or urine in 27% of 73 children who were admitted to hospital after a first febrile convulsion However, a viral aetiology could be implicated for 86% of the children after combining results of tissue culture, electron microscopy, mouse inoculation, complement fixation tests, and interferon assay. Parallel bacterial cultures showed a possible pathogen in 29% of children, but in only 4% was the pathogen isolated from the CSF, blood, or urine. No correlation was found between the nature of the pathogen (or evidence of its dissemination) and the severity of the convulsion, degree of fever, CSF protein, CSF white cells, or the WBC. The results suggest that a febrile convulsion could be a

Volunteers were treated with fibroblast interferon or placebo nose drops for four days. On the second day, they received a challenge with rhinovirus type 4. There was no difference in the clinical symptoms or viral shedding between the two groups. The possible reasons for this result are discussed.

The influence of experimentally induced rhinovirus infection on the excretion of ascorbic acid (AA) and two of its possible metabolites, diketogulonic acid (DKG) and oxalic acid was determined in human volunteers receiving a controlled daily intake of AA. There was a significant fall in the excretion of both AA and DKG in the infected subjects but no change in the oxalic acid excretion. A simple absorption test provided no evidence of any impairment of gastrointestinal absorption of AA during infection. Possible mechanisms of this infection-induced change in AA metabolism are discussed.

The X-31 strain of influenza A (H3N2) virus has been covalently bound to CNBr activated agarose for the separation of anti-haemagglutinin antibodies. The virus immunoadsorbent was used repeatedly under high ionic strength alkali buffer and acid conditions without altering appreciably its antibody binding capacity. Sequential elution of bound anti-haemagglutinin antibodies with increasing concentrations of sodium iodide has enabled the physical separation of antibody populations with low and high avidity for the virus immunoadsorbent. In haemagglutination inhibition (h1) assays, the less avid population reacted only with the homologous X-31 virus, wheras the more avid antibody population reacted both with the homologous and the related cross-reactive A/England/42/72 (H3N2) strains. Sequential elution under acid conditions did not completely remove the bound anti-haemagglutinin antibodies and those eluted retained little of their anti-haemagglutinin activity. From a practical point of view, given a specific antiserum, it is feasible to use whole virus as an immunoadsorbent for the purpose of isolating populations of antibodies of different avidities and cross-reactivities. Furthermore, sodium iodide as an eluting agent has proved most effective in recovery of active and stable antibodies from the agarosebound virus.

Evidence is presented which shows that the effect of cholera toxin on HeLa cells was inhibited by a number of agents. These included ganglioside, whole human serum, purified fractions of serum and ethacrynic acid. Theophylline potentiated the effect of the toxin. It was proposed that the toxic effect was due to an increase of cyclic AMP within the cell. The serum factor responsible for inhibition was an α 1 α 2 - macroglobulin . Electron microscopy confirmed that cells affected by the toxin became rounded but no other differences were detected.

The nasal washings from 52 volunteers were tested. Twelve had received a partly attenuated A2 influenza Leningrad/4/65 and 37 a similar B England/101/ 62 strain. Interferon was detected by titration with rhinovirus type 2 in human fibroblasts and with Sindbis virus in a continuous line (V 3) of monkey kidney cells. In volunteers given influenza B, interferon was found in specimens collected 4 days after inoculation in 12 of 22 infected volunteers and 2 of 15 uninfected volunteers. There was no relation between the presence of interferon in infected volunteers and the clinical severity of illness but volunteers who developed higher titres of antibody in convalescence had had higher peak interferon titres in the acute phase of the illness than those who developed low titres.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 173, Issue 1 p. 760-769 STUDIES OF ISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES (U.K.2371 and U.K.2054) IN RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF VOLUNTEERS, USING INFLUENZA VIRUSES, A PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS AND A RHINOVIRUS Sylvia E. Reed, Sylvia E. Reed Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, Wilts, England.Search for more papers by this authorA.S. Beare, A.S. Beare Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, Wilts, England.Search for more papers by this authorM.L. Bynoe, M.L. Bynoe Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, Wilts, England.Search for more papers by this authorD.A.J. Tyrrell, D.A.J. Tyrrell Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, Wilts, England.Search for more papers by this author Sylvia E. Reed, Sylvia E. Reed Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, Wilts, England.Search for more papers by this authorA.S. Beare, A.S. Beare Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, Wilts, England.Search for more papers by this authorM.L. Bynoe, M.L. Bynoe Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, Wilts, England.Search for more papers by this authorD.A.J. Tyrrell, D.A.J. Tyrrell Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, Wilts, England.Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1970 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb53469.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume173, Issue1Second Conference on Antiviral SubstancesJuly 1970Pages 760-769 RelatedInformation

Four agents which were obtained from adults with common colds were cultivated and identified—one was influenza type B and the others were parainfluenza viruses of types 2 and 4. Their cultivation was assisted by the use of organ cultures of human embryo tracheal or nasal epithelium. They infected and caused typical common colds in volunteers.

SPECIFIC immunity, especially that conferred by antibody on the respiratory mucosa, is probably the most important factor in resistance to infection with respiratory viruses1–3. But McDonald and Zuckermann4 have shown that in the first wave of Asian influenza relatively more RAF men admitted to hospital with this infection were of blood group O than of blood group A.

Volunteers were treated for 7 days with 1.5 g. daily oral doses of an isoquinoline drug. A similar number of controls received inert placebo. 1 day after the start of treatment both groups were challenged with intranasal instillation of living influenza-B virus. Of thirty-four people given drug, seven had symptoms and nine had laboratory evidence of infection. Of thirty-three given placebo, thirteen had symptoms and seventeen had laboratory evidence of infection. When used prophylactically therefore the drug reduced by half the incidence of clinical illness and of virus infection.

Influenza C virus was intranasally administered to volunteers; most were infected and nine developed symptoms of common cold. Increasing titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody and complement-fixing antibody were detected. Virus neutralizing activity in nasal secretion was not correlated with either resistance to infection or the occurrence of overt illness. Interferon was detected in the nasal secretions of some subjects.

Viruses can often be isolated from patients with common colds by inoculating their nasal secretions into tissue cultures, but more viruses can be propagated by inoculating such secretions into organ cultures of human embryo nasal or trach?al epithelium (Tyrrell and Bynoe, 1965 ; Hoorn and Tyrrell, 1966). Many of the viruses which grow in organ cultures can be recognized in the laboratory. We have made preliminary reports (Tyrrell and Bynoe, 1966 ; Tyrrell, 1967) of studies on a collection of nasal washings. We now wish to make a full report, and in this paper we describe the cultivation of still more viruses by further experiments in which a modified tech nique of organ culture was used.

For vaccination live viruses are better than dead ones, but live influenza vaccines are difficult to prepare. One influenza A2 and two influenza B viruses were passed in series in embryonated eggs. At several stages of their passage they were inoculated into volunteers, and their effects assessed by virus isolations, antibody rises, and clinical reactions. The A2 virus and one of the influenza B viruses, both of which had grown readily in embryonated eggs on first isolation, continued to induce human infections and clinical reactions after 30 egg passes. The other influenza B virus acquired enhanced human pathogenicity after three passages from man to man. After adaptation to eggs in which it at first grew reluctantly, its human virulence was appreciably reduced. It underwent no further change during a total of 20 egg passes. There was little convincing evidence of an increased incidence of clinical reactions during the winter seasons, but the numbers of volunteers were too small to draw definite conclusions.

98 volunteers were vaccinated with formalin-inactivated influenza-B virus intramuscularly or with living influenza-B virus intranasally. They, and a group of control volunteers, were subsequently challenged with live virus administered intranasally. 71% of those given killed vaccine developed an antibody response but 15% were infected on challenge. 51% of those who had received live virus had an antibody response and 2% were infected on challenge. Vaccination also reduced the frequency of clinical reactions. The living vaccine used in this trial produced too many reactions to be used on a large scale.