The Terminological Dictionary of Agronomy contains terms from twelve subject fields, namely agricultural economics, agrometeorology, plant protection, agricultural engineering, pasture science, soil science, arable farming, fruit growing, grassland science, landscaping, viticulture and vegetable growing. It contains 4388 terms that have a definition or guide the user of the dictionary to a preferred term. With clear and precise definitions, it provides the user with reliable terminological information on the conceptual system of agronomy and by guiding to preferred terms, it contributes to the harmonization of terminology. It is primarily aimed at experts in the field of agronomy, but is also useful for all those who deal with plant production as laymen and need reliable information on this subject field. The dictionary also contains 3994 English equivalents, which will facilitate international cooperation between experts in the field of agronomy.

In the presented research, we tested two alternative concepts for controlling weeds under the vines as a counterweight to the glyphosate-based herbicide approach: control with plant extract-based organic fertilizer Stopeco with herbicidal action and mechanical control with the help of a combined tool consisting of rotary star tiller and finger weeder. A comparative analysis among the tested methods was done on fuel consumption, carbon footprint, grape yield, economic feasibility and environmental effect. The smallest environmental footprint was estimated for three-times application of organic fertilizer Stopeco (7.50 gha anno-1), followed by two-times glyphosate application (7.79 gha anno-1) and four times mechanical weed control (8.09 gha anno-1). However, Stopeco can be environmentally friendly from an eco-toxicological point of view. The biggest GWP emissions (990.91 kg CO2eq) and CO2 emissions (381.92 kg CO2) were again established for mechanical weeding and the smallest for glyphosate application (762.22 kg CO2eq and 351.46 kg CO2). Considering the economicfeasibility, both alternative weed control methods were comparable to the glyphosate-based herbicide because the financial benefit amounted to 1933 EUR per ha at mechanical weeding, 1085 EUR per ha at glyphosate-based herbicide, and organic fertilizer 989 EUR per ha, respectively.

Chemical control of weeds with the herbicide glyphosate under vines in the vineyards is currently easy, effective, and cheap. There are currently no completely equivalent alternative herbicides or suitable mechanical control methods that have the same efficacy in suppressing weeds under vines in vineyards as glyphosate. Therefore, in this research, we tested two alternative technologies for controlling weeds under the vines as a counterweight to the predominant control approach with the herbicide glyphosate: (1) chemical control with pelargonic acid, acetic acid, and the plant extract-based fertilizer Stopeco® with herbicidal action, and (2) mechanical control with a combined tool consisting of a rotary star tiller and finger weeder. A comparative analysis was conducted on time and fuel consumption, the extent of the carbon footprint, grape yield, and quality, which showed that the tested alternative methods of weed control were not comparable to the herbicide glyphosate in terms of effectiveness in weed suppression but were comparable at grape yield. In our trial, at the number of treatments we performed, differences in environmental footprint between different treatments were significant (glyphosate variant 10.55–11.21 gha anno−1; other variants 7.48–8.08 gha anno−1). Alternative mechanical and chemical methods need to be applied at least three to four times a year to achieve results comparable to those from two applications of glyphosate. For this reason, it is possible that, in the case of a slightly increased number of passes by mechanical tools or a slightly increased number of sprayings with alternative preparations to reach the efficacy level of glyphosate treatments, the foot print parameter, CO2 emissions and global warming potential (GWP) parameter in alternative treatments would no longer be more favorable than when using the herbicide glyphosate twice a year.

Procedure for early forecasting of apple yields in Slovenian orchards is presented with the help of a modern application that works in the Android environment and uses a fast 5G transmission network. To recognize fruits in images of ‘Golden delicious’ trees, we used the YOLO pre-learning network, which is based on convolutional neural networks and regression techniques to determine the position of apples in the image. To model the fruit yield, specific cultivar-adjusted growth curve is used, which makes it possible to predict fruit mass from the current and expected fruit diameter and the ratio between diameter and mass. The procedure was tested on a series of 20 images captured from six-years-old orchard revealing on average 71.84% accuracy in fruits counting, 108.27% accuracy in diameter calculating and 97.90% accuracy in yield forecasting. With the first estimation, we have shown that the automated method for yield forecasting is an excellent tool for accurately estimating the yield of an individual plot so we will continue to upgrade it in the future.

The spraying of plant protection products (hereafter PPPs) in orchards is widespread as it is considered a powerful and effective approach to treat the plants in order to achieve high yields and better crop quality. However, despite some benefits that PPPs bring, such as increased economic potential in terms of increased food production, they can also have serious health consequences for people and possible negative effects on the environment. This paper describes an approach to reduce the use of PPPs but preserve the same effect, which is possible with precise localization of the spraying system and accurate estimation of the plat canopy properties. The presented system works on the principle of electromagnetic valve triggering control, which has been upgraded and tested in the framework of the TRANSFARM 4.0 project (Interreg CE). The paper includes an evaluation of the system in a cherry orchard. The obtained data was processed with the help of the IBM SPSS Statistics package, where descriptive statistics, frequency distribution, normal distribution analysis, and non-parametric statistical hypothesis test (The Wilcoxon signed-rank test) were calculated. The trial performed in cherry orchard show that the adaptive system brings a statistically significant saving of PPPs in range of 30%. It has been shown that the opening and closing of the valves is consistent with the coverage at the points where the leaf mass is present or absent. The system has proven to a very reliable and efficient way of precise application of PPPs and represents an important step towards more precision and reduced environmental impact.

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of biochar application on fertile soils in a temperate climate during the first year of application. The field trial was conducted on a nutrient-rich silt loam soil at two experimental sites in north-eastern Slovenia (Biš and Skorba). The effect of biochar applied alone or in combination with compost or mineral fertiliser on soil properties and yield of white cabbage was studied. In addition to the control (C), the soil received five treatments including biochar (B; 1.5 t/ha), compost (CO; 1.5 t/ha), biochar-mixed compost (BCO; 3.0 t/ha), standard mineral fertilisers (NPK; NPK 0.35 t/ha, potassium sulphate 0.25 t/ha and calcium ammonium nitrate 0.25 t/ha) and combined application of half the amountof NPK and BCO (NPK+BCO). The results showed that the applied treatments had no significant influence on the measured soil chemical parameters, except for the amount of total organic carbon, electrical conductivity and pH in Biš and total carbon in Skorba. All investigated parameters (cabbage head weight, head circumference, total and market yield) were higher at the experimental site Skorba. Statistically significant differences were found only at the experimental site Biš, where the treatment influenced all parameters (p < 0.01), except for the head circumference of the cabbage. The NPK and NPK+BCO treatments produced significantly higher total yields (66.7 t/ha and 65.8 t/ha, respectively) and marketable yields (53.2 t/ha and 51.8 t/ha, respectively) compared to the other treatments (41.3-52.6 t/ha and 30.5-42.4 t/ha, respectively). Although the differences between the other treatments were insignificant, a trend of decreasing cabbage yields towards CO > BCO > B was observed. Similar results were also obtained when analysing the average data of the two experimental sites.

The growth of rocket Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. profiles was studied during 30 days of growing in the chamber under different lighting regimes; T5_ peak at 630 nm, LED1_ peak at 545 nm and LED2_ peak at 599 nm. There were no significant differences in dry weight after 15 days, however, from day 15 to 30, the increase in dry weight was significantly biggest under LED2. This agrees well with estimated average leaf area (LA) per plant (43.83 cm2 ), the increase of LA (39.70 cm2 ) and total fresh weight (7.898 g per plant). The regression analysis revealed the strongest correlation between the dry weight and PPFD_R light intensity (0.792**), showing the positive effect of additional LED lighting in comparison with standard T5 light.

The growth of rocket Eruca sativa (Mill.) was studied during 30 days of growing in the chamber under different lighting regimes; T5_ peak at 630 nm, LED1_ peak at 545 nm and LED2_ peak at 599 nm. There were no significant differences in dry weight after 15 days, however, from day 15 to 30, the increase in dry weight was for 111% and 227% higher under the LED2 than under LED1 and T5, respectively. The regression analysis revealed the strongest correlation between the dry weight and PPFD_B light intensity (0.661**), showing the positive effect of additional LED lighting.

In the presented study the efficiency methods of weed control in the vineyard under 'Sauvignon' vines were investigated. The purpose of the experiment was to test mechanical systems for controlling weeds in the vineyard with the aim of reducing the use of glyphosate in viticulture. The aim was also finding the most effective weed control combination and compared it with fuel consumption and carbon footprint. The experiment took place at vineyard producer Mr. Vinko Serbinek, Svecina. Interexport d.o.o. lent Tractor Fendt 211 F Vario (82 kW) with the mechanical systems of a manufacturer Braun Machinenbau GmbH. Mechanical systems included a grass cutter ('Lama') and a combination of a rotating star hoe (roll hoe, RH) and a vine trunk cleaner (finger hoe, FH). Processing time and the current fuel consumption during work in l/h while driving up and down of the slope was measured. At the end of the row in the vineyard, the tractor records the average consumption in l/h and calculates the total amount of fuel used in l/ha. Footprint and CO2 emissions was calculated with the help of the program SPI on Web. Statistical analysis was made for calculation between the evaluated parameters of fuel consumption and a processing time. Mechanical treatments resulted in lower weed cover, when using a grass cutter ('Lama') and a combination of rotary hoe + finger hoe. A grass cutter ('Lama') was found to be less efficient in comparison with a combination of rotary hoe (RH) and finger hoe (FH), but on the other hand it has lover footprint. Fuel consumption is slightly lower when using 'Lama'. The measurements and the data suggest that a combination of rotary hoe and finger hoe for weed control in the vineyard could be recommended.

Potencijali rasta rukole Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. proučavani su tijekom 30 dana uzgoja u komori pri različitim režimima osvjetljenja; T5_ max 630 nm, LED1_ max 545 nm i LED2_max 599 nm. Nije bilo značajnih razlika u suhoj težini nakon 15 dana, međutim, od 15. do 30. dana, povećanje suhe težine bilo je značajno najveće pod LED2. Dobro se slaže s procijenjenom prosječnom površinom lista (LA) po biljci (43,83 cm2 ), te povećanjem LA (39,70 cm2 ) i ukupnom svježom masom (7,898 g po biljci). Regresijskom analizom utvrđena je najjača korelacija između suhe težine i intenziteta svjetla PPFD_R (0,792**), što pokazuje pozitivan učinak dodatne LED rasvjete u usporedbi sa standardnim T5 svjetlom.

In the process of applying the plant protection product mixed with water (spray mixture) with conventional Air Blast Sprayers to the grapevine in the prescribed concentration for chemical protection, standard models are used to express plant protection product dosage rate, which are not taken into account characteristic properties of the green leaf wall area of the grapevine. The result of such models is uncontrolled amount of the spray mixture through individual nozzles to the leaf wall area. In the research work, we present an automated modular system, which enables controlled spray mixture dosage rate through the nozzles onto different segments of the leaf wall area and was tested in May 2022. An automated axial Air Blast Sprayer prototype was equipped with an automated modular system, which enabled pulse width control of the spray mixture. The autonomous (continuous duty cycle control (DC: from 0 to 100%) and conventional (nozzle fully open all the time) operation mode was tested at a constant Air Blast Sprayer operating travel speed of 5.5 km h(-1). The amount of spray mixture, expressed as a percentage between autonomous and conventional Air Blast Sprayer operation mode was evaluated. The maximum saving of spray mixture through an individual nozzle (68.00 %) was estimated in the phenological phase BBCH 16.

Autonomni modularni sustav postavljen na konvencionalnu (CON) prskalicu, koji operira na principu kontrole elektromagnetskih ventila modulacijom širine impulsa (PWM), predstavlja najsuvremeniju tehnologiju za provedbu kontrolirane primjene mješavine za prskanje bez promjene operativnih parametara prskalice (npr. pritisak prskanja, veličina mlaznice). U skladu s principima precizne vitikulture, kontrola modulacijom širine impulsa je primarna tehnologija, koja omogućava primjenu potrebne količine mješavine za prskanje isključivo na ciljana područja vinove loze, bez mijenjanja spektra veličine kapi, te omogućava ujednačenu kvalitetu nanosa i smanjenje zanošenja van ciljanih područja. U vinogradu je kroz cijelu sezonu prskanja u 2021. testiran prototip autonomne aksijalne prskalice, na koji je bio instaliran autonomni modularni sustav s omogućenom kontrolom širine impulsa. Testirana su dva načina rada prototipa prskalice, autonomni (kontinuirana kontrola radnog ciklusa (DC: 0 to 100%)) i konvencionalni (mlaznica potpuno otvorena sve vrijeme), pri standardnoj brzini prskanja od 6 kmh-1. Usporedili smo količinu sredstva za zaštitu bilja izraženu kao postotak između autonomnog i konvencionalnog načina rada prskalice kroz individualne mlaznice prskalice. Maksimalna ušteda mješavine za prskanje od 69,8%, kroz individualnu mlaznicu izmjerena je u fenološkoj fazi vinove loze BBCH 55. Komparativna analiza između CON i PWM načina primjene mješavine za prskanje pokazala je da je s automatiziranim načinom rada u godinu dana ušteđeno 626,24 L.

: Precision agriculture (PA) through the use and utilization of innovative technologies is a concept in agricultural management that enables long-term efficiency gains, control of unforeseen changes, and a reduction of negative impacts on the environment. However, there are even more reasons and benefits to using precision agriculture technologies (PATs) on farms, but the actual use on small farms is often questionable. The main objective of this research was to evaluate and analyze the current state of PA and its potential on a set of small farms. In addition, a comparison was made between small farms located in less favored areas (LFAs) and more favored areas (MFAs) to find if specific characteristics of the surrounding environment affect the (non-) implementation of these technologies by farm owners, with respect to the given regional possibilities. The result shows that 57.5% of respondents on these farms have never implemented PATs before and 20% are beginners in their respective fields. It was found that there were no statistically significant differences in the integration between fewer LFAs and MFAs technologies and their use in this study. The majority of respondents believe that the main changes need to occur on the level of politics. The results show that the level of cost or initial investment is the main reason and the main obstacle in the implementation of PATs on the surveyed farms.

In this study, the growth and glucosinolate (GSL) profiles of rocket salad Eruca sativa (Mill.) and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. were determined during 30 days growing under different lighting regimes; T5_ peak at 545 nm, LED1_ peak at 631 nm and LED2_ peak at 598 nm. The biggest increase of dry weight (DW) was measured in E. sativa under T5 (0.657 g DW/plant) and the lowest in D. tenuifolia under LED1 (0.080 g DW/plant). GSL content was found to vary significantly, regardless of the light treatment, but it is related with genotype (E. sativa, r = 0.802**). On average, the highest amount of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl-GSL (glucosativin) (7.3248 mg/g DW) was quantified in E. sativa and D. tenuifolia (6.7428 mg/g DW) under the T5. The regression analysis between different light wavelengths and glucosinolates showed the strongest correlation between photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD_B) and 4-methylthiobutyl-GSL (glucoerucin) in E. sativa (r = 0.698*) and D. tenuifolia (r = 0.693*), respectively, which indicates the effect of light on the response of plants to induced stress and changes in GSL biosynthesis.

Autonomous modular system mounted on a conventional (CON) sprayer operating on the principle of pulse-width modulation (PWM) control of electromagnetic valves represents state-of-the-art technology for implementation controlled application of spray mixture without changing the operating parameters of the sprayer (e.g. spray pressure, nozzle size). In accordance with the principles of precision viticulture, the pulse width modulation control is the primary technology, which allows the application of the required amount of spray mixture exclusively to the target areas of the vine without changing the droplet size spectrum and allows for even deposit quality and reducing the drift outside the target areas. In the vineyard, we tested an autonomous axial sprayer prototype throughout the entire spraying season in 2021 on which we have installed an autonomous modular system with enabled pulse-width control. We tested two modes of operation of the sprayer prototype, namely autonomous (continuous duty cycle control (DC: 0 to 100%)) and conventional (nozzle fully open at all time), at a steady spray speed of 6 kmh-1. We compared the amount of PPP expressed as a percentage between autonomous and conventional mode of operation of the sprayer through individual nozzles on the sprayer. The maximum saving of the spray mixture of 69.8%, through an individual nozzle was measured at phenological stage of the vine BBCH 55. A comparative analysis between the CON and PWM mode of the spray mixture application showed that we saved 626.24 l per year in the automated mode of operation.

In the presented study we investigated alternative methods of weed control in the vineyard under 'Sauvignon' vines and compared them with conventional herbicides. Weed control was performed at the experimental site with the following treatments: 1) conventional chemical control using herbicide glyphosate and herbicide flumioxazine (pre- and post-em.) in two different dosages; 2) alternative chemical control based on pelargonic acid, citrus essential oil, vinegar and 3) weed control by flame burning. In addition, 4) mechanical weed control under vines was carried out with a grass cutter (llama), a rotating star hoe (roll hoe) and a vine trunk cleaner, while at the same time additional mulching was carried out in the belts between the rows. While carrying out the chemical and mechanical control, we analysed the weed coverage, grape yield, yield loss, total soluble sugars and titratable acids. Pearson's correlations coefficient was calculated between the evaluated parameters and the results showed moderate negative correlations between weed coverage and grape yield, whereas the correlations between weed coverage and yield loss were significantly positive. Grape yield was highest for weed-free control plots, followed by plots where ploughshare llama and glyphosate were used. Yield loss was lowest when using ploughshare llama and burning, while the highest loss was observed when using fluomixazine regardless of concentration. In addition to the weed-free plot, weed coverage was lowest when glyphosate was used. Among the alternative chemical treatments, pelargonic acid was most effective, while mechanical treatments resulted in significantly lower weed cover with llama ploughshare and rotary hoe.

A dosage rate reduction of plant protection products mixed with water, i.e. spray mixture, in a prescribed concentration in the vineyard will only be possible in the future, if the natural characteristics of vine canopy structures (leaf wall area) and canopy management are taken into account. In a practical experiment in the vineyard we evaluated the leaf wall area of the vine cv. Sauvignon on different segments on the left and right side of the vine canopy. We compared the results of manual measurements and laser measuring technology (LIDAR) with the corresponding algorithm, with which we enabled the digital reconstruction of the leaf wall area of the vine. The manual measurement of the leaf wall area was carried out using an automated image analyser. The digital system for measuring the leaf wall area on different segments consisted of a LIDAR sensor and a Differential Global Positioning System (hereinafter DGPS). To determine the exact DGPS position of the LIDAR sensor during the measurement, we set up a DGPS base station. Using the Excel software (CORREL function), we estimated the relationship between the dependent variable (digital number of points in the cloud) and an independent variable (leaf wall area, manually measured). An analysis of six randomly selected vines in the vineyard revealed the maximum value of the correlation coefficient r = 0.80 for the left side and r = 0.90 for the right side of the leaf wall area of the vine, respectively. In the near future the virtual three-dimensional space will provide more even control of spray mixture over the entire structure of the leaf wall area in the vineyard based on autonomous decision-making models.