We present a Generalized Effective String Rope Model (GESRM) for the description of the initial state of relativistic heavy ion collisions. We start from the Effective String Rope Model (ESRM) and take into account fluctuations in the initial state following the Glauber Monte Carlo approach. Results from symmetric Au+Au collisions at different impact parameters and asymmetric A+Au head on collisions are presented at RHIC energies. The produced initial state is used as an initial condition for further hydrodynamical calculations.

Foldes and Pokol in their letter "Inertial fusion without compression does not work either with or without nanoplasmonics" criticized our works. Here, we refute their argumentation. Our proposed improvement is the combination of two basic research discoveries: (i) the possibility of detonations on space-time hypersurfaces with time-like normal (i.e., simultaneous detonation in a whole volume) and (ii) to increase the ignition volume to the whole target, by regulating the laser light absorption using nanoantennas. These principles can be realized in an in-line, one-dimensional configuration, in the simplest way with two opposing laser beams as in particle colliders.

The structure of the Ζ,Ν < 50 nuclei is examined in a model space consisting of the 0g9/2, 1p1/2, 1p3/2 and the 0f5/2 hole orbitals outside the doubly closed 100Sn core. The effective interaction for this model space is derived by introducing second order corrections to the Sussex matrix elements, while the one-hole energies are deduced by a least square fit to the observed levels. The results of the calculation are found to be in very satisfactory agreement with experiment for all nuclei with 38<Ζ<46 but for Ζ<38 this agreement begins to deteriorate. Such a feature possibly indicates the appearance of deformation and the breaking of the Ν=50 core. The wavefunctions of the calculation are used to determine double β matrix elements in the Ge, Se, Sr and Kr isotopes.

In a separate paper we have discussed the possibility that six quark clusters can affect the rate of double-beta decay. In this article we develop the formalism needed in the evaluation of the energy of all six-quark cluster configurations, which can arise in a harmonic oscillator basis up to 2 ħω excitations. The symmetries that were found useful for this purpose were the combined spin color symmetry SU_cs(6), the orbital symmetry SU_o(6) and the isospin symmetry SU_I(2).

In the present work we propose a new way of constructing the initial state for further hydrodynamic simulation of relativistic heavy ion collisions based on Bjorken-like solution applied streak by streak in the transverse plane. Previous fluid dynamical calculations in Cartesian coordinates with an initial state based on a streak by streak Yang-Mills field led for peripheral higher energy collisions to large angular momentum, initial shear flow and significant local vorticity. Recent experiments verified the existence of this vorticity via the resulting polarization of emitted Lambda and (Lambda) over bar particles. At the same time parton cascade models indicated the existence of more compact initial state configurations, which we are going to simulate in our approach. The proposed model satisfies all the conservation laws, including conservation of a strong initial angular momentum, which is present in noncentral collisions. As a consequence of this large initial angular momentum we observe the rotation of the whole system as well as the fluid shear in the initial state, which leads to large flow vorticity. Another advantage of the proposed model is that the initial state can be given in both [t,x,y,z] and [tau,x,y,eta] coordinates and thus can be tested by all 3 + 1D hydrodynamical codes which exist in the field.

Complexities of using an SU(4) and SU(3) basis in the [Formula: see text] shell are discussed. SU(3) representations are detailed for 2–5 particles. Earlier calculations by McGrory are discussed with the view of using the SU(3) model to describe multi-particle multi-hole states.

An initial state is created based field dominance and on flux-tubes or streaks in the transverse plane with local momentum and angular momentum conservation and local shear. The global dynamical consequences as well as polarization and correlations of produced particles will be discussed.

Relativistic fluid dynamics and the theory of relativistic detonation fronts are used to estimate the space-time dynamics of the burning of the D-T fuel in Laser driven pellet fusion experiments. The initial "High foot" heating of the fuel makes the compressed target transparent to radiation, and then a rapid ignition pulse can penetrate and heat up the whole target to supercritical temperatures in a short time, so that most of the interior of the target ignites almost simultaneously and instabilities will have no time to develop. In these relativistic, radiation dominated processes both the interior, time-like burning front and the surrounding space-like part of the front will be stable against Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. To achieve this rapid, volume ignition the pulse heating up the target to supercritical temperature should provide the required energy in less than ~ 10 ps.

The existence of collective dynamics and shock waves in nuclear collisions were predicted in the early ’70s by Greiner and colleagues. This was a revolutionary prediction, and it took a decade to prove it beyond doubt. Now at LHC this is the most dominant observable and the first heavy ion result from ALICE. I would discuss some of the details of the recent advances in the field. The Constituent Quark Number Scaling of the v2, for different mesons and baryons is instinctively a proof for collective flow development in quark gluon plasma. Hybrid models with recombination into hadrons can account for the observed scaling, in a limited pt-range. However, the scaling is not obvious. We follow the rapid and simultaneous hadronization of QGP dynamically, where partons gain weight and the perturbative vacuum field disappears. This dynamical process influences the flow observables and can reproduce the scaling. These studies may provide an insight into the features and dynamics of this intermediate phase between ideal QGP and Hadronic Matter.

The dynamical development of expanding Quark-gluon Plasma (QGP) flow is studied in a 3+1D fluid dynamical model with a globally symmetric, initial condition. We minimize fluctuations arising from complex dynamical processes at finite impact parameters and from fluctuating random initial conditions to have a conservative fluid dynamical background estimate for the statistical distributions of the thermodynamical parameters. We also avoid a phase transition in the equation of state, and we let the matter supercool during the expansion. Then central Pb + Pb collisions at \( \sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76\) TeV are studied in an almost perfect fluid dynamical model, with azimuthally symmetric initial state generated in a dynamical flux-tube model. The general development of thermodynamical extensives are also shown for lower energies. We observe considerable deviations from a thermal equilibrium source, changing skewness and kurtosis by time depending on beam energy as a consequence of the fluid dynamical expansion arising from a least fluctuating initial state.

The dynamical development of collective flow is studied in a (3 + 1)-dimensional fluid dynamical model, with globally symmetric, peripheral initial conditions, which take into account the shear flow caused by the forward motion on the projectile side and the backward motion on the target side. While at root s(NN) = 2.76A TeV semiperipheral Pb + Pb collisions the earlier predicted rotation effect is visible, at more peripheral collisions, with high resolution and low numerical viscosity, the initial development of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is observed, which alters the flow pattern considerably. This effect provides a precision tool for studying the low viscosity of quark-gluon plasma.

At the LHC, the strong collective flow is observed in Pb+Pb collisions, as shown by the azimuthal correlations in the transverse-momentum distributions of the produced particles. We calculate flow components in a relativistic fluid dynamical model at constant time freeze out (FO) for massless equilibrated post FO pion gas. Our results indicate that at the LHC the v(1) flow is expected to peak at forward rapidities, at the same side and direction as the projectile residue. The effect of initial state center-of-mass rapidity fluctuations is taken into account. In order to better study the transverse-momentum flow dependence, we suggest a new "symmetrized" v(1)(S) function; and we also propose a new method to disentangle global v(1) flow from the contribution generated by the random fluctuations in the initial state. The result is sensitive to the global initial state, where different parameterizations exist.

Within the particle-number conserving highly truncated diagonalization approach (amounting to a severely truncated shell model built on self-consistent mean-field single-particle states), we investigate the isospin mixing in the ground state of axially deformed even-even N = Z nuclei with A < 80. The Skyrme interaction in its SIII parametrization is used to generate the self-consistent mean-field solution, whereas the effective residual interaction is approximated by density-independent delta interactions in the T = 0 and T = 1 isospin channels. In the correlated ground state of the considered nuclei, the obtained values of the isospin-mixing parameter range from a few tens of a percent to a couple of percents. The pairing correlations in both isospin channels are found to increase a little the isospin-mixing parameter with respect to the Hartree-Fock value by two competing mechanisms. In the T = 0 channel, isospin mixing is brought mostly by neutron-proton one-pair excitations, whereas in the T = 1 channel it is essentially generated by the difference between neutron-neutron and proton-proton one-pair excitations.

Substantial collective flow is observed in collisions between Lead nuclei at LHC as evidenced by the azimuthal correlations in the transverse momentum distributions of the produced particles. Our calculations indicate that the Global v1-flow, which at RHIC peaked at negative rapidities (named as 3rd flow component or anti-flow), now at LHC is going to turn toward forward rapidities (to the same side and direction as the projectile residue). Potentially this can provide a sensitive barometer to estimate the pressure and transport properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma. Our calculations also take into account the initial state Center of Mass rapidity fluctuations, and demonstrate that these are crucial for v1 simulations. In order to better study the transverse momentum flow dependence we suggest a new "symmetrized" v1S flow component; and we also propose a new method to disentangle Global v1 flow from the contribution generated by the random fluctuations in the initial state. This will enhance the possibilities of studying the collective Global v1 flow both at the STAR Beam Energy Scan program and at LHC.

The Fluid Dynamical (FD) models are considered to be a good description of heavy ion reactions with higher collision energies. Recent results indicate that the collective flow develops in the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) phase, what results in the Constituent Quark Number (NCQ) scaling of the flow. At the same time, between the deconfined ideal QGP and the Hadronic Matter, a so-called “Quarkyonic Matter” is predicted, where the dominant degrees of freedom are quarks. In FD model we assume the formation of the quarkyonic matter in the final Freeze Out (FO) stage, which includes deconfinement and the simultaneous formation of constituent quarks. Then we reach the conclusion that collective flow must have frozen out early when the quarks were the dominant constituents of matter, and the final hadron masses are reached subsequently.

In the framework of the Higher Tamm-Dancoff Approximation which allows for a consistent treatment of pairing and quadrupole vibrational correlations preserving the particle-number symmetry and the Pauli principle, we compare the isospin content of ground and excited Kπ = 0+ states including either type of the above mentioned correlations using an approximate projection-after-variation technique for isospin. The pairing correlations are described with a delta interaction using the same strength in the T = 0 and T = 1 channels, whereas the vibrational correlations are treated with an isoscalar quadrupole-quadrupole interaction. As a first study, we apply this approach in the N = Z, even-even 16 O nucleus. For the same amount of correlations measured by the diffusivity of Fermi surface or depletion of particle-hole vacuum in the ground-state solution, we find very similar isospin mixing in the ground state for both types of correlations, but different patterns for the distribution in the calculated solutions of the expectation value of the square of the isospin operator.

Heavy ion reactions and other collective dynamical processes are frequently described by different theoretical approaches for the different stages of the process, like initial equilibration stage, intermediate locally equilibrated fluid dynamical stage and final freeze-out stage. For the last stage the best known is the Cooper-Frye description used to generate the phase space distribution of emitted, non-interacting, particles from a fluid dynamical expansion/explosion, assuming a final ideal gas distribution, or (less frequently) an out of equilibrium distribution. In this work we do not want to replace the Cooper-Frye description, rather clarify the ways how to use it and how to choose the parameters of the distribution, eventually how to choose the form of the phase space distribution used in the Cooper-Frye formula. Moreover, the Cooper-Frye formula is used in connection with the freeze-out problem, while the discussion of transition between different stages of the collision is applicable to other transitions also. More recently hadronization and molecular dynamics models are matched to the end of a fluid dynamical stage to describe hadronization and freeze-out. The stages of the model description can be matched to each other on spacetime hypersurfaces (just like through the frequently used freeze-out hypersurface). This work presents a generalized description of how to match the stages of the description of a reaction to each other, extending the methodology used at freeze-out, in simple covariant form which is easily applicable in its simplest version for most applications.

Quarkyonic matter is a predicted phase between deconfined ideal QGP and Hadronic matter where the dominant degrees of freedom are quarks.Collective flow measurements indicate that the flow developed in QGP, as flow measurements scale with the constituent quark numbers.The possible reasons for the observed constituent quark number scaling were analyzed, arriving to the conclusion that collective flow must have frozen out early when quarks were the dominant constituents of matter.

We consider an idealized situation where the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is described by a perfect, 3+1 dimensional fluid dynamic model starting from an initial state and expanding until a final state where freeze-out and/or hadronization takes place. We study the entropy production with attention to effects of (i) numerical viscosity, (ii) late stages of flow where the Bag Constant and the partonic pressure are becoming similar, (iii) and the consequences of final freeze-out and constituent quark matter formation.