In this report, the fifth and last of our monographic series on mammalian diversity and ethnomammalogy in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluvial region of northeastern Peru, we document the local occurrence of 40 species of rodents, including 5 sciurids, 17 cricetids, 1 caviid, 1 cuniculid, 2 dasyproctids, 1 dinomyid, 2 erethizontids, and 11 echimyids. The following substantive taxonomic results, among others, are reported: (1) We discuss current issues of sciurid classification and treat all New World tree squirrels (Sciurini), except North American Tamiasciurus, as members of the genus Sciurus; the proposed subgeneric classification is monophyletic, and it conserves longstanding binomial usage for most species. (2) We describe a new species of squirrel, Sciurus ( Hadrosciurus ) pachecoi, which had previously been identified as a distinct lineage by molecular analyses. (3) We discuss the nominal taxa currently synonymized with S . (H.) pyrrhinus and comment on the application of names to phenotypes and mitochondrial haplogroups. (4) The currently accepted type locality of S . (H.) spadiceus (Cuiab & aacute;) cannot be correct; instead, documentary evidence suggests that the holotype must have been collected near Santar & eacute;m. (5) Sciurus flaviventer appears to be the only valid species of Microsciurus (sensu lato) that occurs in the Amazonian lowlands; Amazonian records of taxa previously reported in the literature as M. sabanillae and M . "species 2" appear to be based on erroneous geographic coordinates and unexplained genotype/ phenotype discordance, respectively. (6) We discuss and illustrate the diagnostic morphological characters of Nectomys apicalis and N. rattus, which have broadly overlapping distributions in northern Peru. (7) We analyze cytochrome b sequence data from 143 specimens of Oecomys from western Amazonia and summarize evidence for multiple unnamed lineages; of these, three from the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve are described as new species. (8) We question the recognition of O. tapajinus as a species distinct from O. roberti due to the lack of unambiguously diagnostic characters and the doubtful identity of the holotype of tapajinus. (9) We confirm sympatry between two species of Scolomys and provide revised diagnostic criteria for S. melanops and S. ucayalensis. (10) We report the only specimen of Dinomys branickii accompanied by definite locality data from Loreto department. (11) Proechimys quadruplicatus and P. steerei, closely related species previously thought to occur on opposite banks of the Peruvian Amazon, are both present in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve; diagnostic characters are tabulated for the six species of Proechimys now known to occur in our region. Despite intensive and methodologically complementary faunal-sampling efforts, our rodent inventory is probably incomplete; at least four additional species could be expected to occur in our region based on geographic range data. If all four do occur there, then our inventory is about 90% complete. Documented sympatric species richness at intensively sampled sites in our region is substantially less than the regional total, but because of methodological omissions, no site is believed to have been completely inventoried for rodents. In the absence of known barriers to mammalian dispersal within the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve, however, local (sympatric) species richness is probably constrained only by habitat availability. Matses knowledge of rodents is richly detailed for primary game species ( Cuniculus paca and Dasyprocta fuliginosa) but is less detailed for less culturally important subsets of the fauna. As previously documented for other mammals (e.g., primates, xenarthrans, and ungulates), important game species are known by multiple names (including synonyms and hyponyms), whereas less culturally important but still salient species (e.g., squirrels) have single names, and many inconspicuous (e.g., small, nocturnal, and morphologically indistinguishable) species do not have unique identifiers. With the rodents treated in this report, the mammalian fauna of the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve is now known to include at least 201 species, but >20 additional species (mostly bats) could still be expected in the region based on geographic range data. Despite the probable incompleteness of our inventory, the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve is the only part of western Amazonia with an extensively documented mammal fauna. Therefore, the completion of this monographic series provides a unique taxonomic resource for urgently needed mammalogical research in this ecologically intact but increasingly vulnerable region.

Shipibo, spoken in Amazonian Peru, has a complex system of word-level stress assignment that early studies described as being partially predictable and partially lexically determined. More recent studies have attempted to analyze Shipibo primary stress as overall predictable by postulating underlying consonants. However, hitherto no phonological studies have considered the effect of prefixation on stress assignment, which provides definitive evidence that primary stress in Shipibo is in fact only partially predictable. Body-part prefixes also uncover stress patterns that reveal important clues about the structure of proto-Panoan syllables. This paper proposes a synchronic analysis of Shipibo stress that takes into account these new data and puts forward a historical explanation for the intricate stress systems found in many modern Panoan languages.

El artículo analiza y contrasta los patrones de modelización sociosemiótica de Sol y Luna que codifican los significados denotados y las representaciones sociales de los astros en los grupos étnicos de la familia lingüística pano. El estudio de estos motivos simbólicos constituye una vía de aproximación al campo cultural pano que ofrece datos sobre su configuración interna y sus relaciones externas. La estrategia de investigación empleada es el estudio de casos, y las unidades de análisis son los patrones de modelización primaria o lingüística y secundaria o discursiva de los astros. Los datos muestran homogeneidad lingüística y heterogeneidad discursiva. El catastro de representaciones revela la coexistencia de una diversidad de concepciones de Sol y Luna en términos ontológicos, de género y modalidades de relación asignadas a estas entidades. En el marco de su sistema de variantes y transformaciones se distinguen dos etnomodelos predominantes en grupos pano de ciertas áreas geográficas, los que presentan importantes correlatos transculturales: Sol como divinidad creadora y Luna como ancestro devenido en astro. El primero de estos etnomodelos es afín a las concepciones andinas del astro; el segundo, ampliamente registrado en las mitologías de los pueblos amazónicos, muestra aquí un sistema de transducciones que informan de su antiguo arraigo.

Un error común en estudios etnohistóricos, etnográficos y hasta lingüísticos es suponer que un etnónimo refiere a una sola etnia. “Homonimia de etnónimos”, es decir, casos en que dos o más etnias (o divisiones de diferentes etnias) comparten el mismo nombre o nombres muy parecidos, son especialmente frecuente en la familia lingüística Pano. Considerando que las etnias que comparten el mismo nombre muchas veces están geográficamente próximas, los casos de homonimia de etnónimos no siempre son obvios sin comparaciones léxicas. Los propósitos de este artículo son identificar todos los casos de homonimia en la familia Pano utilizando comparaciones léxicas y otras pistas lingüísticas, ilustrar las diferentes maneras en que puede surgir homonimia de etnónimos, y explicar por qué la homonimia es ubicua en la familia Pano.

AbstractMost Panoan languages have a set of approximately thirty monosyllabic prefixes that designate mostly body parts and extensions of these. In the Panoan languages that have been studied in detail, these body-part prefixes have been found to be productive morphemes. Marubo seems to be a counterexample. This chapter argues that despite the large number of recurring elements with body-part meanings found in nouns, adjectives, and verbs, prefixation is not productive in Marubo. Nevertheless, these patterns suggest that Marubo once did have a productive system of body-part prefixation, so a second purpose of this chapter is to consider the diachronic scenarios that can explain how Marubo body-part prefixation was arrested.

This report is the third in our monographic series on mammalian diversity and Matses ethnomammalogy in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluvial region of northeastern Peru. Based on taxonomic analysis of specimens collected in the region, we document the occurrence of 19 species of marsupials in the genera Caluromys, Glironia, Hyladelphys, Marmosa, Monodelphis, Metachirus, Chironectes, Didelphis, Philander, Gracilinanus, and Marmosops. Our principal taxonomic results include the following: (1) we provide a phylogenetic analysis of previously unpublished mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data for Caluromys that supports the reciprocal monophyly of all currently recognized species in the genus but reveals substantial heterogeneity in one extralimital taxon; (2) we explain why Marmosa constantiae is the correct name for the southwestern Amazonian taxon previously known as Mar. demerarae, and we diagnose Mar. constantiae from Mar. rapposa, a superficially similar species from southern Peru, eastern Bolivia, and central Brazil; (3) we explain why Mar. rutteri is the correct name for one of the Amazonian species currently known as Mar. regina, and we restrict the latter name to the transAndean holotype; (4) we recognize Metachirus myosuros as a species distinct from Met. nudicaudatus based on morphological comparisons and a phylogenetic analysis of new mtDNA sequence data; and (5) we name a new species of Marmosops to honor the late Finnish-Peruvian naturalist Pekka Soini. Of the 19 marsupial species known to occur in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve, 16 have been recorded in sympatry at Nuevo San Juan, the Matses village where we based most of our fieldwork from 1995 to 1999. We explain why we believe the marsupial species list from Nuevo San Juan to be complete (or nearly so), and we compare it with a species list obtained by similarly intensive fieldwork at Paracou (French Guiana). Although Nuevo San Juan and Paracou are 2500 km apart on opposite sides of Amazonia, the same opossum genera are present at both sites, the lists differing only in the species represented in each fauna. We briefly discuss current explanations for spatial turnover in species of terrestrial vertebrates across Amazonian landscapes and provide evidence that the upper Amazon is a significant dispersal barrier for marsupials. Marsupials are not important to the Matses in any way. In keeping with their cultural inattention to mammals that are inconspicuous, harmless, and too small to be of dietary significance, the Matses lexically distinguish only a few kinds of opossums, and they are not close observers of opossum morphology or behavior.

Los sensis fueron un grupo pano contactado por los misioneros franciscanos en 1811 en las cabeceras del río Maquía, afluente del lado este del Ucayali. Desaparecieron de las bibliografías desde mediados del siglo XX, y su lugar dentro de la familia lingüística pano es polémico. Este artículo hace un estudio etnohistórico de todas las referencias bibliográficas de primera mano sobre este grupo, divididas entre las fuentes franciscanas, informes de los viajeros del siglo XIX y fuentes del siglo XX. Concluye que los sensi conformaban una etnia antes del contacto porque mantenían relaciones enfrentadas con otros grupos pano, mientras conservaban relaciones de amistad con los tres subgrupos: inubo, runubo y casca. Clasifica el idioma como un idioma pano cercano al pano-shétebo o shipibo-Konibo. Un rasgo que los franciscanos usaban para distinguir a los sensi es que se adaptaban a la vida misional mientras los otros panos mantenían su independencia.

Nominalization is ubiquitous in the Matses language. Many functions that are performed by relative and adverbial clauses in other languages are accomplished by nominalization in Matses. Verbs are nominalized by attaching one of 27 different suffixes to the verb stem in place of inflectional morphology, creating either a word that falls into the noun lexical category, or a multi-word nominalizations which I call here a "nominalized clause." Matses nominalized clauses, rather than being noun phrases built up around a de-verbalized noun, have essentially main-clause syntax, including main-clause case-marking frame. The present paper describes the internal and external syntax of Matses nominalized clauses in comparison to simple lexicalized nominalized words. Of particular interest is that nominalized clauses can become lexicalized.

Shipibo, a Panoan language spoken in Amazonian Peru, has a set of 31 monosyllabic forms, representing mostly body parts, which are phonologically attached to the front of verbs, adjectives and nouns. For most of these morphemes, noun roots designating body parts exist which are semantically similar and whose initial segments are the same. Consequently, previous scholars have analyzed these prefixed forms as allomorphs of or otherwise synchronically derived from the noun roots. The present paper will present evidence demonstrating that Shipibo-Konibo body-part morphemes are independent prefixes and best analyzed as not being synchronically derived from body-part nouns. Furthermore, although body-part prefixation is quite productive in Shipibo, many lexicalized prefixed stems exist, which have undergone semantic and/or phonological changes. Therefore, a second goal of this paper is to provide a more accurate description of the grammar of Shipibo prefixation by identifying lexicalized stems and treating them separately.

A new species of the nectarivorous bat genus Hsunycteris is described from lowland Amazonian forest in northeastern Peru. The new species, H. dashe, can be distinguished from other congeners by its larger size; V-shaped array of dermal chin papillae separated by a wide basal cleft; metacarpal V longer than metacarpal IV; broad rostrum; lateral margin of infraorbital foramen not projecting beyond rostral outline in dorsal view; well-developed sphenoidal crest; large outer upper incisors; weakly developed lingual cusp on P5; and well-developed, labially oriented M1 parastyle. A phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome-b sequence data indicates that H. dashe is sister to a clade that includes all other species of the genus including H. cadenai, H pattoni, and a paraphyletic H. thomasi. We provide a key based on craniodental and external characters of all four known species of Hsunycteris.

This report continues our monographic analysis of mammalian diversity and Matses ethnomammalogy in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluvial region of northeastern Peru. Based primarily on specimens collected in the region from 1926 to 2003, interviews with Matses hunters, and published sight surveys of large mammals, we document the local occurrence of 33 species of xenarthrans, carnivores, perissodactyls, artiodactyls (including cetaceans), and sirenians. All of the species in these groups, with the exception of the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), are recognized and named by the Matses, from whom we recorded extensive accounts of mammalian natural history. The local xenarthran fauna consists of nine species (Cabassous unicinctus, Priodontes maximus, Dasypus novemcinctus, D. pastasae, Bradypus variegatus, Choloepus hoffmanni, Cyclopes didactylus, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Tamandua tetradactyla), all of which are represented by examined specimens. Only two xenarthrans (D. pastasae and C. hoffmanni) are primary game species for the Matses, who are familiar with many aspects of their biology that were previously unrecorded in the scientific literature. However, Matses interviews also provide important new information about the behavior of D. novemcinctus (a secondary game species) and M. tridactyla, neither of which has previously been studied in rainforested environments. The local carnivore fauna consists of 16 species (Atelocynus microtis, Speothos venaticus, Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, Panthera onca, Puma concolor, Pu. yagouaroundi, Eira barbara, Galictis vittata, Mustela africana, Lontra longicaudis, Pteronura brasiliensis, Bassaricyon alleni, Nasua nasua, Potos flavus, Procyon cancrivorus), most of which are represented by examined specimens; six species without preserved voucher material are known from camera-trap photographs and/or unambiguous sightings by Matses hunters and field biologists. Although the coati (N. nasua) is the only carnivore occasionally hunted by the Matses for food, Matses interviews are richly informative about the natural history of other species, notably including S. venaticus, Leopardus spp., Pa. onca, Puma spp., and E. barbara. All of the local ungulates (Tapirus terrestris, Pecari tajacu, Tayassu pecari, Mazama americana, M. nemorivaga) are hunted by the Matses for food, and the hunters we interviewed are correspondingly well informed about the natural history of most of these species, with the exception of the seldom-encountered gray brocket (M. nemorivaga). Both species of local cetaceans (Inia geoffroyi, Sotalia fluviatilis) are familiar to the Matses, although neither is eaten. The xenarthrans, carnivores, ungulates, and aquatic mammals that inhabit the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve are all widespread species, so this component of the regional fauna, as currently understood, is not biogeographically distinctive, nor is it extraordinarily diverse (by western Amazonian standards). Although we discuss several noteworthy taxonomic and nomenclatural issues relevant to these taxa, the principal contribution of this report consists in the natural history information compiled from our Matses informants and the resulting overview of local community structure as defined by diurnal activity, locomotion, social behavior, and trophic relationships.

Indigenous knowledge is a potentially important source of natural history information about unstudied species of large Amazonian mammals.The Matses, a Panoan-speaking tribe that lives in the basin of the Río Yavarí in northeastern Peru and western Brazil, retain intact traditional knowledge of the local fauna and flora.Our interviews with Matses hunters provide a rich source of original observations about Dasypus kappleri, the greater long-nosed armadillo, which we analyzed for accuracy and content by comparing items of Matses natural history information with the scientific literature.Of 66 items about this species gleaned from eight interviews, only 14 items (21%) overlapped substantively with information in the literature, which corroborated the accuracy of 13 items (93% accuracy, as assessed by this method).On the single point of disagreement between the literature and our interview results, it seems highly likely that the literature is incorrect.The remaining 52 Matses observations about the natural history of D. kappleri contain novel information about many aspects of the behavior, diet, and predators of this large and abundant but hitherto virtually unstudied xenarthran species.

This article explores all of the available historic, ethnographic, and linguistic evidence concerning interfluvial Panoans known as Remo, one of the most important ethnic categories in Ucayali basin historiography. A review of the historical references to Remos from the late 1600s to the present led to the hypothesis that the term Remo has been used to refer to different peoples at different times. A careful evaluation of the available Remo word lists correlated with recent linguistic research corroborates that these word lists must have come from at least three different Panoan languages. Languages of two modern indigenous groups that have been considered Remo descendants (Iskonawas and Nukinis) were also found to be distinct from the available Remo word lists. The article illustrates the ways in which colonial historiography, influenced by riverine Panoans’ and mestizos’ views of their interfluvial neighbors constructed the Remos as a bounded and continuous ethnic unit.

The ecological mechanisms that sustain high species richness in Neotropical bat communities have attracted research attention for several decades. Although many ecologists have studied the feeding behavior and diets of Neotropical bats on the assumption that food is a limiting resource, other resource axes that might be important for species coexistence are often ignored. Diurnal refugia, in particular, are a crucial resource for bats, many of which exhibit conspicuous morphological or behavioral adaptations to the roost environment. Here we report and analyze information about roost occupancy based on >500 field observations of Amazonian bats. Statistical analyses of these data suggest the existence of distinct groups of species roosting (1) in foliage, (2) exposed on the trunks of standing trees, (3) in cavities in standing trees, (4) in or under fallen trees, (5) beneath undercut earth banks, and (6) in arboreal insect nests; additionally, we recognize other groups that roost (7) in animal burrows, and (8) in rocks or caves. Roosting-guild membership is hypothesized to have a filtering effect on Amazonian bat community composition because some types of roosts are absent or uncommon in certain habitats. Among other applications of our results, cross-classifying bat species by trophic and roosting guilds suggests that the often-reported deficit of gleaning animalivores in secondary vegetation by comparison with primary forest might reflect habitat differences in roost availability rather than food resources. In general, ecological and evolutionary studies of Neotropical bats would be enhanced by considering both trophic- and roosting-guild membership in future analyses, but additional fieldwork will be required to determine the roosting behavior of many data-deficient species.

7 Introduction 9 Classification and inventory of Panoan languages and dialects 9 Ethnonyms and orthography 12 Former misconceptions about the Panoan family 17 On dialects and languages 19 Panoan internal classification and Panoan dispersal 21 Relations to other South American families 22 Panoan-Takanan relations 22 Other proposed genetic ties beyond the family 24 Contact with other Amazonian groups and Kechua speakers 24 History of Panoan linguistics 26 The Jesuits (1640s–1768) 26 The Franciscans (1657–1930s) 28 Foreign travelers of the 1800s 32 European philologists of the late 1800s 34 A new generation of list collectors and linguists (1900–1930s) 34 The Summer Institute of Linguistics (1940s–present) 37 University academics (1970s–present) 39 Priorities for future research 41 Typological overview 43 Phonology 43 Morphology 43 Syntax 44 Ethnolinguistic features 45 Linguistic taboos 45 In-law avoidance speech 45 Weeping kinship lexicon 45 Lingua francas and pidgins 46 Ceremonial languages 46 Gender-specific speech 46 Game synonymy and pet vocative terms 48 References 49 Appendix 1: Index of common denomination synonyms, variants, and homonyms 74