The Ogallala Aquifer underlies 45 million ha, providing water for approximately 1.9 million people and supporting the robust agriculture economy of the US Great Plains region. The Ogallala Aquifer has experienced severe depletion, particularly in the Southern Plains states. This paper presents policy innovations that promote adoption of irrigation technology, and management innovations. Innovation in Kansas water policy has had the dual effects of increasing the authority of the state to regulate water while also providing more flexibility and increasing local input to water management and regulation. Technology innovations have focused on improved timing and placement of water. Management innovations include soil water monitoring, irrigation scheduling, soil health management and drought-tolerant varieties, crops, and cropping systems. The most noted success has been in the collective action which implemented a Local Enhanced Management Area (LEMA), which demonstrated that reduced water pumping resulted in low to no groundwater depletion while maintaining net income. Even more encouraging is the fact that irrigators who have participated in the LEMA or other conservation programs have conserved even more water than their goals. Innovative policy along with creative local–state–federal and private–public partnerships are advancing irrigation technology and management. Flexibility through multi-year allocations, banking of water not used in a given year, and shifting water across multiple water rights or uses on a farm are promising avenues to engage irrigators toward more sustainable irrigation in the Ogallala region.

From grazing lands to meat packing, beef production systems in the United States are striving to meet global demands without compromising environmental quality or local profitability. These challenges and opportunities are manifest in four US regions connected ecologically and socially through beef production: the American Southwest, the Ogallala Aquifer region, the Northern Plains, and the Upper Midwestern Corn Belt. Most calves raised on extensive, arid Southwestern ranches are exported to the Ogallala Aquifer region for finishing on grains that are grown either locally on Ogallala Aquifer water or imported from the Upper Midwest. Changes in climate, vegetation, and human demographics threaten the sustainability of the regionally-interconnected system. Heritage cattle genetics, precision ranching, and alternative supply chain options are three strategies that show promise for addressing these sustainability threats, but major knowledge gaps exist. For instance, while environmentally-friendly landscape use by Raramuri Criollo, a heritage cattle type, has been identified in several arid rangeland settings, little is known about their performance in conventional feed yards. While precision agriculture is already prevalent in croplands, less is known about how such technologies can be cost effective in arid rangelands. Moreover, many perceive grass-finishing on rangeland as environmentally friendly and beneficial for local agricultural communities, but tradeoffs involving greenhouse gas emissions, increased rangeland use, and disruption of cattle feeding systems of the Ogallala Aquifer region must be assessed. Here we introduce a USDA-NIFA Coordinated Agricultural Project designed to fill these knowledge gaps and advance sustainability of beef production linked to the US Southwest. With a boundary-spanning approach of education, participatory research, and extension, the project is identifying tradeoffs of the three strategies with explicit attention to pericoupling (i.e., socioeconomic and environmental interactions) of regions connected by beef production and full consideration of the coupled ecological and social systems within those regions.

The Unmix receptor model was applied to the 2002-2014 speciated PM2.5 data from the IMPROVE site at Tallgrass National Preserve near Strong City, Kansas, to investigate the contributions of prescribed rangeland burning on local air quality. This investigation found the following five source categories that contribute to annual local ambient PM2.5: nitrate/agricultural (22%), vegetative burning (5%), secondary organic aerosol (29%), sulfate/industrial (30%), and crustal/soil (14%). In the month of April, the contributions of vegetative burning and secondary organic aerosol increased to 11% and 49%, respectively, indicating the influence of the prescribed burning season. The contribution of smoke from prescribed burning was estimated to be 1.05 mu g m(-3) as primary aerosols and 4.03 mu g m(-3) as secondary aerosols, which in total accounted for 42% of the average PM2.5 concentration in April.

Smoke exposure is often an inevitable side effect of open vegetation fires (both planned and wild) and is an important public health concern. The objective of this paper is to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge on health and environmental impacts of smoke from vegetation fires, to identify research gaps, and to provide needed information to researchers, land managers, policymakers, health care workers, and the general public. The main components of vegetation fire smoke and their characterizations are identified and evaluated. Concentrations, emission ratios, and emission factors of smoke components and the combined health and environmental effects of all hazardous smoke components from vegetation fire smoke exposure are summarized. Trends in risk assessment of vegetation fire smoke, limitations of current research, and future research needs are discussed.

Demand for agriculturally produced food and feed is virtually certain to rise as populations increase and economies of developing countries improve. Irrigation is currently supplying water for a disproportionately large amount of agriculturally sourced food and feed production needed to meet this growing demand. Irrigation supports 40 % of global food production, while it occupies only about 18 % of the agricultural landscape. Irrigation is groundwater sourced in critical food production regions of the world, and a variety of these aquifers are being drained; their rates of water recharge are well below extraction rates. Life expectancy of multiple irrigation aquifers, including selected aquifers in the USA, is decades or less if much improved water irrigation management practices are not implemented. Case examples from Kansas, Colorado, and California, home of arguably the most technologically advanced, economically stable, and well educated agricultural industry in the world, are used to address the question: “Are existing irrigation management approaches preferentially focused on sustaining existing economies or sustaining the longevity of the irrigation aquifers?” In general, irrigation aquifer water stress and need to conserve water is recognized by a vast majority of stakeholders. The need for stakeholders to maintain short-term financial integrity, which requires continued use of irrigation water, is creating stress in local water management policy development and delaying meaningful action. Pockets of forward thinking plans and even action are evolving, but these pockets must grow, and grow rapidly, to avert major negative social and financial consequences.

Ruminant livestock provides meat and dairy products that sustain health and livelihood for much of the world's population. Grazing lands that support ruminant livestock provide numerous ecosystem services, including provision of food, water, and genetic resources; climate and water regulation; support of soil formation; nutrient cycling; and cultural services. In the U.S. southern Great Plains, beef production on pastures, rangelands, and hay is a major economic activity. The region's climate is characterized by extremes of heat and cold and extremes of drought and flooding. Grazing lands occupy a large portion of the region's land, significantly affecting carbon, nitrogen, and water budgets. To understand vulnerabilities and enhance resilience of beef production, a multi-institutional Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP), the "grazing CAP," was established. Integrative research and extension spanning biophysical, socioeconomic, and agricultural disciplines address management effects on productivity and environmental footprints of production systems. Knowledge and tools being developed will allow farmers and ranchers to evaluate risks and increase resilience to dynamic conditions. The knowledge and tools developed will also have relevance to grazing lands in semiarid and subhumid regions of the world.

The Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) is the principal environmental agency for the State of Kansas. KDHE is responsible for administering safe drinking water and water pollution control rules and regulations and assuring that Kansas’ water resources meet water quality standards. Since the early 70’s Kansas’ has collected water samples from lakes, rivers and streams. Samples are collected at fixed locations, at fixed frequencies and analyzed for a variety of bacteriological, chemical and physical properties. Program administrators selected sample collection sites that were important in determining the effectiveness of water pollution control programs. Initially about 100 water sample collection sites were located where important rivers entered and exited the state and below large waste water discharges. Since inception of the network, additional sampling sites have been added to address special needs. Typically, these special need sites remained in the network. At the present time, the total number of sample collection sites exceeds 300. Other organizations such as United States Geological Survey, Kansas Biological Survey, and Kansas State University conduct studies of a few years in duration. These studies typically focus on smaller watersheds, with more frequent base flow and event sampling. This paper illustrates analytical procedures used in Kansas to glean information from datasets derived from different water quality sampling protocols and purposes to evaluate water quality conditions of river basins and watersheds. Simple techniques are applied to water quality datasets derived from various sources to determine total maximum daily loads and progress in abating pollutant loads; determine geographic, seasonal and longitudinal water quality characteristics to discern program outcomes and guide future program initiatives, and communicate with watershed stakeholders.