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Journal Article A Dedicated Backscattered Electron Detector for High Speed Imaging and Defect Inspection Get access Maximilian Schmid, Maximilian Schmid PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andreas Liebel, Andreas Liebel PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert Lackner, Robert Lackner PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Daniel Steigenhöfer, Daniel Steigenhöfer PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Adrian Niculae, Adrian Niculae PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heike Soltau Heike Soltau PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 23, Issue S1, 1 July 2017, Pages 10–11, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927617000733 Published: 04 August 2017

Abstract Background and objective: Endoscopic laser lithotripsy is the preferred technique for minimally invasive destruction of ureteral and kidney stones, and is mostly performed by pulsed holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser irradiation. The absorbed laser energy heats the water creating a vapor bubble which collapses after the laser pulse, thus producing a shock wave. Part of the laser energy strikes the stone through the vapor bubble and induces thermomechanical material removal. Aim of the present study was to visualize the behavior and the dynamics of the cavitation bubble using a specially developed ultra-short-time illumination system and then to determine important characteristics related to clinically used laser and application parameters for a more detailed investigation in the future. Materials and methods: In accordance with Toepler’s Schlieren technique, in the ultra-short-time-illumination set-up the cavitation bubble which had been induced by Ho:YAG laser irradiation at the fiber end, was illuminated by two Q-switched lasers and the process was imaged in high contrast on a video camera. Cavitation bubbles were induced using different pulse energies (500 mJ/pulse and 2000 mJ/pulse) and fiber core diameters (230 μm and 600 μm) and the bubble dynamics were recorded at different times relative to the Ho:YAG laser pulse. The time-dependent development of the bubble formation was determined from the recordings by measuring the bubble diameter in horizontal and vertical directions, together with the volume and localization of the center of the bubble collapse. Results: The results show that the bubble dynamics can be visualized and studied with both high contrast and high temporal resolution. The bubble volume increases with pulse energy and with fiber diameter. The bubble shape is almost round when a larger fiber core diameter is used, and elliptical when using a fiber of smaller core diameter. Moreover, the center of the resulting bubble is slightly further away from the fiber end and the center of the bubble collapse for a smaller fiber core diameter. Conclusion: The experimental set-up developed gives a better understanding of the bubble dynamics. The experiments indicate that the distance between fiber tip and target surface, as well as the laser parameters used have considerable impact on the cavitation bubble dynamics. Both the bubble dynamics and their influence on the stone fragmentation process require further investigation.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a widely used method for materials characterization. However, for polymorphs such as Rutile and Anatase, both of which are TiO2, the fluorescence spectra will be nearly identical. Differentiating between these polymorphs requires a second measurement with an X-ray diffractometer. Using two instruments increases the cost of the measurement, and it introduces issues with image registration and sample preparation. Previously, simultaneous XRD-XRF has been done by attaching a silicon drift detector (SDD) to an X-ray diffraction (XRD) system. However, due to the typical geometry and source monochromation of an XRD system, the count rate in the SDD is typically low, making the measurement process slow [1]. Overcoming these limitations requires a detector that is both position sensitive and energy dispersive.

Journal Article Setup and Practical Applications of a pnCCD Based XRF System Get access Jeffrey M Davis*, Jeffrey M Davis* PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Julia Schmidt, Julia Schmidt PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Martin Huth, Martin Huth PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sebastian Ihle, Sebastian Ihle PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Daniel Steigenhofer, Daniel Steigenhofer PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Peter Holl, Peter Holl PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gerhard Lutz, Gerhard Lutz PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Udo Weber, Udo Weber PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Adrian Niculae, Adrian Niculae PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heike Soltau, Heike Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ... Show more Lothar Striider Lothar Striider PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 21, Issue S3, 1 August 2015, Pages 167–168, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615001634 Published: 23 September 2015

Journal Article Characterization and Comparison of Detector Systems for Large Area X-ray Imaging Get access Jeffrey M Davis, Jeffrey M Davis PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Julia Schmidt, Julia Schmidt PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Martin Huth, Martin Huth PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sebastian Ihle, Sebastian Ihle PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Daniel Steigenhofer, Daniel Steigenhofer PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Peter Holl, Peter Holl PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gerhard Lutz, Gerhard Lutz PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Udo Weber, Udo Weber PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Adrian Niculae, Adrian Niculae PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heike Soltau, Heike Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ... Show more Lothar Struder Lothar Struder PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 21, Issue S3, 1 August 2015, Pages 1637–1638, https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761500896X Published: 23 September 2015

pnCCDs are a special type of charge coupled device (CCD) which were originally developed for applications in X-ray astronomy. At X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) pnCCDs are used as imaging X-ray spectrometers due to their outstanding characteristics like high readout speed, high and homogenous quantum efficiency, low readout noise, radiation hardness and a high pixel charge handling capacity. With pnCCDs it is possible to separate one photon from no photon and two photons as well as being able to measure up to up to 104 photons per pixel per frame. However, extremely high photon intensities can result in pixel saturation and charge spilling into neighboring pixels. Because of this charge blooming effect, spatial information is reduced. Due to the deep understanding of the internal potential distribution we can enhance the pixel full well capacity even more and improve the quality of the image. This paper describes the influence of the operation voltages and space charge distribution of the pnCCD on the electric potential profile by using 2D numerical device simulations. Experimental results with signal injection from an optical laser confirm the simulation models.

Replacing the scalpel with the laser reduces expenses in surgery -Taking the history of prostate therapy as an example 57

AbstractStone therapy has been developing towards minimally invasive endourological techniques. This includes endoscopic lithotripsy techniques to reduce the urolith size prior to removal. In this context, stone repulsion constitutes an undesired effect of the mechanical impact on the stones and should therefore be minimized to facilitate the intervention and to improve its outcome.To compare the repulsion characteristics of two stand-alone, handheld lithotripsy devices (LithoBreakerTests with single-use mechanical probes (1 and 2 mm in diameter) as well as Ho:YAG laser pulses delivered by optical fibers with core diameters of 230, 365 and 600 μm were conducted in underwater set-ups by measuring displacements of non-breakable spherical test masses (steel balls having diameters of 3–5 mm and masses of 0.12, 0.27 and 0.52 g respectively; and a lead ball with a diameter of 5 mm and a mass of 0.72 g). The tests were carried out in an acrylic glass tube with an inner diameter of 12 mm used as an ureter model and on a pendulum set-up. Additionally, hard and soft dampers were compared in case of the LithoBreakerThe repulsion distance in the ureter model using the 1-mm probes was 19.4±1.9 cm with hard and 21.5±2.7 cm with soft damper for the LithoBreakerThe electromechanical LithoBreaker