Contourite depositional systems (CDS) represent the sedimentary records of paleoceanographic circulation and paleoclimatic changes throughout the geological timescale. These records offer expanded but contingent information relative to their adjacent marine gateways, documenting changes in the intensity and the direction of modern-day and paleo-current pathways on multi-centennial, millennial and million-year timescales. This study investigates the late Miocene to Quaternary CDSs from the Gulf of Cadiz towards the West Iberian margin after the exit of the past Betic and Rifian corridors and most recent Strait of Gibraltar, the key gateways for the Mediterranean – Atlantic exchange trough time. A summary of the key results is presented as a representative study case for decoding the long- and short-term behaviour of oceanographic processes related to gateways and their associated overflows.In the study area, it is well known that the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) has generated a complex CDS since the full opening of the Strait of Gibraltar in the early Pliocene (5.3 Ma). Recently, an ancient CDS has also been discovered in the late Miocene, which is separated from the Pliocene-Quaternary CDS by a period of quiescence representing the restriction of bottom water circulation across the Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange during the late Messinian (~6.4 - 5.3 Ma). The late Miocene CDS was established after the final closure of the Indian Gateway (IG) and the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Middle Miocene, followed by the inception of the Mediterranean Sea (~13.8 - 11 Ma). The final closure of the IG conditioned a wide gateway configuration for the connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, with the full establishment of an anti-estuarine circulation similar to the present day as opposed to its previous situation.Interestingly, both the late Miocene and the Pliocene-Quaternary CDSs have a long common evolution that could be simplified into two stages, with an initial- and growth-drift stages. The late Miocene CDS is then buried under dominantly hemipelagic late Messinian (~6.4 - 5.3 Ma) deposits, whereas the buried-drift stage is absent for the Pliocene-Quaternary system due to the ongoing nature of the CDS’s evolution. The long-term development of these CDSs can be correlated with a coeval shallowing of sills, which determined a change from an outflow to an overflow setting across the gateways through time. These long-term variations (>5-10 My) in paleo-circulation are thus driven by the by the tectonic control on the evolution of oceanic gateways. The internal sedimentary architecture of the late Miocene and Pliocene-Quaternary CDSs indicates a complex stratigraphic stacking pattern of deposits bounded by internal discontinuities and hiatuses in response to the intermittent behaviour of the MOW at different temporal scales, which have been attributed to tectonic pulses, climatic and eustatic changes and oceanographic processes that have caused deepening/shoaling or weakening/strengthening of bottom currents through time, exerting a major effect on deepwater sedimentation and the benthic habitat.This project was funded by the JIP#1 within the framework of “The Drifters” Research Group at Royal Holloway University of London and related to the projects, CTM2016-75129-C3 (INPULSE) and PID2021-123825OB-I00 (ALGEMAR).

During a diving survey on soft-bottom habitats in the Gulf of Cadiz (Southwestern Spain), the use of the sea cucumber Holothuria arguinensis (Echinodermata, Holothuriidae) as a shelter by juvenile Senegal’s sea bream Diplodus bellottii (Chordata: Sparidae) was observed. Eight juvenile sea bream D. bellottii were videoed sheltering under the sea cucumber’s body. This observation highlights the importance of sea cucumbers as a shelter for juvenile fish, providing a microhabitat to take refuge from predators. This is the first report of juvenile sea bream sheltered by a sea cucumber.

Global circulation of intermediate water masses has been extensively studied; however, its regional and local circulation along continental margins and variability and implications on sea floor morphologies are still not well known. In this study the intermediate water mass variability in the Gulf of Cádiz (GoC) and adjacent areas has been analysed and its implications discussed. Remarkable seasonal variations of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and the Subarctic Intermediate Water (SAIW) are determined. During autumn a greater presence of the AAIW seems to be related to a reduction in the presence of SAIW and Eastern North Atlantic Central Water (ENACW). This interaction also affects the Mediterranean Water (MW), which is pushed by the AAIW toward the upper continental slope. In the rest of the seasons, the SAIW is the predominant water mass reducing the presence of the AAIW. This seasonal variability for the predominance of these intermediate water masses is explained in terms of the concatenation of several wind-driven processes acting during the different seasons. Our finding is important for a better understanding of regional intermediate water mass variability with implications in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), but further research is needed in order to decode their changes during the geological past and their role, especially related to the AAIW, in controlling both the morphology and the sedimentation along the continental slopes.

Event Abstract Back to Event The prevalence of parasitic pea crab Afropinnotheres monodi in mussels depending on the degree of exposure of habitats: implications for mussel culture Marta Perez-Miguel1*, Jose Cuesta1, Enrique González-Ortegón1, David Roque1 and Pilar Drake1* 1 Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), Spain Introduction As many other Pinnotherid crabs, the African pea crab Afropinnotheres monodi live in association with the mantle cavity of different bivalve species. This pea crab causes a significant reduction of the condition index of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The greatest effects brought about for the infestation with soft females (larger size and obligatory parasitism) and/or multiple infestation (two or three pea crab inside the same host); whereas erosion of the gills and mantle of hosts have been also observed in mussels and cockles (Cerastoderma edule) infested by hard females and males which have smaller size than soft females and are facultative parasites (Perez-Miguel et al. 2018). To test the hypothesis that the prevalence of this pea crab in subtidal mussels depends on the degree of exposure/shallowness of their habitats and consequently of the coexistence of hosts of all crab demographic categories in a reduced area, in this study we assess the prevalence and demographic structure of A. monodi in the subtidal mussels attached to the submerged chains of the navigational buoys (lateral marks) of the Port Authority located along the navigable channel of the bay of Cadiz. Material and Methods Mussels were collected by hand (scuba diving) from the submerged chains of five of the buoys used as lateral marks of the navigable channel of the Bay of Cadiz. The sampled buoys were selected along a gradient of exposure to tidal currents and with different distance to the intertidal populations of bivalves that we know are currently hosting the different demographic categories of A. monodi in this area. Buoys were seasonally sampled from each of the buoys number 2 (B2), 4 (B4), 8 (B8), 10 (B10) and 12 (B12) in August 2017 (summer), November 2017 (autumn), February 2018 (winter) and May 2018 (spring). The buoy most external to the bay is number 2 and the innermost one is number 12. Results and Discussion The size of mussels sampled in this study was very homogeneous regardless of the buoy considered and of if they were hosting or not the pea crab. On average, 43.3% of mussels examined during this study hosted the African pea crab A. monodi. When the whole period is considered, the maximal average prevalence corresponded to B10, with 74.5% of mussels hosting crabs and the minimal to B2 where only 17.0% of mussels hosting crabs. Results of χ2 tests indicated that these inter-buoy differences in the annual pea crab prevalence were statistically significant (p < 0.01) among the three inner buoys (B12, B10 and B8) and the two outer buoys (B4 and B2), as well as among the two inner buoys (B12, B10) and the intermediate buoy (B8; Figure 1). Fig. 1. - Prevalence of parasitic pea crab Afropinnotheres monodi inside the mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) at the 5 different submerged chains of the navigational buoys in the bay of Cádiz. The letters indicate indicated the differences in the annual pea crab prevalence were statistically significant (p < 0.01). At the top of the error bars, it shows the percentage of mussels who were infested by just 1 crab. When the whole period of study was considered, the significant differences in prevalence were observed among the inner and outer buoys (especially B2 and B4 [inners ones] versus B10 and B12 [outers ones]). Furthermore, with the exception of a very small crab found inside one mussel of B2, the relatively large size of male and hard female crabs hosted by subtidal mussels indicates that they have been previously using other hosts, as expected from the asymmetrical use that the different demographic categories of this species make of their different hosts. All these features suggest that, as in the case of intertidal mussels of Bay of Cadiz, the infestation of subtidal mussels has as main source the males and hard females of A. monodi hosted primarily by the intertidal populations of cockles and clams. Thus, the lower infestation of mussels from the outer buoys (B2 and B4) and the higher infestation of mussels from the inner buoys (B10 and B12) could be reflecting the mayor and minor distance, respectively, to the Rio San Pedro Inlet, the area of the bay in which are located the largest natural beds of cockles (Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum) and the clam Scrobicularia plana; in fact, the higher prevalence of A. monodi was just found in mussels from B10 (74.5%, on average) which is the buoy located the closest to this main source of the pea crabs that infest subtidal mussels of the Bay of Cadiz. The similar environmental conditions between the bay of Cádiz and Galician habitats (almost in summer), where the farms´ mussels coexist with the neighboring natural bed of the cockle Cerastoderma edule, suggest that this crab could cause economic problems in the Galician mussel industry, one of the most important in the world. The deleterious effects of the pea crabs on the commercial production of mussels can be direct by a condition loss and/or growth reduction of mussels or indirect, because its presence in the shell cavity of fresh mussels may cause consumer complaints. Also, the removal of crabs can considerably increase the duration of the mussels canning process, increasing in a 33% the time in the scallop industrial process; a more recent and extreme case, the high infestation (up to 100% sometimes) of Cerastoderma spp. by A. monodi in some areas of the Algarve (South of Portugal) has made that a canning company has closed the canning line of cockles due to economic losses (Cuesta, pers. comm.). Conclusion In this work, it is revealed for the first time the possibility that A. monodi infects subtidal mussels, in the similar conditions as the cultured mussels in rafts. This shows up the risk of an infestation by the parasitic pea crab Afropinnotheres monodi in the economically relevant for the culture of mussels. According to our results, for reducing at least partially the negative effects of these parasites, moving mussel farms offshore, when possible, has the potential to reduce the prevalence and the deleterious effects of pea crabs in mussels. Figure 1 References Perez-Miguel, M., Cuesta, J.A., Navas, J.I., García Raso, J.E., Drake, P., 2018. The prevalence and effects of the African pea crab Afropinnotheres monodi on the condition of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the cockle Cerastoderma edule. Aquaculture 491: 1-9 Keywords: Parasitism, Mussel farm, Afropinnotheres monodi, Mytilus gallaprovincialis, Prevalence Conference: XX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies (SIEBM XX) , Braga, Portugal, 9 Sep - 12 Sep, 2019. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Fisheries, Aquaculture and Biotechnology Citation: Perez-Miguel M, Cuesta J, González-Ortegón E, Roque D and Drake P (2019). The prevalence of parasitic pea crab Afropinnotheres monodi in mussels depending on the degree of exposure of habitats: implications for mussel culture. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: XX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies (SIEBM XX) . doi: 10.3389/conf.fmars.2019.08.00094 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 14 May 2019; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Dr. Marta Perez-Miguel, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), Puerto Real, Spain, martagsl589@gmail.com Dr. Pilar Drake, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), Puerto Real, Spain, pilar.drake@icman.csic.es Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Marta Perez-Miguel Jose Cuesta Enrique González-Ortegón David Roque Pilar Drake Google Marta Perez-Miguel Jose Cuesta Enrique González-Ortegón David Roque Pilar Drake Google Scholar Marta Perez-Miguel Jose Cuesta Enrique González-Ortegón David Roque Pilar Drake PubMed Marta Perez-Miguel Jose Cuesta Enrique González-Ortegón David Roque Pilar Drake Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVViewpointNEXTADDITION / CORRECTIONThis article has been corrected. View the notice.Metals in the European Marine Strategies Legislation: A Challenge for the Managers and Decision-MakersAntonio Tovar-Sánchez*Antonio Tovar-SánchezICMAN-Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain*E-mail: [email protected]More by Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Cira BuonocoreCira BuonocoreICMAN-Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, SpainMore by Cira Buonocore, David RoqueDavid RoqueICMAN-Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, SpainMore by David Roque, and Julián BlascoJulián BlascoICMAN-Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, SpainMore by Julián BlascoCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 14, 7601–7603Publication Date (Web):June 25, 2018Publication History Received30 May 2018Published online25 June 2018Published inissue 17 July 2018https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.8b02906https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02906newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2018 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views1090Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Computer simulations,Elements,Mercury,Metals,Seawater Get e-Alerts

Lines of evidence used in ecological risk assessment (ERA) are essentially three: chemistry, biology and ecotoxicology. Until now, the fundamental assumption made when measuring ecological risks is that organisms are forcedly exposed to stressors. However, when organisms can avoid disturbed habitats by escaping to less stressful areas, the assumption that exposure is mandatory to pose risk may not match field disturbance scenarios. A non-forced exposure approach using a linear free-choice multi-compartmented system has been proposed previously as a complementary tool to assess the effects on organisms' spatial avoidance/preference responses. Yet, the linearity of the latter system limits avoidance measurements to one spatial dimension. A novel, heterogeneous multi-habitat assay system (HeMHAS) consisting of 18 connected circular compartments (3 compartments on a vertical axis in each one of 6 zones on a longitudinal axis; a 2D system) is put forward here to be used in heterogeneous-habitat selection studies, as it makes it possible to assess the ability of organisms to detect contamination and other stressors and select more favorable habitats. In the present study, the avoidance to copper by zebrafish (Danio rerio) was tested after exposing organisms to a copper gradient in the HeMHAS and compared with that in the linear system. Avoidance occurred for all copper concentrations: 43% in the lowest (21 μg·L-1) to 72% in the highest (221 μg·L-1). Results obtained within the HeMHAS (AC50: 60 μg·L-1) were statistically (p = 0.72) similar to avoidance of copper by D. rerio in the linear non-forced system (AC50: 89 μg·L-1). In summary, the simulation of a copper gradient in the HeMHAS (2D system) allowed to assess the potential repellency of copper to zebrafish and to corroborate the ability of organisms to detect and avoid potentially toxic concentrations.

The pathways and transformations of dense water overflows, which depend on small-scale interactions between flow dynamics and erosional-depositional processes, are a central piece in the ocean's large-scale circulation. A novel, high-resolution current and hydrographic data set highlights the intricate pathway travelled by the saline Mediterranean Overflow as it enters the Atlantic. Interaction with the topography constraints its spreading. Over the initial 200 km west of the Gibraltar gateway, distinct channels separate the initial gravity current into several plunging branches depth-sorted by density. Shallow branches follow the upper slope and eventually detach as buoyant plumes. Deeper branches occupy mid slope channels and coalesce upon reaching a diapiric ridge. A still deeper branch, guided by a lower channel wall marked by transverse furrows, experiences small-scale overflows which travel downslope to settle at mid-depths. The Mediterranean salt flux into the Atlantic has implications for the buoyancy balance in the North Atlantic. Observations on how this flux enters at different depth levels are key to accurately measuring and understanding the role of Mediterranean Outflow in future climate scenarios.

Trabajo presentado en el XVIII Seminario Iberico de Quimica Marina, celebrado en Alicante (Espana) de 20 al 22 de julio de 2016.

The currents measured by a SonTek Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) mounted on an Iver2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) are compared to those measured by a bottom-mounted Acoustic Wave and Current Meter (AWAC), taken as a reference, in an attempt to evaluate the AUV's performance as a current meter instrument. In October 2013, the AUV performed 3 short missions navigating over the AWAC at ~1.5 m depth and ~1.5 ms -1 velocity while profiling currents down to about 22 m depth, where the AWAC was mounted. The AUV spent about a 16% of mission time on the wavy surface, where its ADCP continued profiling. A 3D AUV currents data processing approach is used to compensate for AUV attitude and is validated by averaging entire mission data, showing absolute errors lower than 0.05 ms -1 for a large part of the depth range. An AUV data averaging time of 600 s yields horizontal velocity errors of about 0.07 ms -1 while the 90 s averaging time is found to be a good compromise between error (slightly larger than the one obtained with a 600 s time window) and temporal resolution. Results are promising but more testing in different environmental and operational conditions is needed to validate the AUV as a current meter.

Most Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) mount Doppler sensors to navigate precisely underwater, where the Global Positioning System (GPS) is unavailable. These sensors -aside of providing accurate AUV velocity with respect to the ground-, can perform currents profiling, measuring currents along the water column. It has been shown that currents measurements taken by AUVs are very close to those taken by bottom-mounted ADCPs and that a 3D approach can yield differences between both instruments of about 0.07 ms-1, averaging AUV data in 90 second time windows. In this paper we present an OceanServer Iver2 AUV 3D water currents processing tool, developed in Python 2.7. The tool outputs .csv files for further data processing/representation as well as plots of the main variables, along with water currents plots.

Our understanding of the role of bottom currents and associated oceanographic processes (e.g., overflows, barotropic tidal currents) including intermittent processes (e.g., vertical eddies, deep sea storms, horizontal vortices, internal waves and tsunamis) is rapidly evolving. Many deep-water processes remain poorly understood due to limited direct observations, but may generate significant depositional and erosional features on both shortand long-term time scales. This paper describes these oceanographic processes and examines their potential role in the sedimentary features around the Iberian margin. The paper explores the implications of the processes studied, given their secondary role relative to other factors such as mass-transport and turbiditic processes. An integrated interpretation of these oceanographic processes requires an understanding of contourites, sea-floor features, their spatial and temporal evolution, and the near-bottom flows that form them. Given their complex, three-dimensional and temporally-variable nature, integration of these processes into sedimentary, oceanographic and climatological frameworks will require a multidisciplinary approach that includes Geology, Physical Oceanography, Paleoceanography and Benthic Biology. This approach will synthesize oceanographic data, seafloor morphology, sediments and seismic images to improve our knowledge of permanent and intermittent processes around Iberia, and evaluate their conceptual and regional role in the sedimentary evolution of the margin.

Our understanding of bottom-currents and associated oceanographic processes (e.g., overflows, barotropic tidal currents) including intermittent processes (e.g., vertical eddies, deep sea storms, horizontal vortices, internal waves and tsunamis) is rapidly evolving. Many deep-water processes remain poorly understood due to limited direct observations, but can generate significant depositional and erosional features on both short and long term time scales. This paper represents a review work, which describes for the first time these oceanographic processes and examines their potential role in the sedimentary features along the Iberian continental margins. This review explores the implications of the studied processes, given their secondary role relative to other factors such as mass-transport and turbiditic processes, and highlights three major results: a) contourite depositional and erosional features are ubiquitous along the margins, indicating that bottom currents and associated oceanographic processes control the physiography and sedimentation; b) the position of interfaces between major water masses and their vertical and spatial variation in time specifically appears to exert primary control in determining major morphologic changes along the slope gradient, including the contourite terraces development; and c) contourites deposits exhibit greater variation than the established facies model suggests. Therefore, a consistent facies model however faces substantial challenges in terms of the wide range of oceanographic processes that can influence in their development. An integrated interpretation of these oceanographic processes requires an understanding of contourites, seafloor features, their spatial and temporal evolution, and the near-bottom flows that form them. This approach will synthesize oceanographic data, seafloor morphology, sediments and seismic images to improve our knowledge of permanent and intermittent processes around Iberia, and evaluate their conceptual and regional role in the margin's sedimentary evolution. Given their complexes, three-dimensional and temporally-variable nature, integration of these processes into sedimentary, oceanographic and climatological frameworks will require a multidisciplinary approach that includes Geology, Physical oceanography, Paleoceanography and Benthic Biology.

5th Internacional Workshop on Marine Technology (MARTECH 2013), 9-11 October 2013, Girona.-- 4 paginas, 2 figuras

We present the evolution, from its conception until today, of an established and internationally recognized Glider Facility. During 8 years of glider activity, new infrastructures and methodologies have been developed increasing glider missions, data, quality and availability. From 2005 to 2010, IMEDEA operated 4 Slocum G1 gliders following a research project approach. Since 2011, SOCIB, with in kind contribution from IMEDEA, is in charge of gliders’ operation and maintenance, increasing the glider fleet with 4 new vehicles (2 Slocum G2 gliders and 2 iRobot Seagliders). SOCIB has established one permanent endurance line in the Balearic Islands and provides open access glider time to third parties. We describe the progress of the Glider Facility, the results obtained and the objectives and actions foreseen in the near future.

New monitoring technologies are being progressively implemented in open-ocean and coastal observatories. The Mediterranean Sea is a well-known, reduced-scale ocean, an ideal natural laboratory to study global ocean processes, in particular those associated with meso- and submesoscale variability, interactions with mean flows and associated ecosystem response. SOCIB, the Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, is one of such observatories, a multiplatform distributed and integrated system, a facility of facilities that extends from the nearshore to the open sea. SOCIB profits from the strategic position of the Balearic Islands at the Atlantic/Mediterranean transition area, one of the hot spots of biodiversity in the world's oceans, and also of societal needs in islands where preservation of the environment is essential to assure both residents' welfare and the competitiveness of the tourist sector. SOCIB is unique in that, from peer-reviewed excellence, its mission and objectives are science-, technology-, and society-driven. These types of new marine infrastructures, because of their critical mass and sustained funding, are presently establishing new ways of international cooperation, leading to major science breakthroughs, innovations in oceanographic instrumentation, and new ways of more efficient and science-based coastal and ocean management. We describe the major elements and structure of SOCIB and present some recent scientific, technological, and society-related results that are of relevance at a global ocean scale.

New monitoring technologies are key components of ocean observatories, also called marine research infrastructures being implemented in the worlds oceans. As a result, new capabilities to characterise, in quasi-real time, the ocean state and its variability at small scales exist today. The challenge is the integration of theses multiplatform observing and forecasting systems to (a) monitor the variability at small scales (e.g. mesoscale/weeks) in order to (b) resolve the sub-basin/seasonal and inter-annual variability and by this (c) establish the decadal variability, understand the associated biases and correct them. The challenge is also to change focus and now monitor from small to large scales. SOCIB is leading this new small to large-scale multi-platform approach in ocean observation. Some examples are presented and discussed together with initial ideas on the optimal design of an observational network in the world oceans, responding to science priorities, technology development and response to strategic society needs.

Trabajo presentado en el III Simposio Internacional en Ciencias del Mar (ISMS12), celebrado en Cadiz del 24 al 26 de enero de 2012.