This study investigates the effects of incorporating Spirulina, krill meal, and corn gluten meal as dietary additives on the growth performance and body coloration of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Experimental diets containing varying percentages of Spirulina (1% and 3%), krill meal (2% and 5%), and corn gluten meal (3% and 6%) were formulated by replacing fish meal at different inclusion levels and compared to a Control diet with higher levels of fish meal. Results indicated that shrimp fed with 3% Spirulina exhibited the highest final weight and best feed conversion ratio (FCR), significantly outperforming the Control and the corn gluten meal treatments. Color analysis revealed that shrimp fed 3% Spirulina had significantly lower L* values (darker color) and higher b* values (yellow hue) suggesting improved pigmentation. Despite containing xanthophylls, corn gluten meal did not produce significant changes to the yellowish tone of the shrimp when raw, with less efficiency than other pigments. After cooking, all treatments showed increased L*, a* and b* values, with shrimp fed with 3% Spirulina and 6% corn gluten meal showing the most intense red-orange coloration. These findings highlight the potential of krill meal, spirulina, and corn gluten as natural dietary pigments and growth stimulators in shrimp aquaculture, providing valuable information to improve shrimp quality to meet market demands.

Literature information on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dietary nutrients in feedstuff for shrimp species dates to the 1980s though the nutritional consistency of ADC values determined in individual feed ingredients continues under scrutiny. This may be attributed to (a) the large variety of ingredients tested under a single standard methodology (i.e., the partial replacement of a reference diet mix by a fixed proportion of the target ingredient); (b) the complex effects of this dietary strategy upon palatability, digestion/digestibility, and consequently feeding rates; and (c) nutrient leaching of diets during experiments. While the biological phenomenon behind ADC (the so-called “nutrient disappearance” between diet and feces through animal’s digestive system) is measured by the difference of nutrient and inert marker content in diet and feces, ADC of a feed ingredients has been mathematically calculated considering the difference in ADC from test (e.g., 30% replacement of a reference diet mash by the target ingredient) versus reference diet ADC and their nutrient content. The present study proposes the determination of individual amino acid ADC of soybean meal (SBM) based on the effect of inclusion of SBM in increasing dietary levels in four practical test diets (5, 10, 15, and 20% SBM, named diets T4, T5, T6, and T7, respectively) upon ADC of test diets. For comparison, the study also included three diets formulated under the standard replacement method (i.e., 10, 20, and 30% replacement of the reference diet mash by SBM, named diets T1, T2, and T3). The feeding trial was carried out under high shrimp performance with automated feeding (20–22 h pellet delivery/day, minimized leaching), and daily feces collection over the trial period (55 days). The estimation of ADC of amino acids in SBM was based on ADC determined in test diets, ADCAA SBM = mean [(ADCAA diet (T4, T5, T6 or T7)/ADCprotein diet (T4, T5, T6 or T7)) × ADCprotein SBM]; diet ADC experimentally determined; and an assigned ADC value of SBM true protein (ADCprotein SBM) estimated by three criteria: effect of increasing inclusion of SBM upon true protein ADC of test diet; additivity of digestible protein supplied by proteinaceous ingredients composing test diets T4 to T7; literature values and author’s experience. Results by the new proposed method showed SBM ADC values between 76 and 88% for indispensable amino acids and contrasted with values obtained by applying the conventional replacement method at 30% inclusion of SBM into a reference diet (ADCAA: 87–96%). It was also checked either the improvement or reduction of certain individual amino acid ADC with increasing SBM inclusion level in diets. In conclusion, the new proposed methodology produced reduced and more realistic ADC values of amino acids compared to the conventional method of ingredient replacement into a reference diet at one fixed level. This new methodology for ADC determination is not intended to become an unquestionable reference but rather to offer an alternative view for more realistic values of ADC of feed ingredients for farmed shrimp.

Although the benefits of incorporating algal oil (AO) in plant-based aquafeeds have been established for most commercial fish species, knowledge on the effects of such incorporation in shrimp feeds is scarce. The present study assessed how AO inclusion at different levels in a plant-based shrimp feed could promote growth and fatty acid (FA) deposition in the muscle. Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, were fed a reference diet with marine animal ingredients (F0) or a marine-free plant-based diet with vegetable oil (VO) alone (P0), or in combination with 1% (P1) or 2% (P2) AO. After 51 days of culture, zootechnical and nutritional performance of shrimp fed with AO supplemented diets was significantly improved. The sensory attributes of shrimp fed P1 and P2 were slightly improved relative to P0 while the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was three to four times higher, thereby increasing the nutritional value of shrimp. Therefore, plant-based feeds can sustain an efficient production of L. vannamei with controlled FA profiles, provided they are supplemented with AO. In addition, the use of AO eliminates the reliance of shrimp feeds on the limited supplies of marine ingredients while maintaining the forage fish dependency ratio for fish oil (FO) of zero and allows for the use of more flexible formulae based on different meals of nonmarine origin.

Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) for populations have been used internationally to guide eating practices focused on healthier ways of living, promoting health, and preventing diet-related diseases. In 2014, FAO completed a major update and website launch of its online repository for FBDG and associated resources. This scoping review from 100 countries was created to assess the level and type of agreement and differences between existing country guidelines concerning the consumption of aquatic foods. Of these 100 countries only two recommend consuming fish 5 times a week. Another discrepancy was in the size of the portion, although Oman recommends consuming 5 times a week, the portion is 30g, which totals 150g per week, whereas Denmark recommends 350g per week, which would be consuming 11 times per week according to the daily portion recommended by Oman. With this review it was possible to identify that most countries recommend consuming fish two to three times a week and suggest consuming them fresh or minimally processed, however, this recommendation is often generic, and information is rarely available on how to buy with quality and safety, species recommendations for specific nutrient contributors and preparation methods to introduce into the diet.

Inorganic phosphates have been used in shrimp feeds to meet phosphorus (P) needs, which may be quantitatively affected by the dietary content of P and other minerals and digestibility. In the present study, performance and digestibility were determined simultaneously in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during the grow-out period (4-23 g ind wt). Shrimps were fed plant-based diets supplemented with different phosphate ingredients: monosodium phosphate (MSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), magnesium phosphate (MgP), and monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The total P level in test diets was 0.79%. MSP supplementation was tested at two dietary calcium:phosphorus ratios to check for possible effects upon shrimp performance and digestibility. A negative control diet was tested with a similar formulation without inorganic phosphate supplementation (0.47% total P). Shrimp was reared in a recirculated clear water tank system (35 ppt salinity, 30 degrees C, 100 individuals/m(3)) with continuous feeding provided by automatic pellet delivery. Feces were sampled 4-5 times daily throughout the trial. A negative control diet produced P limitation and significantly reduced shrimp performances compared to P-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). Performance of shrimp-fed diets containing inorganic phosphates varied for feed conversion rate: 1.24-1.34, survival: 87%-94%, growth: 2.50-2.59 g/week, and no significant difference was found among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Inorganic P supplementation resulted in significantly higher dry matter, crude protein, ash, and P apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) compared to P limited negative control diet (P < 0.05). In addition, reduced P ADC (P < 0.05) was checked with higher dietary Ca:P ratio. Phosphorus digestibility in test diets showed significant differences: MSP > MCP, MgP, and MSP + CaCO3; MAP > MSP + CaCO3 (P < 0.05). Digestible P (%) could then be calculated in test diets: MgP (4.77 g Pdig/kg of feed), MSP + CaCO3 (4.81 g Pdig/kg of feed), MCP (5.0 g Pdig/kg of feed), MAP (5.13 g Pdig/kg of feed), and MSP (5.30 g Pdig/kg of feed). Digestible P in phosphate sources (%) could then be calculated: 88.2% MSP, 84.2% MAP, 79% MCP, 72.2% MgP, and 71.8% MSP + CaCO3. Shrimp whole body and exoskeleton phosphorus content also showed significantly higher values in P-supplemented diets compared to control, regardless of the source tested (P < 0.05). It is concluded that tested phosphates were suitable for feeding juvenile shrimp with MSP, MAP, and MgP diets showing high feed efficiency, while MSP and MAP diets resulted in numerically increased growth, coinciding with numerically higher P digestibility in these phosphates. The elevated P digestibility in the phosphates seems related to their water solubility, though MgP, less soluble and digestible in comparison to MSP and MAP, could also produce good performance.

This study investigated the effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation, specifically phytase and protease, in fish meal–free and phosphorus-limited diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei through two feeding trials. The trials aimed to assess shrimp growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility simultaneously in a clear-water recirculating tank system (34 ppt, 30 °C) employing a continuous feeding regime, with feces being collected on a daily basis throughout the feeding trials. In the first feeding 50-day feeding trial shrimp (3.4 g initial body weight) were fed diets supplemented with phytase (1000 and 2000 FTU/kg) and phytase together with protease (1000 FTU/kg + protease and 2000 FTU/kg + protease), in addition to animals fed a positive control (supplemented inorganic phosphate) and a negative control diet without supplementation. In the second shrimp feeding trial (4.3 g initial body weight), in addition to negative and positive controls, shrimp were fed increasing levels of phytase (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 8000 FTU/kg) over a 42-day experimental period. Both feeding trials showed beneficial effects phytase addition compared to the negative control, with significant improvements (P < 0.05) observed at dietary phytase levels of 2000 FTU/kg and above. Gains were obtained in growth performance (observed weekly growth of 1.46 and 1.86 g/week for shrimp fed the negative control and diet supplemented with 3000 FTU/kg, respectively), and apparent phosphorus digestibility increasing from 41.7

Uma alimentação com a inclusão frequente e variada de pescado pode reduzir o risco de doenças cardiovasculares e ajuda no desenvolvimento neurológico e questões mentais. Nesse contexto, é importante obter respostas a respeito dos fatores associados ao consumo, mas também aos fatores que podem levar ao aumento do consumo de pescado em determinadas regiões e os obstáculos que podem ser enfrentados para solução dessas dificuldades. Objetivo: O objetivo da presente investigação foi avaliar o perfil do consumo e dos consumidores de pescado no Estado de São Paulo, bem como determinar as principais espécies de pescado consumidas. Métodos: Por meio de um questionário on-line sobre o consumo de pescado composto por 23 questões, incluindo um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido de concordância em participar da pesquisa foi realizado este estudo de mercado. Resultados: Foram obtidas 1947 respostas para o estudo de mercado sobre o consumo de pescado no Estado de São Paulo. Dos voluntários que responderam ao questionário on-line, 62% é do sexo feminino sendo a faixa etária predominante de 40 a 59 anos (43%). As espécies indicadas como as mais consumidas foram tilápia, salmão, pescada, atum, sardinha, cação, bacalhau e camarão. Conclusão: A realização dessa pesquisa indica que no Estado de São Paulo há um baixo consumo e uma baixa frequência de consumo do pescado. A forma de conservação mais adquirida foi o pescado congelado na forma de filé, sendo o preço ainda um fator limitante para o consumo.

A descriptive annotated bibliography is presented of recent selected publications dealing with the reported health benefits and risks of fish and seafood consumption; fish and seafood including farmed and wild-caught finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, and seaweeds. The bibliography is presented in four parts, namely (1) review papers dealing with both the health benefits and risks of fish and seafood consumption, (2) specific papers dealing with health benefits related to: antioxidants; bone health; brain and mental health; cancer prevention; diabetes prevention; elderly and senior adults; fermentation; heart health and hypertension; immune response and allergies; infant and child health; lipids, fatty acids and sterols; minerals and trace elements; obesity and overweight reduction; polysaccharides; pregnancy and gestational health; proteins, peptides and amino acids; and vitamins and bioactive compounds; (3) specific papers dealing with health risks related to: algal blooms and shellfish biotoxins; antibiotics use and residues; cancer risks; chemicals; chronic kidney disease; microbial quality and safety; microplastics; minerals and heavy metals; parasites and pathogens; pesticides and persistent organic pollutants; public perception and media; seafood allergy; and smoking risks; and (4) supporting papers dealing with consumption advisories and dietary guidelines; improved decontamination and processing methods; and fish, food and nutrient security. A total of 552 papers are presented together with their annotated summaries. On the basis of the papers presented in this review, it is believed that the higher nutritional value and health benefits derived from increased fish and seafood consumption far out-way the potential negative risks to human health, and as such fish and seafood represent a valuable and much healthier alternative than processed fast-foods and many terrestrial animal food products in the global fight against heart disease and related health ailments.

The suitability of feed phosphates for farmed shrimp was assessed in a trial for simultaneous determination of shrimp performance and digestibility. Juvenile shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) was reared during 52 days (individual weight from 5.5 to 16–20 g) fed plant-based diets supplemented with different sources of inorganic phosphates: dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Test diets were formulated to contain similar levels of total phosphorus (0.75%, Ca/P ranging from 0.32 to 0.90). A (negative) control diet was tested with similar formulation devoid of inorganic phosphate supplementation (0.50% total P). Shrimp were reared in a clear water (34 ppt, 30 °C) recirculated tank system, stocked at a density of 82 individuals/m 3 , and fed continuously using a belt feeder. Feces were collected several times per day throughout the feeding trial. Mean survival ranged from 88% (control diet) to 95% (MAP diet) and did not differ significantly among treatments ( P > 0.05). However, diet did affect feed consumption with highest daily feed intakes observed for shrimp fed the MAP diet, followed by MCP, DCP, and control. Not surprisingly, significantly higher growth was observed with shrimp fed MCP and MAP (2.01 and 2.10 g/week, respectively), compared with shrimp fed the control and DCP diets ( P < 0.05). Feed efficiency (FCR) was also significantly reduced in shrimp fed MCP and MAP (1.66 and 1.59, respectively) compared with other treatments ( P < 0.05). Moreover, shrimp fed MCP and MAP had significantly higher apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), including dry matter, crude protein, potassium, and phosphorus compared with shrimp fed the control and DCP diets ( P < 0.05). Phosphorus content was also significantly reduced in feces of shrimp fed MAP ( P < 0.05). Mineral content and retention efficiency in shrimp whole body and exoskeleton were also significantly higher with diets MCP and MAP compared with shrimp fed the control and DCP diets ( P < 0.05).

Juvenile dusky groupers (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe, 1834; 143 g initial body weight) were reared over a 100-day experimental period in a water-recirculated tank system (28 degrees C; 34 g L-1) and fed four different diets, namely a fresh fish diet (whole chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus), a semi-moist diet composed of a 60:40 mixture of a fishmeal-based formulated dry diet and fresh fish, and two fish meal-based dry pelleted diets, with or without supplemental taurine (5.0 g kg-1). Fish grew well on all diets with the exception of fish fed the diet without supplemental taurine (fish exhibiting a significantly lower body weight), with the highest growth response observed with fish fed the semi-moist diet, followed by the artificial diet with taurine and fresh fish respectively (although these differences were not statistically different: p < .05). The estimated essential individual amino acid requirement of juvenile dusky grouper as determined using whole-body amino acid composition was in the range previously reported for grouper species, with the possible exception of isoleucine and tryptophan (lower) and phenylalanine (higher). The present results serve as baseline for further nutritional studies on the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus.

The importance of moulting for growth in farmed shrimp is reviewed in relation to the physiological cycle, induction triggers, behavioural and compositional changes, elements for successful moulting and potential strategies for moulting management. Successful ecdysis is also dependent on pond water quality, health and nutritional status. The stages in the moulting cycle are as follows: premoult, the preparation period for moulting that comprises the longest period in the cycle and includes accumulation of nutrient reserves; post-moult, short and crucial stage for shrimp recovery after moulting; and intermoult, when feeding is continuous and most of growth occurs. The ecdysis is very rapid and mainly dependent on suitable physiological status of individuals. Up to 10% of the whole shrimp moulting cycle may rely on body nutrient reserves, once feeding is decreased or ceased (premoult and post-moult). Moulting is started by hormonal increments in haemolymph, 20-hydroxyecdysone and methyl farnesoate, which are found similar in insects. Beyond health and nutrition, proper environmental conditions such as good water quality are essential for successful moulting, hardening of exoskeleton and rapid growth. Moulting prediction and management may result in significant feed savings in pond farming and potential effects of, for example, moon phases and stressors have to be further considered. The complex nature of moulting in shrimp, including different sorts of endocrine regulation and environmental stimuli, suggests it is difficult to be precisely controlled in farmed populations. Moulting physiology of shrimp is discussed in relation to some farming practices.

In a global fight against over-nutrition, obesity and associated ailments, identification and consumption of healthier food than processed red meat products and fast-foods is crucial. Fish and seafood products appear as the healthier alternative animal products and the present paper highlight their nutritional merits and health attributes in a world where malnutrition but also under-nutrition is still negatively affecting the health and well- being of many people. The paper also provides the major studies conducted to enhance the nutritional profile of farmed fish through dietary fortification, and highlights the need to increase consumer awareness and understanding concerning the health benefits of fish and seafood products as an essential component of a healthy diet.

Three studies were conducted with juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum : (Study 1) a 10‐week feeding trial within floating net cages to test the nutritional efficacy of different dietary feeding regimes (trash‐fish control diet, a semimoist diet, an in‐house dry formulated diet, and a commercial cobia feed); (Study 2) a 10‐week feeding trial within an indoor water‐recirculating tank‐based system to test the nutritional efficiency of different potential dietary fishmeal replacers (poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate, feather meal), a diet without taurine supplementation, and a commercial cobia feed; and (Study 3) estimation of the essential amino acid (EAA) requirements of cobia based on EAA whole‐body composition in fast‐growing cobia fed a trash‐fish‐based diet. Fish performance in terms of growth and feed efficiency was the greatest within the outdoor net‐cage feeding trial, with fish fed the control trash‐fish‐based diet exhibiting the best performance. Although fish growth was poorer within the indoor feeding trials, fish performance was similar for most diets, with apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients of over 75% being obtained in all experimental diets in both feeding trials. The estimated EAA requirements of cobia obtained during this study were similar to those reported for other similar marine carnivorous fish species.

Energy budgets for juvenile Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (1.7-4.0 g) fed with different diets were assessed. The energy partitioning between growth, respiration, ammonia excretion, feces and exuvia was calculated to estimate for total food energy intake. Shrimp oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were quantified in sealed chambers (25 degrees C, 34 ppt). Energy allocated for growth and feces were obtained from the wet combustion of whole body and feces samples, exuvia was estimated as 10% growth energy. Three diets were tested: 100% chopped fish (Fish), 100% commercial feed (Feed), and 50-50% chopped fish and commercial feed (Mix). Most of the energy from the diets was channeled into respiration (49.7-70.5%). Shrimp fed the Feed diet used more energy in growth (24.4%) than those fed Mix (13.4%) or Fish diets (13.2%), either in absolute (joule) or relative (% of ingested energy) terms. Conversely, energy loss as ammonia excretion was lower in shrimp fed Feed (1.0%) compared to shrimp fed Mix (4.2%) or Fish diets (7.8%). Less energy was lost in feces by shrimp fed Fish diet (7.3%) compared to Mix (20.2%) and Feed diets (22.2%). The calculated energy intake by shrimp fed Fish, Mix and Feed were 0.995, 1.100, and 1.255 kJ ind(-1)day(-1), respectively. According to the O:N atomic ratios (oxygen consumed to nitrogen excreted), protein tented to be the predominant substrate catabolized by shrimp fed Fish (O:N= 16 +/- 5.2), and Mix (O:N= 25 +/- 11.6), with increasing use of carbohydrates and/or lipids in the Feed (O:N= 74 +/- 37.3). Results suggest diet composition may affect energy budget and partitioning differently between metabolism and growth either in absolute or relative terms, as shrimp fed Fish and Mix diets used protein as main substrate for metabolism, whereas shrimp fed Feed diet channeled protein for growth, and lipids and carbohydrates for other metabolic functions.

Aquaculture ResearchVolume 49, Issue 12 p. 3933-3937 SHORT COMMUNICATION In vitro degree of protein hydrolysis using enzyme extracts from larval and postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) Fanny A. Yasumaru, Corresponding Author Fanny A. Yasumaru fyasumaru@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0003-1265-3458 Aquaculture Laboratory, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Correspondence Fanny A. Yasumaru, Aquaculture Laboratory, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Email: fyasumaru@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorCeline De Maesschalck, Celine De Maesschalck INVE Technologies NV, Dendermonde, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorRoeland Wouters, Roeland Wouters INVE Technologies NV, Dendermonde, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorDaniel Lemos, Daniel Lemos orcid.org/0000-0001-7824-7351 Aquaculture Laboratory, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author Fanny A. Yasumaru, Corresponding Author Fanny A. Yasumaru fyasumaru@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0003-1265-3458 Aquaculture Laboratory, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Correspondence Fanny A. Yasumaru, Aquaculture Laboratory, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Email: fyasumaru@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorCeline De Maesschalck, Celine De Maesschalck INVE Technologies NV, Dendermonde, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorRoeland Wouters, Roeland Wouters INVE Technologies NV, Dendermonde, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorDaniel Lemos, Daniel Lemos orcid.org/0000-0001-7824-7351 Aquaculture Laboratory, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 October 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13864Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume49, Issue12December 2018Pages 3933-3937 RelatedInformation

Abstract Aquaculture production is continuously growing worldwide, and marine fish farming in Brazil is still in its infancy. Intensive farming conditions may cause physiological stress to the cultured organism, which can be evaluated by citogenotoxic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effect of the rearing conditions in red blood cells of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum by using comet assay and micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities assay. Juvenile cobia were reared for 13 weeks in indoor tank with open water circulation and in near shore cage. The comet assay and the nuclear abnormalities assay detected higher DNA damage and higher nuclear abnormalities frequency in erythrocytes of fish reared in the indoor tank. Results showed that two methods are complementary. Additionally, cobia were injected with ß-naphthoflavone (BNF) at concentrations of 2mgkg-1 and 10mgkg-1 in laboratory controlled conditions, and maintained for 7 days in separate tanks to better understand the response mechanisms of this species to a toxic substance. The comet assay did not detect any significant differences between BNF injected and control fish, whereas nuclear abnormalities assay showed significant differences between BNF injected and the control groups. The damages identified by the comet assay are repairable breaks in the DNA strands, whereas nuclear abnormalities may be permanent. Possibly the period of maintenance after injection was enough to clean BNF from the organisms and to repair the breaks in the DNA strands. As cobia seems to respond very well to genotoxic elements, comet assay and nuclear abnormalities assay would be useful tools to monitor farming conditions.