OBJECTIVE:To assess the association between parental occupational pesticide exposures at birth and adult testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) by histological subtype and the agreement between two pesticide job-exposure matrices (JEM). METHODS:TGCT cases (n=454) and matched controls (n=670) aged 18-45 years were recruited from 20 French university hospitals into the TESTIS national case-control study. Paternal and maternal jobs at birth were obtained from interviews of participants and their mothers/relatives and coded into official nomenclatures (International Standard Classification of Occupations, French nomenclature of activity-1999). Two complementary JEMs, ALOHA+ and FRIJEM, assessed occupational exposure to all pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides with ALOHA+ for each parent by linking job titles to JEM-derived probability and intensity estimates (no/low/high). Cohen's Kappa coefficient (κ) assessed their agreement. ORs and 95% CIs comparing exposure and levels of exposure with no exposure were estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for literature-based covariates statistically associated with TGCT and stratified by histological subtypes. RESULTS:Agreement between ALOHA+and FRIJEM was moderate to substantial (κ 0.52-0.80). A statistically non-significant higher TGCT risk was observed for high paternal occupational pesticide exposure with ALOHA+ (OR 1.95, CI 0.98 to 3.84) and FRIJEM (OR 1.70, CI 0.88 to 3.28). With ALOHA+, statistically significant positive associations were seen for high paternal occupational exposure to herbicides (overall: OR 4.23, CI 1.75 to 10.22; seminomas: OR 4.78, CI 1.79 to 12.77; non-seminomas: OR 3.53, CI 1.21 to 10.3) and fungicides (overall: OR 2.09, CI 1.05 to 4.18; seminomas: OR 2.31, CI 1.02 to 5.23). No statistically significant associations were observed for other levels of paternal exposure or pesticide groups nor for maternal exposure. CONCLUSION:Only high paternal occupational exposure to pesticides at birth, especially herbicides and fungicides, was positively associated with TGCT.

Smartphones are a major source of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure, yet real-life determinants of uplink emissions remain poorly characterised. We conducted the first epidemiological study of smartphone cellular network uplink emissions in a general population sample, recruiting 167 volunteers across three French cities in 2022-2023. Emissions were measured quasi-continuously for a week during everyday activities using the novel DEVIN exposimeter, while the XMobiSensePlus application simultaneously recorded sensor values and smartphone activities in the background. Determinants of UL emission occurrence and level were analysed using logistic and linear regressions. Over 8001 h analysed, voice calls were recorded in 2.4% of time and data uploads in 81.3%. Voice calls were associated to emission occurrence (OR = 7.09, 95% CI: 5.96-8.43). In fully adjusted models, emission levels were associated to calls (+9.16 dBm, CI: 7.15; 11.16), and to Wi-Fi connection with substantially lower cellular emissions outside call periods (-15.37 dBm, CI: -17.28, -13.46). Cellular upload rates differentially increased emissions depending on Wi-Fi connection, while received signal quality differentially reduced emissions depending on call status. Legacy technologies (2G, 3G) were associated with higher emissions than 4G. Results varied across centers. Smartphone brand, operator, and Android version showed no independent association with emitted power after System-on-Chip adjustment. These findings demonstrate that real-life smartphone radiofrequency electromagnetic cellular emissions are shaped by a complex interplay of usage patterns, network conditions, and device characteristics.

BACKGROUND:Despite an incidence increase in recent decades, the etiology of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) remains poorly understood. The hypothesis of a two-stage development, combining initial alteration in utero followed by malignant transformation later in life, has been suggested. This study examined the association between cumulative lifetime occupational and para-occupational solvent exposure and TGCT risk. METHODS:The French multicenter case-control study TESTIS included 454 cases and 670 controls. Participants provided information on their occupational history; participants' mothers (N = 547) provided information on their own and the father's occupational history. Solvent exposure was assessed by using the Matgéné job-exposure matrices. The influence of the parental and subject's occupational exposures over the lifetime and at different periods (i.e. fetal life/infancy; childhood; adolescence; subject's exposure) on TGCT was examined. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS:An OR for TGCT of 1.03 (95% CI 0.59-1.79) was found for the lifetime solvent exposure. When each period was examined individually, the results showed an increased TGCT risk in adult males who were occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene (OR = 3.09; 95% CI 1.25-7.65); fuels and petroleum-based solvents (OR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.21-3.02); diesel, kerosene, and fuel oil (OR = 2.26; 95% CI 1.16-4.41); and ketones and esters (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.02-2.71), and suggested a positive association with solvent exposure during adolescence (OR = 1.77; 95% CI 0.95-3.31). CONCLUSION:Overall, this study did not suggest a substantial role of cumulative lifetime solvent exposure and TGCT risk. The results showed an increased TGCT risk associated with solvent exposure during adulthood. Indirect exposure to certain solvents during adolescence might also promote TGCT development.

BACKGROUND:Pesticide exposures are suspected to be a risk factor for several childhood cancers, particularly acute leukemia (AL) and the most common type, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The role of environmental exposures due to agricultural uses of pesticides remains debated. OBJECTIVE:The study aimed to investigate whether residential proximity to different crops, used as a proxy for pesticide exposures, is associated with an increased risk of AL in France. METHODS:We included 2731 AL cases diagnosed in 2008-2013 and 28,303 controls representative of the contemporary French pediatric population (1-14 years old), drawn from the national registry-based GEOCAP study. National annual maps of agricultural land use were developed to assess proximity to 13 crop types. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age were used to evaluate the association with the densities of crops within 1000 m of children's addresses. A hierarchical classification was also used to categorize children according to their agricultural neighborhood profiles. RESULTS:The majority of children (69 %) lived less than 1000 m from crops at time of diagnosis/inclusion. Barley and viticulture densities were positively associated with ALL: Odds ratio (OR) = 1.05 (1.00-1.10) and 1.06 (0.99-1.13) for a density increase of 3 % and 10 %, respectively. Two agricultural neighborhood profiles were also associated with an increased risk of ALL: 'Vines (large areas)', OR = 1.35 (1.03-1.78) and 'Wheat with diverse crops', OR = 1.28 (1.10-1.49). The results remained stable across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION:Our results support the hypothesis of a role of agricultural pesticide exposures in childhood ALL risk. Future research should focus on the chemical substances applied to crops.

BACKGROUND:The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures downlink signal intensity received by smartphones in 4th Generation LTE networks. OBJECTIVE:This study evaluated how individual, technical, and spatial factors influenced LTE-RSSI during daily activities. METHODS:Between November 2022 and October 2023, adults in France used the XMobiSensePlus Android smartphone application to record RSSI and GPS data. Distance to the operator's nearest antenna, obtained from Cartoradio, population and antenna density and urbanicity were analyzed using a geographic information system. Determinants of RSSI were assessed using an autoregressive mixed model incorporating restricted cubic splines for distance. Environmental exposures were estimated at 1800 MHz using conversion factors. RESULTS:From 1,969,913 records of 187 participants, with measurements taken every 30 s over 7.9 days, the average LTE-RSSI was -79.3 dBm. The estimated electric field strength was 0.12 V/m, albeit with large uncertainty. The median distance to the nearest antenna was 536 m. Proximity to antennas increased RSSI. Antenna density positively influenced RSSI (overall β = +0.37 dBm per additional antenna per km2). Lower RSSI was observed in the evening and night, particularly in urban areas. Smartphone's technical parameters (Android version and System-on-a-Chip) influenced RSSI, operators did not. Proximity to antennas had greater impact in rural areas. CONCLUSION:Urbanicity, distance to the nearest 4G antenna, antenna density, time of day, and smartphone's technical parameters influenced RSSI levels in 4G networks in France, but not operator.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Environmental pollutants, specifically those with endocrine disrupting properties like dioxins, may impact breast cancer development. Current epidemiological studies on the association between exposure to dioxins and the risk of breast cancer show inconsistent results. To address these uncertainties, our objective was to investigate the impact of airborne dioxin exposure on breast cancer risk within the E3N cohort, encompassing 5222 cases identified during the 1990-2011 follow-up and 5222 matched controls. Airborne dioxin exposure was assessed using a Geographic Information System-based metric considering residential proximity to dioxin emitting sources, their technical characteristics, exposure duration and wind direction. Additional analyses were performed using dioxin concentrations estimated by a chemistry transport model, CHIMERE. The results suggest a slightly increased risk between cumulative dioxin exposure at the residential address and overall breast cancer risk (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.07, for a one standard deviation (SD) increment among controls (14.47 log-μg-TEQ/m2). The associations remained consistent for sources within 3, 5, and 10 km, and when restricting exposure to dioxin emissions from household waste incinerators. Similar OR estimates (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.97-1.07, for a one SD increment) were obtained using the CHIMERE model. The findings of this study suggest the possibility of an increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term residential exposure to dioxins and emphasize the importance of efforts to mitigate air pollution exposure.

OBJECTIVES: Etiological factors of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) remain largely unknown, but a causal role of occupational exposures to solvents has been suggested. Previous studies analyzing these exposures reported discordant results, potentially related to exposure assessment methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of occupational exposure to solvents on the risk of developing TGCT among young men. METHODS: This study examined occupational exposures to solvents and TGCT risk based on the lifetime work histories of 454 cases and 670 controls, aged 18–45 years, of the French national TESTIS case–control study. Solvent exposure was estimated using: (i) exposure assignment by job-exposure matrix (JEM) and (ii) JEM combined with self-reported exposure data from specific questionnaires (SQ) and expert assessment (EA). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: Both approaches (JEM and JEM+SQ+EA) showed a consistent association between TGCT and trichloroethylene exposure (exposed versus not exposed; JEM=OR 1.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–2.90] and JEM+SQ+EA= OR 2.59 (95% CI 1.42–4.72). Both approaches also observed positive associations with ketone esters and fuels & petroleum-based solvents. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that some organic solvents might be involved in the pathogenesis of TGCT among occupationally exposed men. The combined use of JEM+SQ+EA seemed to limit misclassification by considering individual exposure variability and is, therefore, an appealing approach to assess occupational exposures in epidemiological studies.

BackgroundTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most frequent cancer in young men in developed countries. Parental occupational exposures during early-life periods are suspected to increase TGCT risk. The objective was to estimate the association between parental occupations at birth and adult TGCT.MethodsA case–control study was conducted, including 454 TGCT cases aged 18–45 from 20 French university hospitals, matched to 670 controls based on region and year of birth. Data collected from participants included parental jobs at birth coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupation—1968 and the French nomenclature of activities—1999. Odds ratios (OR) for TGCT and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for TGCT risk factors.ResultsPaternal jobs at birth as service workers (OR = 1.98, CI 1.18–3.30), protective service workers (OR = 2.40, CI 1.20–4.81), transport equipment operators (OR = 1.96, CI 1.14–3.37), specialized farmers (OR = 2.66, CI 1.03–6.90), and maternal jobs as secondary education teachers (OR = 2.27, CI 1.09–4.76) or in secondary education (OR = 2.35, CI 1.13–4.88) were significantly associated with adult TGCT. The risk of seminoma was increased for the above-mentioned paternal jobs and that of non-seminomas for public administration and defence; compulsory social security (OR = 1.99, CI 1.09–3.65); general, economic, and social administration (OR = 3.21, CI 1.23–8.39) for fathers; and secondary education teacher (OR = 4.67, CI 1.87–11.67) and secondary education (OR = 3.50, CI 1.36–9.01) for mothers.ConclusionSome paternal jobs, such as service workers, transport equipment operators, or specialized farmers, and maternal jobs in secondary education seem to be associated with an increased risk of TGCT with specific features depending on the histological type. These data allow hypotheses to be put forward for further studies as to the involvement of occupational exposures in the risk of developing TGCT, such as exposure to pesticides, solvents, or heavy metals.

OBJECTIVES: The etiology of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) is suspected to be related to prenatal environmental risk factors. Some solvents have potential endocrine disrupting or carcinogenic properties and may disrupt male genital development in utero. The aim of this study was to examine the association between parental occupational exposure to solvents and TGCT risk among their offspring. METHODS: A French nationwide case–control study, TESTIS included 454 TGCT cases and 670 controls frequency-matched on region and 5-year age strata. Participants were interviewed via telephone and provided information on parental occupations at birth. Job-exposure matrices (JEM) developed in the French Matgéné program were used to assign exposure to five petroleum-based solvents, five solvents or groups of oxygenated solvents, and five chlorinated solvents. Odds ratios (OR) for TGCT and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for TGCT risk factors. RESULTS: Occupational exposure to at least one solvent during the year of their son’s birth was 41% among fathers and 21% among mothers. Paternal exposure to at least one solvent showed OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.68–1.15). Exposure to perchloroethylene (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.55–3.61), methylene chloride (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.54–2.34) and diesel/kerosene/fuel oil (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.80–1.73) disclosed OR >1 but with low precision. Our results suggest a possible modest increase in non-seminoma risk for sons whose fathers were highly exposed to trichloroethylene (OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.79–2.63). Maternal exposure to at least one solvent showed OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.65–1.24). When stratifying by birth year, men born in the 1970s experienced an increased TGCT risk following maternal exposure to fuels and petroleum-based solvents (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.11–6.76). CONCLUSION: Overall, no solid association was found between parental occupational exposure to solvents and TGCT risk. The association found with maternal occupational exposure to fuels and petroleum solvents among older men needs further investigation.

ObjectiveTesticular germ cell tumours (TGCT) are the most common cancer in men of working age and its incidence has increased notably over the past 40 years. Several occupations have been identified as potentially associated with TGCT risk. The aim of this study was to further explore the relationship between occupations, industries and TGCT risk in men aged 18–45 years.MethodsThe TESTIS study is a multicenter case–control study conducted between January 2015 and April 2018 in 20 of 23 university hospital centers in metropolitan France. A total of 454 TGCT cases and 670 controls were included. Full job histories were collected. Occupations were coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupation 1968 version (ISCO-1968) and industry according to the 1999 version of Nomenclature d’Activités Française (NAF-1999). For each job held, ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using conditional logistic regression.ResultsA positive association was observed between TGCT and occupation as agricultural, animal husbandry worker (ISCO: 6–2; OR 1.71; 95% CI (1.02 to 2.82)), as well as salesman (ISCO: 4–51; OR 1.84; 95% CI (1.20 to 2.82)). An increased risk was further observed among electrical fitters and related, electrical and electronics workers employed for 2 years or more (ISCO: 8–5; OR≥2 years1.83; 95% CI (1.01 to 3.32)). Analyses by industry supported these findings.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that agricultural, electrical and electronics workers, and salesmen workers experience an increased risk of TGCT. Further research is needed to identify the agents or chemicals in these high-risk occupations which are relevant in the TGCT development.Trial registration numberNCT02109926.

IntroductionLes tumeurs germinales du testicule (TGT), bien que rares sur l'ensemble des tumeurs solides, sont les cancers les plus fréquents chez l'homme jeune (15 à 45 ans). Leur incidence a beaucoup augmenté dans les pays occidentaux ces dernières décennies et une origine environnementale des TGT est suggérée. L'exposition aux pesticides à des périodes critiques du développement des fonctions génitales est soupçonnée de jouer un rôle dans l'apparition des TGT. La présente étude analyse l'association entre l'usage de pesticides domestiques au moment de la puberté, période critique du développement des fonctions génitales, et le risque de TGT à l’âge adulte.MéthodesL’étude TESTIS est une enquête cas-témoins multicentrique, conduite entre 2015 et 2018 dans 20 centres hospitaliers universitaires en France ; 454 cas de TGT ont été recrutés et appariés à 670 témoins sur l'année de naissance et le centre hospitalier. Les sujets TESTIS ont été interrogés sur leur utilisation, ou celle de leur entourage, de pesticides dans le foyer au moment de la puberté. Des régressions logistiques conditionnelles ont été réalisées pour estimer les odds-ratios (OR) et les intervalles de confiance de 95% (IC).RésultatsLes fréquences d'usage s’élevaient à 90,3 % pour les insecticides, 16,6 % pour les herbicides et 28,2 % pour les fongicides chez les témoins de TESTIS. On observait une association entre l'usage de pesticides domestiques et le risque de TGT: ORbrut=2,26 [IC 95% 1,17-4,38]. Cette association demeurait lorsqu'on stratifiait par cible (insecticides, herbicides, et fongicides). Les analyses par sous-types histologiques montraient que les associations observées pour l'ensemble des tumeurs demeuraient uniquement chez le groupe des non-séminomes. Les ajustements sur les principaux facteurs de confusion identifiés ne changeaient pas les associations.Discussion/ConclusionNotre étude suggère un lien entre l'usage de pesticides domestiques pendant la puberté et le risque de TGT, en particulier chez les non-séminomes. Cependant, des biais de mémoire ne peuvent être exclus et les observations doivent être répliquées dans d'autres populations.

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men. Its causes are largely unknown, although prenatal occupational and environmental exposures have been suggested. We investigated paternal occupational exposure to heavy metals and welding fumes and the risk of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) in their offspring. A total of 454 cases and 670 controls were included from a French nationwide case–control study. The INTEROCC job exposure matrix was used to assign occupational exposures (cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, lead, and welding fumes) to the fathers’ jobs. Odds ratios (ORs) for TGCT were estimated using conditional logistic regression models for frequency-matched sets. Three complementary analytical approaches were used: (1) single-agent analysis, (2) analysis by groups, and (3) principal component analysis (PCA). The proportion of paternal exposure to different heavy metals and welding fumes ranged from 0.7% (cadmium) to 11.3% (lead). Based on PCA, three principal components explained 93.5% of the cumulative variance. No associations were found between heavy metals or welding fumes and TGCT. In this study, paternal occupational exposure to heavy metals or welding fumes was not associated with TGCT development in their sons.

BACKGROUND: Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is the most common tumor usually occurring in young men between 15-45 years old. Environmental early life exposures are suspected to play a role in the etiology of TGCT. Assessment of early life exposures by subject in retrospective study designs might be prone to recall bias. Based on the TESTIS case-control study on TGCT, we investigated agreement between mothers and sons in early life exposures assessment. METHODS: The TESTIS study is a multicentric case-control study, conducted between 2015 and 2018 in 20 University Hospitals in France, aiming to examine TGCT risk factors. 454 incident TGCT cases were recruited and matched to 670 controls on year of birth and hospital centers. Parental occupations at birth, prenatal and perinatal characteristics, and domestic use of pesticides during puberty were collected from both mothers and sons among 547 (48.6%) participants. Kappa coefficient, sensitivity, specificity and Pearson's correlation coefficient statistics were calculated to estimate the agreement, overall and separately between cases and controls. RESULTS: Agreement varied from Cohen's Kappa values between 0.05 (use of pesticides on indoor plants during puberty) and 0.66 (maternal occupation status at birth) according to the types of exposure. The highest Kappa or correlation coefficients were observed for maternal occupation status at birth (Kappa, CI95%: 0.66[0.59-0.73]), some perinatal characteristics (admission to neonatology, Kappa: 0.61[0.48-0.74]; birth weight, correlation's coefficient: 0.85, p<0.001) and some domestic use of pesticides (pets' treatment, Kappa: 0.57[0.50-0.64]). Agreement was slightly higher among cases than controls. CONCLUSION: Our study showed important variations in agreement between mother's and son's declarations in early life characteristics and pesticides exposures. These results provide important information for retrospective assessments in life-course epidemiology and potential recall bias in early life characteristics and exposures relevant to assess TGCT risk. Keywords: child-parent agreement, recall bias, retrospective study

BACKGROUND AND AIM. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most frequently diagnosed cancer in young men and their incidence rate has increased dramatically in recent decades. Occupational factors may play a role in testicular cancer etiology. This study aimed to further explore the association between occupation, industry, and the risk of TGCT in adulthood in France. METHODS. The TESTIS study included 454 histologically confirmed TGCT cases at ages 18-45 years. Controls (N=670) were frequency-matched to cases on 5-year age group and region. Occupational histories, with detailed description of each job, were ascertained through telephone interviews. Occupations were coded according to ISCO68, and industrial sectors according to NAF99. A manual backward stepwise selection procedure was performed to select the covariates to be included in our analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential confounders, were estimated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS. An increased risk of TGCT was observed for "machine fitters, machine assemblers" and "electrical fitters, electrical and electronic " workers (ISCO: 8-41; adjusted-OR = 2.46; 95% CI [1.08-5.62]/ISCO: 8-5; adjusted-OR = 1.80; 95% CI [1.11-2.91], respectively). Analyses by industry supported these findings. Moreover, an increased TGCT risk (adjusted-OR = 1.71; 95% CI [1.02-2.82]) and non-seminoma risk (adjusted-OR = 2.12; 95% CI [1.11-4.04]) was identified for "agricultural and animal husbandry workers" (ISCO: 6-2). CONCLUSIONS. Our results suggest that occupational exposures may be associated with an increased risk of TGCT in agricultural, machine, and electrical/electronic workers in this population. Our findings were consistent with previously published studies. Since these jobs may involve exposure to a variety of potential carcinogens/endocrine disruptors, such as pesticides and solvents, complementary studies with the application of job-exposure matrices will allow an in-depth evaluation of the role of the substances involved in the high-risk professions identified. KEYWORDS. Occupation, epidemiology, testicular cancer, agriculture

Molecular studies suggest that cadmium due to its estrogenic properties, might play a role in breast cancer (BC) progression. However epidemiological evidence is limited. This study explored the association between long-term exposure to airborne cadmium and risk of BC by stage, grade of differentiation, and histological types at diagnosis. A nested case–control study of 4401 cases and 4401 matched controls was conducted within the French E3N cohort. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based metric demonstrated to reliably characterize long-term environmental exposures was employed to evaluate airborne exposure to cadmium. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. There was no relationship between cadmium exposure and stage of BC. Also, no association between cadmium exposure and grade of differentiation of BC was observed. However, further analyses by histological type suggested a positive association between cadmium and risk of invasive tubular carcinoma (ITC) BC [OR Q5 vs Q1 = 3.4 (95% CI 1.1–10.7)]. The restricted cubic spline assessment suggested a dose–response relationship between cadmium and ITC BC subtype. Our results do not support the hypothesis that airborne cadmium exposure may play a role in advanced BC risk, but suggest that cadmium may be associated with an increased risk of ITC.

Abstract Purpose Molecular and cellular studies reported a role of cadmium in risk of advanced breast cancer (BC). However epidemiological evidence is limited. Our previous study suggests that cadmium might be related to a decreased risk of ER- and ER-PR- breast tumors. In this study, we further explored the association between long-term exposure to airborne cadmium and risk of BC by stage, grade of differentiation, and histological types at diagnosis. Methods A nested case-control study of 4,401 cases and 4,401 matched controls was conducted within the French E3N cohort. A Geographic Information System (GIS) based metric was employed to evaluate outdoor airborne exposure to cadmium. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. Results There was no statistically significant association between cadmium exposure and stage of BC in the multivariable analyses. The adjusted ORs for the fifth versus first quintile were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.83–1.25), 1.11 (95% CI: 0.84–1.49), and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.37–1.24) for stages I, II, and III-IV BC, respectively. The subgroup analyses showed no statistically significant association between cadmium exposure and grade of differentiation of BC at diagnosis. However, further analyses by histological type suggested a positive dose-response association between cadmium and risk of invasive tubular carcinoma (ITC) BC (OR for the fifth versus first quintile = 3.44 (95% CI: 1.10–10.7)). Conclusions Our results do not support the hypothesis that airborne cadmium exposure may have a role in advanced BC risk, but suggest that cadmium may be associated with an increased risk of ITC. However, these results should be considered with caution, and more epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our findings and to improve our understanding of the effects of cadmium exposure according to several clinic-pathological characteristics of BC.

Background Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) are the most frequent cancers in young men in developed countries and their incidence rate has doubled worldwide over the past 40 years. Early life exposures to pesticides are suspected to increase TGCT risk. Our research aimed at estimating adult TGCT risk associated with parental domestic use of pesticides during early periods of child development. Methods We conducted a case-control study of 304 TGCT cases, aged 18–45 years old, recruited in 20 French university hospitals, and 274 controls frequency-matched on hospital and birth year. Participants’ mothers provided information on their domestic use of pesticides from 1 year before start of pregnancy to 1 year after their son’s birth, for gardening activities, treatment of indoor plants, pets, wood and mold, and pest control. Odds ratios (OR) for TGCT (overall and by histological subtype) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results Prevalence of reported domestic use of pesticides was 77.3% for insecticides, 15.9% for fungicides and 12.1% for herbicides. While no association was found for any use of insecticides (OR = 1.27, CI = 0.80–2.01) or herbicides (OR = 1.15, CI = 0.67–2.00), elevated risks of TGCT overall (OR = 1.73, CI = 1.04–2.87) and non-seminoma subtype (OR = 2.44, CI = 1.26–4.74) were observed for any use of fungicides. When specific purposes were examined, using fungicides and/or insecticides for woodwork (OR = 2.35, CI = 1.06–5.20) and using insecticides on cats and dogs (OR = 1.95, CI = 1.12–3.40) were associated with increased risk of non-seminoma subtype. We found no association for seminoma subtype. Conclusions Although recall bias may partially explain the elevated ORs, our study provides some evidence of a positive association between domestic use of pesticides during early periods of development, particularly fungicides and risk of adult TGCT and non-seminoma. Given the common domestic use of pesticides in France, further research on TGCT risk is warranted.

Calling via Voice over IP using apps such as Skype, Viber and WhatsApp is common nowadays, but in traffic records, these calls are included with all the other data transfers. Voice over IP calls may lead to different exposure levels for people than other data usage since the position in which the phone is held could be different than for other data usage such as web surfing. Telecom ParisTech has modified the XMobiSense app, previously used in several epidemiological settings, to record details of data transfers. The app updates are crucial in order to adapt to the stunningly rapid evolution of the Android operating system.

Les tumeurs germinales du testicule (TGT) représentent le cancer de l’homme jeune le plus fréquent dans les pays développés et son incidence a doublé en France au cours des trente dernières années. Certaines expositions professionnelles sont soupçonnées d’augmenter le risque de TGT. Notre objectif était d’estimer l’association entre les emplois des parents à la naissance et le risque de TGT à l’âge adulte. Une étude cas-témoin a été menée, incluant 473 cas de TGT âgés de 18 à 45 ans, recrutés dans 20 centres hospitalo-universitaires français, appariés à 683 témoins sur le centre et l’année de naissance. Les mères des participants (50 % de répondantes) ont fourni des informations détaillées, recueillies par entretiens téléphoniques, sur leurs histoires professionnelles ainsi que celles de leurs conjoints, incluant leurs emplois et leurs périodes d’activités, leurs tâches, le nom et site de l’entreprise. Ces informations ont été complétées par des données rapportées par les cas et témoins, dont les emplois des parents à la naissance (emploi et tâche principale), leurs antécédents médicaux et des facteurs liés au mode de vie. Les emplois à la naissance ont été codés par une hygiéniste industrielle selon la classification internationale type des professions 1968 (CITP-68) et les secteurs d’activités via la nomenclature d’activités française 1999 (NAF-1999). Les odds ratios (OR) de TGT et les intervalles de confiance (IC) à 95 % ont été estimés par des modèles de régression logistique conditionnelle ajustés sur les facteurs de risque de TGT et les potentiels facteurs confondants. Aucune association n’a été mise en évidence entre les emplois et les secteurs d’activité des mères à la naissance et le risque de TGT. Concernant les emplois des pères à la naissance, une association positive statistiquement significative a été observée pour les « travailleurs spécialisés dans les services » (groupe 5, OR = 1,65, IC 95 % = 1,01-2,70) et les « personnels de services de protection et de sécurité » (groupe 5,8, OR = 2,11, IC 95 % = 1,05–4,24), qui ne persistait pas après ajustement. Il n’existait pas d’association avec les emplois et secteurs d’activités a priori d’intérêt (comme les exploitants agricoles, les travailleurs agricoles, les travailleurs forestiers, les pompiers, et les travailleurs des métaux). Dans l’ensemble, aucune association n’a été observée entre l’activité professionnelle parentale à la naissance et le risque de TGT à l’âge adulte. Dans les perspectives, les expositions professionnelles seront évaluées à l’aide de questionnaires spécifiques et de matrices emploi-exposition.