BACKGROUND:The prevalent disease known as breast cancer has a significant impact on both men's and women's health and quality of life. AIM:The aim of this study was to explore the potential roles of Lecaniodiscus cupanioides (planch.) extract and triterpenoid- derived gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in cancer therapy, specifically targeting MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. METHODS:Gold nanoparticles were synthesized utilizing triterpenoid (ZJ-AuNPs) and leaf extract from Lecaniodiscus cupanioides (LC-AuNPs). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy were employed to characterize the nanoparticles. Additionally, the MTT assay was used to assess the impact of AuNPs on cancer cell viability using MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS:Analysis of ZJ-AuNPs and LC-AuNPs revealed DLS zeta potentials of -31.8 and -35.8 mV, respectively, and a corresponding UV-vis absorption maxima at 540 and 550 nm. Also, the ZJ-AuNPs and LC-AuNPs had respective zeta-sizes that ranged from 25.84 to 35.98 nm and polydispersive index values between 0.2360 and 0.773. Furthermore, the presence of the chemical groups -OH and -NH was shown to be necessary for the green method of capping and reducing the gold nanoparticles. Nevertheless, a significant decrease in cell viability percentages was noted in the MTT experiment, accompanied by an increase in the quantity or concentration of the nanoparticles for both ZJ-AuNPs and LC-AuNPs. CONCLUSION:Given the data obtained in this study, the biosynthesized ZJ-AuNPs and LC-AuNPs were shown to possess potent cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells. Hence, they may be valuable tools in the development of new cancer chemotherapy drugs.

This review explores the integration of sustainable development goals (SDGs) into healthcare organizations in conflict zones, with a specific focus on emergent models aimed at improving population health. The primary objective is to examine how innovative approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community health worker initiatives can be aligned with SDG targets, thereby enhancing healthcare outcomes in conflict-affected regions. The review focuses on the important areas of concern which encompasses technology, infrastructure, community engagement, and social/psychological factors. Particularly, strategies of improving existing technologies such as electronic health records and mobile health applications, enhancing health systems and community-based interventions, and integrating of mental health services are highlighted. Other focal points include advancing better water, sanitation and hygienic practices, sustainable water resource management, and other alternative financing mechanisms, such as public-private partnerships. Integrating these strategies are closely linked with the active participation of international, local governments, and affected communities in their effective implementation. This review highlights the need for monitoring and evaluation to assess intervention effectiveness and advocacy efforts to ensure that interventions supported and advocated by the international community are creating successful outcomes towards the SDG goals and improving population health in post conflict settings.

Environmental factors, genetic factors, and metabolic factors all have a role in the development of obesity, which is a complex worldwide health challenge. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of adipose tissue is characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, which suggests the presence of persistent low-grade inflammation. The findings of this review shed insight on the role that cytokines play in the establishment and progression of low-grade inflammation in obese individuals. Additionally, it investigates the possibility of using them as diagnostic markers and therapy targets for obesity, respectively. The cytokines in question are produced by adipose tissue, which is an active endocrine organ. Included in the list of examples are TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1. These cytokines contribute to dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. The paper also discusses how immune cells, macrophages, and adipocytes interact to aggravate inflammatory processes. Adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin are also investigated, along with their regulatory functions in inflammatory signalling pathways and metabolic balance. The article discusses recent studies that target inflammatory cytokines and adipokines for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. It is essential to comprehend these complex relationships in order to create novel treatment approaches that address the metabolic effects of obesity and enhance public health outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive resource for scholars who want to understand and initiate studies aimed at reducing inflammation linked to obesity and the health issues that come with it.

Pregnancy leads to a number of structural and functional changes in the urinary system, which makes females susceptible to urological complications. This review aims to discuss the epidemiology, complications and prevention and management of urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones and bladder dysfunction in pregnancy. UTIs are the most common urological problem presenting in 10% of pregnant women; Escherichia coli is the most common causative organism. If left untreated, UTIs lead to acute pyelonephritis which occurs in about 2% of pregnant women and which has serious consequences for both the mother and the baby. Kidney stones, although rare, are hazardous, occurring in 1 in 200 to 1 in 1500 pregnancies, and may cause obstructive uropathy, and aggravation of “labor-like” pain. Urological complications are frequent in pregnancy; bladder dysfunction alone has been documented to affect 50% of the pregnant women. Urological complications can have severe consequences when not properly managed including preterm labor and renal dysfunction. In order to have the best pharmacological care, safe use of antibiotics for UTIs is needed along with other measures for kidney stones. This review highlights the importance of a team approach to patient management to optimize outcome and touches briefly on some of the ethical dilemmas that may be encountered when drug therapy in pregnancy is being considered. Therefore, it is feasible to enhance the health of women and the fetus during this period through patient focused care and innovative interventions.

WITHDRAWAL STATEMENTThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to [some fundamental errors discovered in the methods and result of this study which was discovered during the review process which can obviously change our major findings and conclusion]. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.

In the realm of cancer immunotherapy, a profound evolution has ushered in sophisticated strategies that encompass both traditional cancer vaccines and emerging viral vaccines. This comprehensive Review offers an in-depth exploration of the methodologies, clinical applications, success stories, and future prospects of these approaches. Traditional cancer vaccines have undergone significant advancements utilizing diverse modalities such as proteins, peptides, and dendritic cells. More recent innovations have focused on the physiological mechanisms enabling the human body to recognize and combat precancerous and malignant cells, introducing specific markers like peptide-based anticancer vaccines targeting tumor-associated antigens. Moreover, cancer viral vaccines, leveraging engineered viruses to stimulate immune responses against specific antigens, exhibit substantial promise in inducing robust and enduring immunity. Integration with complementary therapeutic methods, including monoclonal antibodies, adjuvants, and radiation therapy, has not only improved survival rates but also deepened our understanding of viral virulence. Recent strides in vaccine design, encompassing oncolytic viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors, mark the frontier of innovation. While these advances hold immense potential, critical challenges must be addressed, such as strategies for immune evasion, potential off-target effects, and the optimization of viral genomes. In the landscape of immunotherapy, noteworthy innovations take the spotlight from the use of immunomodulatory agents for the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune collaboration. The emergence of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as precision tools for cancer therapy is particularly exciting. With a focus on various cancers, from melanoma to formidable solid tumors, this Review critically assesses types of cancer vaccines, mechanisms, barriers in vaccine therapy, vaccine efficacy, safety profiles, and immune-related adverse events, providing a nuanced perspective on the underlying mechanisms involving cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. The Review also underscores the transformative potential of cutting-edge technologies such as clinical studies, molecular sequencing, and artificial intelligence in advancing the field of cancer vaccines. These tools not only expedite progress but also emphasize the multidimensional and rapidly evolving nature of this research, affirming its profound significance in the broader context of cancer therapy.

Objective Insulin resistance is a key feature of, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and it has been linked to an environmental pollutant bisphenol-A (BPA). Gastrodin, a derivative of Chinese medicinal herb, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can potentially ameliorate BPA-induced insulin resistance in albino rats. Method The study involved five groups of six rats each, including normal control, BPA-treated, metformin-treated, and gastrodin plus BPA-treated groups Insulin sensitivity index, homeostasis model assessment- index of insulin resistance (HOMA IR), and fasting insulin levels were assessed. Using ELISA, the study measured protein levels, including High-Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP,) Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), caspase-3, and Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), and analyzed factors like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-malondialdehyde (TBARS-MDA), reduced glutathione, and catalase activity. Results BPA administration causes insulin resistance in albino rats, reducing insulin sensitivity. Gastrodin treatment attenuates resistance, improves glucose levels, and increased insulin sensitivity. Gastrodin also mitigates oxidative stress.by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and restoring antioxidant enzyme activities, while TBARS-MDA was reduced. Studied inflammatory indicators included; C-reactive protein, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and Interleukin 6. Notably, the administration of bisphenol-A caused a 2–3 fold increase in the serum levels of hs-CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6. All treatments by gastrodin (high and low doses) decreased these observed effects by bisphenol-A to values similar to the standard (metformin) and normal control rats. Gastrodin exerted its protective benefits via activating the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway, increasing AMPK phosphorylation and Nrf2 nuclear translocation, resulting in improved cellular defense against oxidative stress. Indicators of possible inflammations on bisphenol-A treatment were also investigated. Conclusion This shows that gastrodin might be a promising therapeutic drug for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance-related problems.

This study investigated the effects of ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria Oliv. on tocopherol, adenine deaminase, and antioxidant parameters in albino rats with induced arthritis. A total of 135 albino rats were utilized, divided into nine groups of 15 rats each. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of 0.1 ml Chicken type II collagen-Complete Freund’s adjuvant into the left hind paw. Starting on day 10 postinduction, the rats were treated with the extracts at dosages of 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg body weight over a 32-day period. Analysis was performed using spectrophotometric techniques. Arthritic rats showed significantly higher (P<0.05) levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), and significantly lower (P<0.05) levels of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione, and tocopherol compared to normal controls. Treatment with Rauwolfia vomitoria extracts reversed these changes in a time- and dose dependent manner. The anti-arthritic efficacy of the extracts was comparable to that of the standard drug indomethacin (P<0.05). The findings suggest that ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria contain compounds that enhance antioxidant levels, reduce oxidative stress, and alleviate arthritic symptoms in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. This study provides scientific evidence supporting the use of Rauwolfia vomitoria root extracts as a potential treatment for arthritis. Keywords: Rauwolfia vomitoria, Tocopherol, Adenine deaminase, Antioxidant potentials, Nitric oxide and Arthritis.

AbstractThe pursuit of advanced multifunctional compounds has gained significant momentum in recent scientific endeavours. This study is dedicated to elucidating the synthesis, rigorous characterization, and multifaceted applications—encompassing anti-corrosion, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties—of Diethyl 4-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate. The 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative was meticulously synthesized through a strategic reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate, and 5-bromoindole-3-carboxaldehydein the ethanol medium at 60 C. Subsequent spectral validations were conducted using sophisticated techniques, namely FTIR, NMR, and Mass spectrometry, resulting in data that perfectly resonated with the hypothesized chemical structure of the compound. Its anti-corrosive potential was assessed on mild steel subjected to an aggressive acidic environment, employing comprehensive methodologies like gravimetric analysis, Tafel polarization, and EIS. Concurrently, its antimicrobial prowess was ascertained against a spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Candida albicansandAspergillusniger, leveraging the disc diffusion method and using Gentamicin as a reference standard.The empirical results illustrated a substantial decrement in corrosion rates with ascending concentrations of the organic compound, achieving an apex of anti-corrosive efficacy at 81.89% for a concentration of 2 × 103 M. Furthermore, the compound outperformed Gentamicin in antimicrobial screenings, manifesting superior efficacy against all tested pathogens. The antioxidant potential, quantified using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay against ascorbic acid as a benchmark, was found to have an IC50 value of 113.964 ± 0.076 µg/ml.This comprehensive investigation accentuates the paramount potential of the synthesized dihydropyridine derivative in diverse domains—from industrial applications as a corrosion inhibitor to therapeutic avenues given its pronounced antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities. The compelling results obtained pave the way for expansive research and development initiatives cantered around this multifaceted compound. Graphical Abstract

Telfairia occidentalis, a drought-resistant vegetable in West Africa, was studied for its hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in wistar rats. Earlier, the study found that the methanolic seed extract of T. occidentalis contained various phytochemicals, including tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, and steroids. Rats were treated with Telfairia occidentalis methanolic seed extract after being exposed to carbon tetrachloride for a duration of 14 days. Thirty (30) male and female Albino Wistar rats were used, and were divided into six (6) groups of five (5) animals apiece. The groups were as follows: Pre-treatment group (TOSE + CCl4 Group): this group received normal diet, water, and seed extract 400 mg/kg in 0.5 mL of olive oil for 13 days, then carbon tetrachloride 2 mL/kg in olive oil on the 14th day; Curative group (CCl4 + TOSE): this group received carbon tetrachloride 2 mL/kg administered on day 1 then seed extract for the remaining 13 days; and Concurrent Group (2CCL4 + TOSE); carbon tetrachloride 2 mL/kg given twice a week for 14 days (2 weeks) and seed extract daily. The results of the study showed that, in comparison to the normal control group's AST (89.52 ± 4.91), ALT (33.60 ± 2.32), and ALP (31.03 ± 0.97), the group that received CCl4 alone had significantly higher serum levels of these indices AST (122.43 ± 3.89), ALT (85.80 ± 3.22), and ALP (42.78 ± 1.83) as well as liver tissue necrosis. Telfairia occidentalis seed extract treatment prevented liver damage and restored liver architecture, as evidenced by significantly lower values of ALT, ALP, and AST (84.73 ± 6.28#, ALT (52.40 ± 1.63), ALP (25.52 ± 1.60), and ALT (71.40 ± 1.69, ALP (27.68 ± 1.95#)) following or before CCl4 administration. Furthermore, the data showed that GPx, SOD, and CAT activities were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the rats given CCl4 than in the control group. The extract alone considerably raised the antioxidant levels in comparison to the control. The study found that the treatment with Telfairia occidentalis seed extract significantly increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase and SOD in rats, and also reduced levels of AST, ALT, and ALP. Authenticating the therapeutic benefits of Telfairia occidentalis seed extract.

Tetracarpidium conophorum nuts are nutrient-dense Nigerian snacks associated with weight regulation. This study explores the nuts' impact on adipose tissue gene expression associated with low-grade inflammation. Ethanol whole extract (EWE), ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) and the resulting residue (RES) were orally administered once daily to MSG-induced obese rats for 6 weeks (n = 6). Afterward, the RNA synthesis of inflammation-associated genes was measured, and GC-MS ligands in the extract and fractions were docked against their protein products in silico. The study found that in obese animals, PPAR-γ and Adiponectin expressions were down-regulated, while TNF-α was up-regulated, indicating an increased low-grade inflammatory process in adipose tissue. After 6-week oral treatments with EWE, EAF and RES, PPAR-γ and Adiponectin expressions increased significantly, while TNF-α expression decreased, suggesting the modulation of obesity-induced inflammation in adipose tissue. The in silico molecular docking analysis identified four lead compounds likely responsible for the observed effect, namely 6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-4a,5,67,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-one, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic methyl ester (Z,Z,Z), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid and Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl). Of these compounds, 6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-4a,5,67,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-one demonstrated the strongest affinity to the binding cavities of PPARγ (-7.3 kcal/mol), Leptin (-5.2 kcal/mol), Adiponectin (-7.1 kcal/mol) and TNF-α (-6.3 kcal/mol) and was better than the standard drug, Orlistat (-6.7, -4.4, -6.8 and - 4.5 kcal/mol, respectively). The study reveals that T. conophorum nuts possess bioactive compounds/drug candidates that can exert positive modulation, at the molecular level, the low-grade inflammatory process associated with obesity, which normally facilitates the outset of complications.

Context: Prostate cancer remains a significant global health concern, and understanding the molecular drivers of this disease is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), a member of the SRC family, has emerged as a key player in prostate cancer pathogenesis. Aims: To examine the role of SRC-3 in prostate cancer, encompassing molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities. Methods: A systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted in PubMed, PMC, and other relevant databases to identify studies that investigate SRC-3 in prostate cancer. Results: 785 articles were retrieved from databases using specific keywords and MeSH terms related to SRC-3 and Prostate Cancer. After removing 461 duplicates, 260 articles were excluded based on title and abstract review. Subsequently, a comprehensive screening by three researchers resulted in 47 relevant articles for this systematic review. Evidence suggests that SRC-3 expression correlates with prostate cancer aggressiveness, disease recurrence, and poor patient outcomes. Its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target if explored, offers insights into personalized medicine approaches. Conclusions: SRC-3 plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer, influencing disease progression and clinical outcomes. Understanding the molecular intricacies of SRC-3 in prostate cancer offers new opportunities for precision medicine and innovative therapeutic approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SRC-3's involvement in prostate cancer, emphasizing its clinical relevance and potential as a therapeutic target, ultimately contributing to improved patient care in the era of personalized oncology.

Antiretroviral therapy, also known as antiretroviral therapy (ART), has been at the forefront of the ongoing battle against human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDs). ART is effective, but it has drawbacks such as side effects, medication resistance, and difficulty getting access to treatment, which highlights the urgent need for novel treatment approaches. This review explores the complex field of HIV/AIDS treatment, covering both established alternative treatment modalities and orthodox antiretroviral therapy. Numerous reliable databases were reviewed, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The results of a thorough literature search revealed numerous therapeutic options, including stem cell transplantation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, latency reversal agents, and pharmaceutical vaccinations. While gene therapy has promise for altering cellular resistance to infection and targeting HIV-positive cells, immunotherapy treatments seek to strengthen the immune system’s ability to combat HIV. Latency reversal agents offer a promising method of breaking the viral latency and making infected cells vulnerable to immune system destruction or antiretroviral drugs. Furthermore, there is potential for improving immune responses against HIV using medical vaccinations. This review stresses the vital significance of ongoing research and innovation in the hunt for a successful HIV/AIDS treatment through a thorough examination of recent developments and lingering challenges. The assessment notes that even though there has been tremendous progress in treating the illness, there is still more work to be done in addressing current barriers and investigating various treatment options in order to achieve the ultimate objective of putting an end to the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

This study aimed to investigate the in vitro performance of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) of Ornidazole (ORD), a poorly water-soluble drug. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of ORD were prepared using various oils, non-ionic surfactants, and/or water-soluble co-solvents and assessed visually/by droplet size measurement. Equilibrium solubility of ORD in the anhydrous and diluted SNEDDS was conducted to achieve the maximum drug loading. The in vitro dissolution of SNEDDS was studied to compare the solubility of the representative formulations with API. The results from the characterization and solubility studies showed that SNEDDS formulations were stable with lower droplet sizes and showed higher ORD solubility. From the dissolution studies, it was found that the developed A7-SNEDDS formulation provided a significantly higher rate of ORD release (98.94 +/- 0.68 in 1.0 h) compared to API. ORD-loaded SNEDDS formulations could be a potential oral pharmaceutical product with high drug-loading capacity, improved drug dissolution, and enhanced oral bioavailability.

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by irregular carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. DM patients are at a high risk of developing dyslipidemia and cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. This study evaluated the impact of Jimson weed on blood glucose, lipid profile, and renal indices using rat models.Methodology The rats were divided into six classes, with rats in each class receiving alloxan intraperitoneally orally twice daily for 14 days. The rats were assigned into six classes (A-F), (n = 6). Rats in classes A-E were intraperitoneally injected with 2 g of alloxan dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water (100 mg/kg body weight). Rats in class F received neither alloxan nor any form of treatment. Rats in classes A, B, and C were given 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of Jimson weed leaf extract, while rats in class D received 5 mg/kg body weight of Glibenclamide. Rats in class E were given normal saline (0.1 mL) only. Blood glucose levels were measured using a Glucometer, and lipid profile and renal markers were assayed using approved procedures. Docking analysis targeted key proteins with potential roles in lipid dysregulation and renal dysfunction associated with diabetes.Results The study found that diabetes in the rats led to abnormalities in lipid profiles, electrolytes, urea, and creatinine serum levels. In diabetic control rats, the level of total cholesterol increased by over 216.67%, while the concentrations of triacyglycerol and low density lipoprotein also showed a similar trend. Notably, there was a reciprocal impact on the high-density lipoprotein, which decreased by a similar magnitude in diabetic controls compared to normal control rats. In the other calculated indices; atherogenic and coronary risk indices, Cl-, urea, and creatinine levels were elevated, and a decreased cardio-protective index, Na+, and K + . Jimson weed ethanol extract alleviated these impacts. The study also investigated compounds' molecular properties and docking results targeting key proteins in lipid metabolic pathways and immune response. The compounds showed promising binding affinities to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoAR), and melanoma 2 (AIM2) proteins.Conclusion Jimson weed offers a promising option for treating T2DM, cardiovascular, and renal complications, as it exhibits hypolipidemic, cardioprotective, and renal protective properties, overcoming limitations in traditional medicines.

Climate change, an emerging issue, significantly impacts international health, particularly malaria, a critical issue that affects tropical and subtropical areas. Researchers have identified climate variability as a major determinant of malaria transmission and distribution. This review aims to disentangle the interplay between climate variability and malaria transmission, with a focus on temperature, rainfall, humidity, and extreme weather events and their influence on the Anopheles mosquito and Plasmodium parasites' life cycles. Writing this review article involved consulting several scientific databases and compiling information from them. Thus, incorporating data from epidemiology, ecology, climatology, and public health, this paper aimed at integrating knowledge on how climatic factors influence malaria incidence, distribution, and transmission density. This study emphasizes the importance of cross-disciplinary approaches in addressing these issues and highlights the need for synergy in implementing climate change mitigation, improved health care systems, advanced surveillance, and community mobilization to mitigate and manage malaria in the changing climate. Awareness of the factors determining climate variability and their relationship with malaria transmission patterns is important in formulating adequate strategies to cushion the impact of climate change on malaria incidence and secure world health.

Objectives Xylopia aethiopica (XAE), commonly known as African pepper or Ethiopian pepper, is a plant native to West Africa and known for its aromatic and medicinal properties. It was used to investigate the antioxidative, antihepatotoxic, and antinephrotoxic potentials of XAE in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Wister albino rats. Methods The proximate, and vitamin composition, oxidative stress indicators, and indices of kidney and hepatic functions were performed by standard methods. Results The proximate composition of the XAE leaf showed varied concentrations of Mg, Ca, Na, Zn, Se, and Cl, as well as vitamins A, E, B3, D, C, K, B2, and Bi. The activities of catalase glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde levels, K, Na, Cl - , urea, uric acid, and creatinine in the kidney were increased in testosterone propionate (Tp)-induced BPH compared with the control groups. Total protein levels significantly decreased in Tp-induced BPH compared with XAE-treated groups increased on XAE treatment. The aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were not significantly different in Tp-induced BPH, XAE, and normal controls. Conclusion The study revealed that XAE can be used in the management of oxidative stress and hepatorenal damage in BPH condition.

BACKGROUND:Breast cancer is a significant global health challenge, contributing substantially to cancer- related deaths. Conventional treatment methods, including hormone therapy, chemotherapy, surgical interventions, and radiation, have long been utilized. However, these traditional treatments are often associated with serious side effects and drug resistance, limiting their efficacy. AIM:This review aims to explore the potential of medicinal plants used in breast cancer management in East Africa, focusing on their bioactive compounds and anticancer properties. METHODS:A comprehensive literature search was conducted to examine the effectiveness of medicinal plants in treating breast cancer across Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, and Rwanda. Relevant studies published between 2003 and 2023 were identified using keywords related to breast cancer and medicinal plants. The search was performed across multiple databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Science Direct. RESULTS:Numerous natural compounds found in East African medicinal plants including Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass,) Tabebuia avellanedae, Prunus africana (African Cherry), Euclea divinorum, Berberis holstii, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha, Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen, Vitis vinifera (Grapevine), Eugenia jambolana (Java Plum), Moringa oleifera (Drumstick Tree), Camellia sinensis (Tea), Glycine max (Soybean), Catharanthus roseus, Madagascar Periwinkle), Rhus vulgaris (Wild Currant) exhibit significant anticancer properties. These compounds have demonstrated the ability to reduce breast cancer aggressiveness, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, and modulate cancer-related pathways. Current research focuses on these natural and dietary compounds to develop more effective strategies for treating breast cancer. CONCLUSION:The findings suggested that East African medicinal plants hold promise as complementary treatments for breast cancer, offering potential benefits such as affordability, cultural appropriateness, and sustainability. Further research into these plants and their bioactive compounds could revolutionize breast cancer treatment, improving survival rates and addressing the rising incidence of breast cancer-related fatalities. Other: The review underscores the importance of continued research, conservation, and the integration of ancient healing methods to fully harness the potential of East African flora in breast cancer management.