Revised G-, Q- and R-banded karyotypes and ideograms for sheep chromosomes at the 420-band level of resolution are presented. The positions of landmark bands on the sheep chromosomes are defined by their distance relative to the centromere to facilitate comparison with equivalent cattle chromosomes. Chromosome-specific (reference) molecular markers that have been mapped to sheep chromosomes and their equivalent cattle chromosomes are proposed. Reference markers will facilitate genome comparisons between sheep and cattle and minimise confusion due to chromosome nomenclature. Numbering of the Robertsonian translocation chromosomes remains as previously reported.

HereditasVolume 129, Issue 2 p. 181-182 Open Access Regional Assignment of Elastin (ELN) to Sheep Chromosome 24q16-qter T. E Broad, Corresponding Author T. E Broad Ag Research Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand 1Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected] 3Equal contributions made to this reportSearch for more papers by this authorP. E. Lewis, P. E. Lewis AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorH. A. Ansari, Corresponding Author H. A. Ansari AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand 1Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected] 3Equal contributions made to this reportSearch for more papers by this authorD. W. Maher, D. W. Maher AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorP. D. Pearce, P. D. Pearce AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this author T. E Broad, Corresponding Author T. E Broad Ag Research Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand 1Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected] 3Equal contributions made to this reportSearch for more papers by this authorP. E. Lewis, P. E. Lewis AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorH. A. Ansari, Corresponding Author H. A. Ansari AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand 1Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected] 3Equal contributions made to this reportSearch for more papers by this authorD. W. Maher, D. W. Maher AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorP. D. Pearce, P. D. Pearce AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 May 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1998.t01-1-00181.xAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Ansari HA, Bosma AA, Bunch TD, Long SE and Popescu CP, (1994). Clarification of chromosome nomenclature in the sheep (Ovis aries). Report of the committee for the standardization of the sheep karyotype. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 67: 114–115. 10.1159/000133809 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ansari HA, Pearce PD and Maher DW, (1993). Regional assignment of anchored reference loci to sheep chromosomes. Proceedings of the 8th North American Colloquium on Domestic Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, Guelph, Canada, p. 59–61. Google Scholar Ansari HA, Pearce PD, Maher DW, Malcolm AA and Broad TE, (1993). Resolving ambiguities in the karyotype of the domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Chromosoma 102: 340–347. 10.1007/BF00661277 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar BOVGBASE: The US Cattle Genome Database. Texas A&M University. URL: http://bos.cvm.tamu.edu/bovgbase.html. Google Scholar Broad TE, Burkin DJ, Cambridge LM, Maher DW, Lewis PE, Ansari HA, Pearce PD and Jones C, (1995). Assignment of five loci from human chromosome 8q onto sheep chromosome 9. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 68: 102–106. 10.1159/000133900 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Broom JE, Tate ML and Dodds KG, (1996). 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Genet. 26: 171–176. 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1995.tb03157.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Raju K and Anwar RA, (1987). Primary structures of bovine elastin a, b, and c deduced from the sequences of cDNA clones. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 5755–5762. 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45639-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar SHEEPBASE: The Sheep Genome Database. Mosgiel . URL: http://zaphod.invermay.cri.nz:8002. Google Scholar Volume129, Issue2December 1998Pages 181-182 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The genetic linkage map of sheep Chromosome (Chr) 6 has been extended to include 35 loci with the addition of 11 RFLP and 12 microsatellite loci. The sex-averaged linkage map now spans 154 cM from phosphodiesterase cyclic GMP beta polypeptide (PDE6B) to OarCP125, an anonymous sheep microsatellite. The male and female map lengths, at 180 cM and 132 cM respectively, did not differ significantly. The physical assignment of PDE6B to Chr 6q33-qter orientates the linkage map on sheep Chr 6 with PDE6B near the telomere and OarCP125 towards the centromere. The order and genetic distances between loci are similar for the sheep Chr 6 and cattle Chr 6 maps, except for the position of the casein genes. The sheep Chr 6 linkage map is also comparable to portions of human Chr 4, mouse Chrs 5 and 3, and pig Chr 8. The synteny between sheep Chr 6 and human Chr 4 has been extended from PDE6B (4P16.3) to epidermal growth factor (EGF, 4q25-q27). However, a region from platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha polypeptide (PDGFRA) to bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3), which spans 19 cM on sheep Chr 6, appears to be inverted with respect to the human and mouse loci. Other differences in the gene order between sheep, pig, and mouse suggest more complex rearrangements.

Internally consistent G-, Q- and R-banded karyotypes and idiograms for sheep chromosomes at the 422-band level of resolution are presented. These were derived by sequential Q- to G-staining, and sequential Q- to R-staining of prometaphase spreads prepared from sheep with normal and Robertsonian chromosomes. The fused chromosomes served as stable morphological markers. To minimise confusion due to chromosomal nomenclature, we have listed chromosome-specific (reference) molecular markers that have been mapped byin situ hybridization to sheep chromosomes. The use of molecular markers in conjunction with the sequential Q- to G- and sequential Q- to R-banded karyotypes and iodiograms provided here will elimiate ambiguities in identifying and numbering sheep chromosomes and will facilitate their comparison with cattle chromosomes.

The following loci, on human chromosome 13, have been newly assigned to sheep chromosome 10 using chromosomally characterized sheep-hamster cell hybrids: gap junction protein, beta 2, 26 kDa (connexin 26) (GJB2); gap junction protein, alpha 3, 46 kDa (connexin 46) (GJA3), and esterase D/formylglutathione hydrolase (ESD). This assignment of ESD is consistent with comparative mapping evidence, but not with an earlier report of it on sheep chromosome 3p26-p24. Cell hybrid analysis confirmed the location of another chromosome 13 locus, retinoblastoma 1 (including osteosarcoma) (RB1), and the anonymous ovine genomic sequence RP11 on sheep chromosome 10. Isotopic in situ hybridization was used to regionally localize RP11 on to sheep 10q15-q22. The location of microsatellites AGLA226, OarDB3, OarHH41, OarVH58, and TGLA441, previously assigned to sheep chromosome 10 by linkage analysis, was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using the cell hybrid panel. These mapping data provide further evidence that sheep chromosome 10 is the equivalent of cattle chromosome 12, and that these chromosomes show extensive conserved synteny with human chromosome 13.

Using a chromosomally characterized minipanel of sheep x hamster cell hybrids, five new loci, including carbonic anhydrase II (CA2), calbindin 1 (28 kDa) (CALB1), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), cytochrome P450 11B subfamily XIB (steroid-11-beta-hydroxylase), polypeptide 1 (CYP11B1), and interleukin 7 (IL7), have been assigned to sheep chromosome 9. A homolog of CA2 was detected on sheep chromosome 1. CRH was regionally localized to sheep 9q23-->q28 by in situ hybridization. This study assigns chromosome 9 as the sheep equivalent of cattle chromosome 14 and indicates that CALB1, CYP11B1, and IL7, which have not been mapped on the cattle genome, are likely to be present on cattle chromosome 14. It also shows by comparative genome analysis that a large segment of human chromosome 8q is highly conserved in sheep chromosome 9 and cattle chromosome 14. Based on these data, we propose that sheep chromosome 9 be recognised as the equivalent of cattle chromosome 14.

SummaryThe regional localization of five reference loci to sheep chromosomes is reported. The newly mapped loci are the T‐cell receptor, beta (TCRB), coagulation factor X (F10), laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1), cyclic GMP rod phosphodiesterase, alpha (PDEA) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). The assignments of PDEA and LAMC1 to chromosomes 5q23–q31 and 12q22–q24 respectively provide the first markers physically assigned to these chromosomes. They also allow the provisional assignment of sheep syntenic group U19 to chromosome 5 and U1 to chromosome 12. The mapping of FGF2 to chromosome 17q23–q25 anchors the unassigned linkage group ‘A’ to chromosome 17, and the assignment of TCRB to chromosome 4q32–qter facilitates the orientation of a linkage group on sheep chromosome 4. The mapping of F10 to sheep chromosome 10q23–qter supports the recent assignment of bovine syntenic group U27 to cattle chromosome 12, as sheep chromosome 10 and cattle chromosome 12 are banded homologues.

Six loci, apoliproprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen), immunoglobulin kappa constant region (IGKC), luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotrophin receptor, avian myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived, ornithine decarboxylase, and proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/beta-lipotropin) (POMC), were newly assigned to sheep chromosome 3p using a chromosomally characterized minipanel of sheep-hamster cell hybrids. Isotopic in situ hybridization of IGKC to sheep chromosome 3p22-p17 is reported, confirming the cell hybrid assignment. As these loci are all known to map to human chromosome 2p, this study demonstrates that this chromosomal segment is extensively conserved in sheep. Only POMC has been previously assigned to cattle chromosome 11, which is the equivalent of sheep chromosome 3p. Therefore, we predict that the other loci assigned in this study to sheep 3p are likely to be located on cattle 11. The provisional assignment of an additional locus, annexin-like to sheep chromosome 3p is also reported.

Sheep x hamster cell hybrids containing sheep metacentric Chromosome (Chr) 2 were produced by fusing blood leukocytes from normal sheep with hamster auxotrophic Ade F-minus mutants. Cell clones that were isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) positive were cytogenetically characterized, confirming that they contained sheep Chr 2. The following loci were newly assigned by Southern hybridization to sheep Chr 2: lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glycoprotein-4-beta galactosyltransferase 2 (GGTB2), neurofilament light polypeptide (68 kDa; NEFL), surfactant-associated protein 2 (SFTP2), lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), and nebulin (NEB). These new assignments and the in situ localization of gelsolin (GSN) to sheep Chr 2pter-p24 are consistent with the predicted homology of cattle Chr 8 (U18) with sheep Chr 2p, and of cattle Chr 2 (U17) with sheep 2q. In addition, the assignment by cell hybrid analysis of loci previously mapped to Chr 2 in sheep, viz., cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, delta polypeptide (CHRND), collagen type III alpha 1 (COL3A1), fibronectin 1 (FN1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1), and villin 1 (VIL1), confirmed the localization of sheep syntenic group U11 to this chromosome. By nutritional selection and complementation of the hamster auxotrophic Ade F mutation, the multifunctional enzyme locus phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (AICAR transformylase)/IMP cyclohydrolase (inosinicase) (provisionally given the symbol PRACFT) has also been newly assigned to sheep Chr 2. This report significantly extends the number of loci physically mapped to sheep Chr 2 and confirms its close homology with cattle Chrs 2 and 8.

The interleukin 2 receptor (IL2RA), a human Chromosome (Chr) 10p locus, was mapped to sheep Chr 13q12-q15 by in situ hybridization. Two loci from human Chr 10q, cytochrome P450 subfamily XVII (CYP17) and the tachykinin 2 receptor (TAC2R), were assigned to sheep Chrs 22q21-q23 and 25q14-q23 respectively. The assignment of IL2RA allows the provisional assignment of the previously unassigned sheep syntenic group U15 to sheep Chr 13. Sheep linkage group 5 is predicted to be located on sheep Chr 25 on the basis of the TAC2R assignment.

Eight new loci have been assigned to sheep Chromosome (Chr) 1q by use of a chromosomally characterized minipanel of sheep x hamster cell hybrids. Four loci, which have been mapped to the distal region of human Chr 3q, are ceruloplasmin (CP), sucrase isomaltase (SI), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and ectopic viral integration site 1 (EVI1). The other four loci, on human Chr 21, include interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR); interferon inducible protein p78, murine (MX1); collagen type VI, alpha 1 (COL6A1); and S100 protein, beta polypeptide (S100B). All of these loci, except GLUT2 and MX1, have been mapped onto bovine Chr 1 or are syntenic with loci on this chromosome. The in situ localization of transferrin (TF) to sheep Chr 1q42-q45 confirms our previous assignment of this locus and independently anchors the eight new syntenic loci to sheep Chr 1q.

The regional localization of five reference loci to sheep chromosomes is reported. The newly mapped loci are the T-cell receptor, beta (TCRB), coagulation factor X (F10), laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1), cyclic GMP rod phosphodiesterase, alpha (PDEA) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). The assignments of PDEA and LAMC1 to chromosomes 5q23-q31 and 12q22-q24 respectively provide the first markers physically assigned to these chromosomes. They also allow the provisional assignment of sheep syntenic group U19 to chromosome 5 and U1 to chromosome 12. The mapping of FGF2 to chromosome 17q23-q25 anchors the unassigned linkage group 'A' to chromosome 17, and the assignment of TCRB to chromosome 4q32-qter facilitates the orientation of a linkage group on sheep chromosome 4. The mapping of F10 to sheep chromosome 10q23-qter supports the recent assignment of bovine syntenic group U27 to cattle chromosome 12, as sheep chromosome 10 and cattle chromosome 12 are banded homologues.

The lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) is a patient-reported outcome measure for lower extremity disorders. Aim of this study was to assess the longitudinal validity including responsiveness and test-retest reliability of the revised 15-item version, and to define the minimal important change (MIC) of the modified LEFS in a generic sample of orthopedic foot and ankle patients who underwent surgery. Responsiveness, effect size, and standardized response mean were measured by determining the score change between the baseline and 6 months administration of the LEFS from 156 patients. There was no significant difference between preoperative (median 78, interquartile range [IQR] 64.2-90.3) and postoperative (median 75.0, IQR 61.7-95.0) scores. Both effect size and standardized response mean were low (0.06 and 0.06, respectively). Test-retest reliability of the LEFS was satisfactory. Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.81-0.88). MIC value could not be estimated due to the lack of significant score change. The modified LEFS presented with relatively low longitudinal validity in a cohort of generic orthopedic foot and ankle patients. The findings of this study indicate that the modified LEFS might not be the optimal instrument in assessing the clinical change over time for these patients.

Seven loci that have been previously mapped to human and mouse chromosomes have now been regionally assigned to six sheep chromosomes. Nerve growth factor β (NGFB), antigen CD3 ζ polypeptide (CD3Z), inhibin β A (INHBA), estrogen receptor (ESR), rhodopsin (RHO), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), and myelin basic protein (MBP) were mapped by in situ hybridization to sheep chromosomes 1p24-p21, 1p14-p11, 4q26-q31, 8q25-q27, 19q23-qter, 21q21-qter, and 23q11-q12.3, respectively. ESR, RHO, IGF2, and MBP are the first markers to be assigned to their respective sheep chromosomes. These new data allow the previously unassigned sheep linkage groups H, J, K, and S to be provisionally assigned to chromosomes 21, 19, 4, and 8, respectively. The unassigned sheep syntenic groups U8 and U13 are provisionally assigned to sheep chromosomes 8 and 21, respectively. The new assignments support the emerging picture that there is extensive conservation of human chromosomal segments in the sheep and cattle genomes. The position of another evolutionary breakpoint on human chromosome 1q is suggested.

We report two new Robertsonian centric fusions, designated t4 and t5, in New Zealand Romney sheep. Q- and G-banding studies show that sheep chromosomes 5 and 8 are fused in t4 and that chromosomes 8 and 22 are fused in t5. The presence of large blocks of centromeric heterochromatin in t4 and t5 suggests that the fusions may be of recent origin.

The human chromosome 2q loci, fibronectin 1 (FN1), the alpha 1 chain of type III collagen (COL3A1), and the delta subunit of the muscle acetylcholine receptor (CHRND) have been regionally assigned to sheep chromosome 2q by in situ hybridization. COL3A1 is pericentromeric (2q12-q21), while FN1 and CHRND are in the subterminal region at 2q41-q44 and 2q42-qter, respectively. The mapping of FN1 assigns the sheep syntenic group U11, which contains FN1, villin 1 (VIL1), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), and gamma subunit of the muscle acetylcholine receptor (CHRNG), to sheep chromosome 2q. Inhibin-alpha (INHA) is also assigned to sheep chromosome 2q as FN1 and INHA compose sheep linkage group 3. These seven loci are members of a conserved chromosomal segment in human, mouse, and sheep.