dependence of the particle size and lattice constants on the amountxof Ti substitutions and as function of the ball milling time. Forx= 0.1, we observed line broadening of the Mössbauer resonances and corresponding fit with several subspectra. Forx= 0.5, it can be observed that the central doublet corresponding to superparamagnetic particles becomes more prominent. The ball milling route allowed us to reach nanometric particle dimensions, which would make the materials very promising for catalytic and gas sensing applications.

The DESY R&D program on cavities fabricated from large grain niobium explores the potential of this material for the production of approx. 1000 nine-cell cavities for the European XFEL. The program investigates basic material properties, comparing large grain material to standard sheet niobium, as well as fabrication and preparation aspects. Several single-cell cavities of TESLA shape have been fabricated from large grain niobium. A gradient up to 41 MV/m at Q0 = 1.4.1010 (TB = 2K) was measured after electropolishing. The first three large grain nine-cell cavities worldwide have been produced under contract of DESY with ACCEL Instruments Co. The first tests have shown that all three cavities reach an accelerating gradient up to 30 MV/m after BCP (Buffered Chemical Polishing) treatment, what exceeds the XFEL requirements for RF test in the vertical cryostat.

Several single cell and three nine-cell large grain [LG] cavities of the TESLA shape have been fabricated and tested. The best accelerating gradient of Eacc= 41 MV/m was measured on an electropolished single cell cavity. All three nine-cell cavities fulfil the XFEL specification already in first RF test after BCP surface treatment. A fabrication method of single crystal cavities of an ILC like shape was proposed. A single cell single crystal [SC] cavity reached an accelerating gradient of 37.5 MV/m after BCP treatment only. The developed method can be extended on fabrication of multi cell SC cavities.

We report results on the performance of a free-electron laser operating at a wavelength of 13.7 nm where unprecedented peak and average powers for a coherent extreme-ultraviolet radiation source have been measured. In the saturation regime, the peak energy approached 170 µJ for individual pulses, and the average energy per pulse reached 70 µJ. The pulse duration was in the region of 10 fs, and peak powers of 10 GW were achieved. At a pulse repetition frequency of 700 pulses per second, the average extreme-ultraviolet power reached 20 mW. The output beam also contained a significant contribution from odd harmonics of approximately 0.6% and 0.03% for the 3rd (4.6 nm) and the 5th (2.75 nm) harmonics, respectively. At 2.75 nm the 5th harmonic of the radiation reaches deep into the water window, a wavelength range that is crucially important for the investigation of biological samples.

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. The complex includes a polarized electron source, an undulator-based positron source, two 6.7 km circumference damping rings, two-stage bunch compressors, two 11 km long main linacs and a 4.5 km long beam delivery system. This report is Volume III (Accelerator) of the four volume Reference Design Report, which describes the design and cost of the ILC.

In a previous paper [1] we have reported about initial tests of single cell 1500 MHz cavities made from high purity niobium with three different Ta contents of 160 ppm, ∼ 600 ppm and ∼ 1400 ppm. These cavities had been treated by buffered chemical polishing several times and 100 μm, 200 μm and 300 μm of material had been removed from the surfaces. This contribution reports about subsequent tests following post purification heat treatments with Ti and “in situ” baking. As a result, all cavities exhibited increased quench fields due to the improved thermal conductivity after the heat treatment. After the “in situ” baking at 120 ° C for ∼ 40 hrs the always present Q-drop at high fields disappeared and further improvements in accelerating gradient could be realized. Gradients as high as Eacc= 35 MV/m were achieved and there were no clear indications that the cavity performance was influenced by the Ta content in the material. A multi-cell cavity from the high Ta content material has been fabricated and initial results are reported.

More and more accelerators are built with superconducting cavities operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the probability of a ceramic window failure presents increasing problems because of the resulting contamination of the cavities’ surfaces and the resulting accelerating electric field degradation. Double ceramic window couplers are required to reduce this risk. The TESLA superstructure cavity requires a new coupler for the higher power input and the coupling characteristics. A cost effective design and fabrication method for these couplers has been developed to meet these demands. This new design presents an alternative to the present TESLA cylindrical ceramic windows, uses two planar disc windows separated by a vacuum space, and is optimized for RF input power, vacuum characteristics, and thermal properties. Two couplers with this design have been fabricated and are presently being tested at DESY, Germany on the RF high power testing stand and will also be tested on a test cryomodule. The design will be discussed in this paper.

Energy Recovery LINAC (ERL) and LINAC-driven FEL proposals and developments are now widespread around the world. Superconducting RF (SRF) cavity advances made over the last 10 years for TESLA/TTF at 1.3 GHz, in reliably achieving accelerating gradients >20 MV/m, suggest their suitability for these ERL and FEL accelerators. Typically however, photon fluxes are maximised from the associated insertion devices when the electron bunch repetition rate is as high as possible, making CW-mode operation at high average current a fundamental requirement for these light sources. Challenges arise in controlling the substantial HOM power and in minimizing the power dissipated at cryogenic temperatures during acceleration and energy recovery, requiring novel techniques to be employed. This paper details a collaborative development for an advanced high-Q0 cavity and cryomodule system, based on a modified TESLA cavity, housed in a Stanford/Rossendorf cryomodule. The cavity incorporates a Cornell developed resistive-wall HOM damping scheme, capable of providing the improved level of HOM damping and reduced thermal load required.

Presented at the Tenth European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC06), Edinburgh, UK, 26-30 June, 2006 Energy Recovery LINAC (ERL) and LINAC-driven FEL proposals and developments are now widespread around the world. Superconducting RF (SRF) cavity advances made over the last 10 years for TESLA/TTF at 1.3 GHz, in reliably achieving accelerating gradients >20 MV/m, suggest their suitability for these ERL and FEL accelerators. Typically however, photon fluxes are maximised from the associated insertion devices when the electron bunch repetition rate is as high as possible, making CW-mode operation at high average current a fundamental requirement for these light sources. Challenges arise in controlling the substantial HOM power and in minimizing the power dissipated at cryogenic temperatures during acceleration and energy recovery, requiring novel techniques to be employed. This paper details a collaborative development for an advanced high-Q0 cavity and cryomodule system, based on a modified TESLA cavity, housed in a Stanford/Rossendorf cryomodule. The cavity incorporates a Cornell developed resistive-wall HOM damping scheme, capable of providing the improved level of HOM damping and reduced thermal load required.

More and more accelerators are built with superconducting cavities operating at cryogenic temperatures. A possible window failure might result in contamination of the cavity surface and degrade the accelerating performance. A cost effective design and fabrication method for a new coupler has been developed by AMAC. This new design is an alternative to the present TESLA cylindrical ceramic windows layout. The new design includes two planar disc windows separated by a vacuum space. An alternative design option proposes filling dry nitrogen gas in between the two ceramic windows. Furthermore the new design is optimized for RF input power, taking into consideration the possible requirements of the TESLA superstructure layout. Two prototype couplers with this design have been fabricated. The couplers are being tested on the high power test stand at DESY, Germany. This paper describes the new coupler design and discusses the first measured results.

Many scientific disciplines ranging from physics, chemistry and biology to material sciences, geophysics and medical diagnostics need a powerful X-ray source with pulse lengths in the femtosecond range [1-4]. This would allow, for example, time-resolved observation of chemical reactions with atomic resolution. Such radiation of extreme intensity, and tunable over a wide range of wavelengths, can be accomplished using high-gain free-electron lasers (FEL) [5-10]. Here we present results of the first successful operation of an FEL at a wavelength of 32 nm, with ultra-short pulses (25 fs FWHM), a peak power at the Gigawatt level, and a high degree of transverse and longitudinal coherence. The experimental data are in full agreement with theory. This is the shortest wavelength achieved with an FEL to date and an important milestone towards a user facility designed for wavelengths down to 6 nm. With a peak brilliance exceeding the state-of-the-art of synchrotron radiation sources [4] by seven orders of magnitude, this device opens a new field of experiments, and it paves the way towards sources with even shorter wavelengths, such as the Linac Coherent Light Source [3] at Stanford, USA, and the European X-ray Free Electron Laser Facility [4] in Hamburg, Germany.