This work investigates the propagation characteristics of an office building in the 60 GHz band. From reflection and scattering measurements of several painted and un-painted common building materials recorded at 60 GHz, the complex permittivity and Lambert's Law scattering coefficient of each material are extracted. Diffraction measurements from two building corners at 60 GHz are also presented and analyzed. Lastly, power angular profiles of building penetration and scattering at 60 GHz are presented and used to characterize the outdoor to indoor propagation, and the significant scatterers on a building surface, respectively.

This paper investigates diffracted and scattered waves in unlicensed millimeter wave mobile-to-mobile, access and backhaul radio links. Narrowband 60 GHz measurements of diffraction at building corners, and scattering by a car, lamppost and building, as well as blocking by humans are presented. Semi-analytical corner diffraction and human blocking models are proposed and verified based on the measurements. Analysis of the diffraction and scattering shows that the contributions from vehicular and lamppost scattered paths can be dominant compared to corner diffracted paths. Measurements also show that the majority of power from building scattering arrives in and near the horizontal plane containing the transmit and receive antennas.

In this work, we investigate building scattering at 2 GHz by performing 60 GHz scattering measurements on a 1/30 scale building model. The materials used to build this model were chosen to have similar reflected and transmitted power characteristics at 60 GHz to common building materials at 2 GHz. Co-polarized and cross-polarized scattering measurements of the model were performed with and without furniture and the front building surface. Near the specular direction, results show that the contribution from waves that enter a building, internally scatter and/or reflect, and then exit the building are not significant compared to those that only interact with the features on the front building surface. However, away from the specular direction, this contribution can be observed.

In this paper, we investigate the loss caused by multiple humans blocking millimeter wave frequencies. We model human blockers as absorbing screens of infinite height with two knife-edges, We take a physical optics approach to computing the diffraction around the absorbing screens, This approach differs to the geometric optics approach described in much of the literature. The blocking model is validated by measuring the gain from multiple-human blocking configurations on an indoor link. The blocking gains predicted using Piazzi ' s numerical integration method (a physical optics method) agree well with measurements taken from approximately 2.7 dB to -50 dB. Thereofre, this model is suitable for real human blockers, The mean prediction error for the method is approximately -1.2 dB, and the standard deviation is approximately 5 dB.

The loss from multiple human blockers is investigated at millimeter wave frequencies. We model the blocking as absorbing screens of infinite height with two knife-edges, and use a physical optics approach, as opposed to a geometric optics approach used in literature, to compute the diffraction around the absorbing screens. The blocking model is validated with blocking gain measurements of multiple human blocking configurations on an indoor link. The blocking gains predicted using Piazzi’s physical optics numerical integration method have good agreement with the measurements in the range of approximately 2.7 dB to -50 dB, making this model suitable for real human blockers. The mean prediction error for the method is approximately -1.2 dB and standard deviation is approximately 5 dB.