In 1989 Lapierre et al. described a novel method of detecting agglutination reactions by the use of a Sephadex (DiaMed ID Typing System) gel held in a microtube. This report examines the use of gels containing ABO, Rh, and Kell system specific antibodies. The anti-A and -B were monoclonal reagents; anti-A,B, and those for the Rh and Kell systems were polyclonal. Five hundred and fifty-one tests performed for the ABO system detected all but the most weakly reacting variants, a detection rate superior to most commercially available reagents. Five hundred and thirty samples were typed for Rh antigens. One hundred and twenty-seven of these were of various D category III through VII types (Dcats) and 154 were Du>s. The gel system detected all but seven DVI variants and seven Dus. The seven DVI variants, from individuals with no anti-D in their sera, gave reactions identical to the seven Dus when tested against a panel of over 50 monoclonal IgG and IgM anti-Ds. The 554 samples tested for the K1 antigen gave correct results.

The murine monoclonal antibodies BS58 and R6A are known to recognize epitopes related to the human Rh system: neither antibody reacts with Rhnull cells and the BS58 antigen is not expressed by‐D‐or ·D· cells. It is shown here that the numbers of BS58 and R6A antigen sites vary with Rh phenotype. Both epitopes are well represented on cells of the CDe/CDe, CDe/cDE and CDe/cde phenotypes; BS58 sites are markedly reduced on cde/cde and cDE/cde and are only just detectable on cDE/cDE cells when compared with R6A sites. The number of R6A sites per red cell ranged between 20,000 and 150,000. The evidence indicates that the BS58 epitope is not on the polypeptides carrying D or R6A, nor is it uniquely on one of the polypeptides carrying either C, c, E or e. It is suggested that the BS58 epitope is either common to all the CcED polypeptides or that it is present on a polypeptide which has not yet been identified biochemically.

Durante mucho tiempo, los esguinces de tobillo en el niño se han subestimado y pasado por alto, considerando solamente los desprendimientos epifisarios de los cartílagos de conjugación afectados. Actualmente, los niños crecen rápido y practican actividades deportivas intensamente. Ante una demanda funcional cada vez mayor, es fundamental que el profesional tenga en mente un esquema diagnóstico preciso para un mejor tratamiento de estos niños y sus familias durante el contexto de tanto la consulta en urgencias como en la consulta en la clínica cuando estos traumatismos se han cronificado.

Rhnull human erythrocytes lack the antigens of the Rhesus blood-group system, have an abnormal shape, have an increased osmotic fragility, and are associated with mild chronic haemolytic anaemia. Rhnull erythrocytes also lack all antigens of the LW blood-group system, but the functional significance of this deficiency is unknown. We have identified, by immunoblotting with two mouse monoclonal antibodies (BS46 and BS56), the LW-active component(s) in normal human erythrocytes as a broad band of Mr 37 000-47 000 on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Treatment of intact human erythrocytes with endoglycosidase F preparation destroyed the epitopes recognized by antibodies BS46 and BS56, suggesting that one or more N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides are required for the formation of the LW antigens. Estimation of the number of LW antigen sites per erythrocyte by using radioiodinated purified antibody BS46 gave average values of 4400 molecules/cell for Rh(D)-positive adult erythrocytes and 2835 molecules/cell for Rh(D)-negative adult erythrocytes. Like the Rh(D) polypeptide, the LW polypeptide(s) is (are) associated with the cytoskeleton of normal erythrocytes. These results suggest the possibility that the absence of the LW polypeptide may also contribute to the functional and/or morphological abnormalities of Rhnull erythrocytes.

Over 600 blood samples were obtained from the Faroe Islanders, with the help of the Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University. They were tested for nineteen blood groups and seventeen red cell enzyme and protein systems. The data have been analysed in relation to the demographic history of the Faroes and information available on migration patterns. Comparisons have been made with other north-west European populations with particular reference to Iceland and its subdivisions. The Faroese show considerable differences in their gene frequencies when compared with other populations of the region. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.

Blood groups and protein and enzyme polymorphism distributions were studied in 285 residents on the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides. As well as gene frequency calculations for individual loci, genetic distance estimations were made and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results indicated several major differences from North-west European populations, with high values of R2(CDe), Rz(CDE) and P1. Among protein and enzyme polymorphisms Hp1, EAPA and PGM1(1) had very high frequencies. Genetic distances show Lewis to be unlike both Western and Eastern North European populations, while the phylogenetic tree shows a common, but rather distant, ancestry with Icelanders. This genetic uniqueness of Lewis as a whole is accompanied by a considerable degree of heterogeneity within the island itself, especially in the ABO and Rh systems. Stornoway, with a greater proportion of residents descended from immigrant stock, shows a greater degree of similarity with neighbouring populations. The reasons for both the overall uniqueness and the heterogeneity within Lewis are discussed, but in the absence of a large time-depth and adequate vital records, the various roles of selection, drift and migration in producing them are difficult to establish.

One-thousand, thirty-eight individuals from Plati, Greece were examined for the following red cell antigens, serum proteins, and red cell enzymes A A1 Ai B H; MNSs Mg Henshaw Nya Mur Vw; CCwcDEeCe; K k Kpa Kpb Jsa Jsb; P1; Lua; Fy1 Fy2; Jka Jkb; Wra; Zt; Vel; Swa; Jensen, Radin, Gerbich, Diego, Gregory, Haptoglobin, Transferrin, Acid phosphatase, Adenylate kinase, Adenosine deaminase, Esterase-D, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Phosphoglucomutase, 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, Phosphohexose isomerase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Malate dehydrogenase, and Superoxide dismutase. The results are discussed in detail and compared with other Greek and neighbouring populations. Because of the Plati population's long history of residence in the Cappadocian area of Turkey the data have been compared, whenever possible, with results for that region.

A sample of the Isle of Man population was tested for the following red cell antigens, serum proteins and red cell enzymes: ABH; MNSs He; Cc CwD Du Ee Ce; K k Kpa Kpb; Lua; P1; Fya Fyb; haptoglobin; transferrin; Ag; acid phosphatase; phosphoglucomutase; adenylate kinase; esterase D; adenosine deaminase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The study comprised 219 blood donors, 338 secondary school children and 116 females attending the only antenatal clinic. The results were studied for intra-island variation and for their their relationship with other Irish Sea Basin populations. The total sample results were compared with data for England, Cumbria, Eire, Northern Ireland, S.W. Scotland and Wales using a genetic distance measure.

A series of 1,187 blood samples from eight population groups in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea were tested for genetic variation in blood groups, serum proteins and red cell enzyme systems. The populations belonged to the language groups Gahuku-Asarc-Bena Bena, Kamano, Yagaria, Keiagana, Fore, Agarabe, Auyana and Tairora. Polymorphic variation was found in the ABO, MNS, P1, Rh, Hp, Tf, SEP, 6-PGD, ADA, MDH, and PGM genetic systems. East to West variation was shown in the language groups; the O, S, R2, and R0 genes increase in frequency from East to West and the A, R1, and M genes decrease in the same direction. In the East higher frequencies were found for the Du antigen, for the PGM21 gene and for a PGM second locus variant. The MDH 3 variant was found in all the populations, its highest value being in the Tairora.

Blood samples from the Waskia and Takia populations of Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea, and other nearby mainland populations, were tested for genetic variation in blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme systems. Polymorphic variation was present in the ABO, P, MNS, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Gerbich blood group systems, in the Hp and Tf serum protein systems, and in the acid phosphatase, 6-PGD, ADA, PGM, MDH, and G-6-PD enzyme systems. A small number of variants was found in other systems: there were 4 Lu(a+), 1 Kp(a+), 2 C variants in the acid phosphatase system, 6 LDH variants, 1 ADA3-1 and 1 AK2-1 sample. All samples were negative for the red cell antigens Cw, Vw, He, K, Jsa, Dia, Wra, Rd and Marriott, and no variation was observed in the PHI enzyme system. The results are discussed in relation to those obtained on other Papua New Guinea populations.

Three subpopulations of the Hadza were examined for the following antigens and proteins including enzymes A1ABH, MNS Henshaw, C c CW D Du E e V Ce, Lua, KJsa, Fy1 Fy2, Jka Jkb, Dia, Wra, haemoglobin, haptoglobin, transferrin, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, adenylate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. The results are discussed in relation to other African populations including the Sandawe, Nyaturu, Pygmies, San, and Khoikhoi.

Bjarnason, Bjarnason, Edwards, Fridriksson, Magnusson, Mourant and Tills (1973) published preliminary data on a study of Iceland. The present paper gives the complete data of the study and extends the sample size for most of the genetic systems to over 1500 individuals, approximately 1/130 of the population. The sample was divided into seven subpopulations and these were compared using a genetic distance matrix. Considerable internal variation was revealed with two groups appearing very different. The seven regions were then compared with possible founding populations and no close relationships were found. The possible mechanism for the internal variation and the differences between Icelandic gene frequencies and those from other N.W. European populations are discussed.