Well-controlled and well-characterized experimental measurements are obtained during the melting of a moderate-Prandtl-number material (n-eicosane) in a cylindrical enclosure heated from the side. The study aims to provide benchmark experimental measurements for validation of numerical codes. Experimental results in terms of measured temperatures and melt front locations are reported in both graphical and tabular forms. The melt front was captured photographically and its location ascertained using digital image processing techniques. To facilitate numerical validation exercises, a complete set of experimental results have been made available on a website for public access. An illustrative numerical comparison exercise was also undertaken using a multiblock finite volume method and the enthalpy method for a range of Stefan numbers. The experimental boundary conditions can be adequately represented with a constant and uniform side wall temperature, a constant and uniform lower surface temperature, and an adiabatic top wall. Very good agreement was obtained between the predictions and the experiment for Stefan numbers of up to 0.1807. The experimental results for a Stefan number of 0.0836 are recommended as being the most suitable for numerical benchmarking, since the boundary conditions are best controlled in this set of experiments.

With the improvement of consumption, the FMCG market competition of China is becoming more intense. For our FMCG companies, how to gain a foothold in the fierce competition has been a problem. This paper studied on the FMCG inventory control. To solve the problem of FMCG companies large backlog of inventory and other issues, this paper studied the time-based vendor managed inventory replenishment policy which is based on the traditional inventory control, and take simulation analysis of inventory level under different transport delays and different inventory replenishment cycle. This paper provided a reference solution for the FMCG business enterprises.

Aiming to solve the problem of the common control channel selection algorithm for cognitive wireless mesh networks, a novel common control channel selection algorithm is proposed in this paper. As different cognitive users may have different channels in the available channel list, multiple channels will be selected as the common control channel in the algorithm proposed in this paper. In order to reduce the delay generated by channel switching, both the probability that a channel may be selected as the common control channel and the time that primary users have occupied the channel in the last cycle will be considered in this paper. At last, simulation results show that the number of common control channels in the network can be controlled effectively, the time of network establishment will be reduced and the average communication successful rate will be improved.

There has been widespread acceptance and adoption of client relationship management (CRM) since the late 1990s. Although some organizations have realized benefits from CRM, many problems persist. CRM of third-party logistics (3PL) enterprises has developed an ordinary operation and process improvement cost optimization model, and the optimum period of re-design logistics services process for minimum cost is defined. The model provides a basis for the establishment of implementation procedures for CRM systems, it is efficient in different stages of 3PL enterprise developing with different objectives.

Multi-user cognitive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (C-OFDM) is an extremely promising technique for achieving high transmission capacity in the next generation cellular and wireless local area network (WLAN) systems with limited spectrum resources. Since the greedy bit allocation algorithm is the optimal method for single user, however, in the case of plenty of users and bits to be distributed, the computational complexity will be extraordinarily unacceptable. This paper presents a new bit and power allocation scheme for COFDM systems with the purpose of minimizing the interference power by constraining the fixed data rate and bit error rate. The presented bit allocation algorithm is derived from geometric sequence of the additional one bit transmission power required by the sub-carriers and the AM-GM inequality. Consequently, compared with the algorithm existing now, this algorithm has a simple procedure and low computational complexity. The MATLAB Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the traditional algorithm, while reducing the computational complexity from exponential to linear in the number of sub-carriers.

Future cognitive radio broadband wireless networks are expected to support a variety of communication services with diverse quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Multimedia applications such as broadband voice transmission and real-time video streaming are very delay-sensitive and need guaranteed throughput. On the other hand, applications like file transfer and email services are relatively delay tolerant so variable-rate transmission is acceptable. This paper is different from most existing work on adaptive resource allocation. In this paper, we investigate the resource allocation problem in a heterogeneous cognitive multi-user OFDM system with both delay-sensitive (DS) and delay-tolerant (DT) services. To cope with this heterogeneous problem we combine the rate adaptive (RA) and margin adaptive (MA) principle. The purpose is to maximize the total rate of all DT services while maintaining guaranteed throughput of DS services under the constraint of primary user in cognitive radio network (CRN). For DS users a low complexity bit allocation algorithm based on geometric progression is proposed and for DT users a linear water-filling algorithm is used. Numerical results are executed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of service outage probability, achievable transmission rate for DT users.

Mathematical model of multi-user power control and resource allocation in cognitive OFDM system is investigated. Multi-user resource allocation with the target of maximizing the cognitive user's transmission rate and satisfying the proportional rate constraint between cognitive users, is proposed in the condition of primary user's interference constraint. The paper supposes that cognitive transmitter obtains all cognitive users' instantaneous transmission channel and interference channel state information by the channel side information and cognitive users' cooperation. Hence, cognitive transmitters utilize these channel information to implement sub-carrier and power joint allocation. Sub-carrier allocation is implemented by sub-carrier efficiency function, while linear water-filling scheme is used in power allocation. Meanwhile, an average interference algorithm that do not need iterate is also proposed, which earns the approximate optimal gains and has some real-time features.

Multi-user cognitive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MU-COFDM) is a promising technique for achieving high transmission capacity in future cellular and wireless local area network (WLAN) systems. Multi-user resource allocation with the target of maximizing the transmit capacity of cognitive users and satisfying the proportional rate constraint between cognitive users is proposed under the condition of primary user's interference constraint. Since the optimal solution to the problem is extremely computationally complex to obtain, a low-complexity suboptimal algorithm that separates sub-carrier allocation and power allocation is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, sub-carrier allocation is first performed by assuming an equal power distribution, and then each sub-carrier is assigned to the user with the best subcarrier efficiency function. After sub-carrier allocation, we use best to be better algorithm and linear water-filling to inject power. The proposed algorithm is shown to be superior to the traditional power allocation algorithm, while reducing the complexity from exponential to linear in the number of subcarriers.

Multi-user cognitive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (C-OFDM) is an extremely promising technique for achieving high transmission capacity in the next generation cellular and wireless local area network (WLAN) systems with limited spectrum resources. And a proportional fairness subcarriers allocation algorithm based on the margin adaptive (MA) principle is used to meet the rate fairness between users. This paper presents a new bit and power allocation scheme for C-OFDM systems based on the margin adaptive (MA) principle in which the overall transmission power is minimized by constraining the fixed data rate and bit error rate. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the traditional algorithm, while reducing the computational complexity from exponential to linear in the number of sub-carriers.

A block loss recovery technique based on multiple edge detection is presented in this paper. A new spatial interpolation algorithm based on multiple edge detection is proposed. This approach improves the capability into reliability to recover multiple edge intersection contents in the corrupted block. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has better performance than traditional linear interpolation method and the conventional interpolation method which is based on edge detection.

Services computing paradigm together with Web services have significantly promoted the automation of business process in enterprise. Prevalent service composition technologies, such as WS-BPEL and WSCI, provide promising means to deal with machine-to-machine communication. Traditionally, in the phase of business process modeling, there usually require some human-involved tasks. Recent new technologies such as BPEL4People and Human Task begin to consider involving human interaction in business process. However, such approaches still have some limitations. On one hand, they exactly require some extensions of current BPEL standards. As a result, the existing business processes have to be rewritten and redeployed. On the other hand, they yet lack of the development and deployment supports of flexible and reusable user interfaces in business process. In this paper, we address these issues by enabling human interaction in business process with rich web applications. Our approach models human tasks as services, and can be seamlessly integrated to current BPEL without any modifications to existing engine and processes. We further support building human task presentations from service-oriented rich user interfaces. During the process execution, the corresponding task stakeholders can select, configure and compose these reusable and rich UI components according to their own application context.

Cognitive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (C-OFDM) is an extremely promising technique for achieving high transmission capacity in the next generation cellular and wireless local area network (WLAN) systems with limited spectrum resources. Since the greedy bit allocation algorithm is the optimal method for single user, however, in the case of plenty of sub-carriers and bits to be distributed, the computational complexity will be extraordinarily unacceptable. This paper presents a new bit and power allocation scheme for C-OFDM systems based on the margin adaptive (MA) principle in which the overall transmission power is minimized by constraining the fixed data rate and bit error rate. The presented bit allocation algorithm is derived from geometric progression of the additional transmission power required by the sub-carriers and the arithmetic-geometric means inequality. Consequently, compared with the algorithm existing now, this algorithm has a simple procedure and low computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the traditional algorithm, while reducing the computational complexity from exponential to linear in the number of sub-carriers.

The melting of a particle-laden slurry in a cylinder is investigated.The slurry consists of neutrally buoyant ceramic hollow spheres suspended in a paraffin wax.Melt front propagation and heat transfer processes during phase change in this particle-laden material is studied.The numerical analysis employs a particle-diffusive model and the enthalpy method.Experiments are carried out to validate the numerical model.The experimental boundary conditions are adequately represented with a constant and uniform side-wall temperature, a constant and uniform lower-surface temperature, and an adiabatic top wall.Reasonable agreement is obtained between the experiments and numerical predictions.It is found that the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the melt are greatly altered due to the presence of the solid particles and that the particle-diffusive model is insufficient to describe the particle migration during melting.

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of the influence of cooling conditions on base separation, void formation, and thermally induced stresses during the solidification of a high Prandtl number energetic melt in a cylindrical enclosure. Numerical models have been developed to simulate the heat and mass transfer processes in melt casting as well as analyze the base separation and thermal stresses induced during solidification. Two models are dynamically coupled, and the numerical predictions are validated against experiments. Based on the numerical analysis, modified cooling conditions are suggested that are shown to reduce base separation.

The solidification heat transfer, melt convection, and volume shrinkage in the casting of an energetic material are analyzed through numerical modeling and experimental investigation. The shrinkage resulting from phase change is considered through the volume-of-fluid method. The model is validated against an analytical solution and then applied to study the volume contraction during the casting of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Good agreement is obtained between experimental results and predictions of temperatures at selected locations as well as shrinkage shape. New casting conditions are suggested based on the analysis, and improved results are observed both numerically and experimentally.

The problem of undesirable separation of the cast material from the mold in the casting of energetic materials is investigated. Comprehensive models are developed to simulate the heat and mass transfer processes during melt casting of energetic materials, as well as the resulting thermal stresses induced. The thermal and stress models are dynamically coupled. Predictions from the validated numerical model show excellent agreement with experimental measurements. The size and location of the separation are also predicted by the present model. Means to control and suppress separation are explored, and it is demonstrated that the separation can be controlled through proper choice of cooling conditions.

A micromechanics-based model is developed to predict the effective thermo-mechanical properties of energetic materials, which are composite materials made from agglomeration of particles of a range of sizes. A random packing algorithm is implemented to construct a representative volume element for the heterogeneous material based on the experimentally determined particle diameter distribution. The effective mechanical properties of the material are then evaluated through finite element modeling, while its thermal properties are determined through a finite volume approach. The model is first carefully validated against results from the literature and is then used to estimate the thermo-mechanical properties of particular energetic materials. Good agreement is found between experimental results and predictions. The stress-bridging phenomenon in the particulate materials is captured by the model. Thermodynamic averaging is shown to be a poor representation for the estimation of thermo-mechanical properties of these heterogeneous materials.

Well-controlled and well-characterized experimental measurements are obtained during the melting of a moderate-Prandtl-number material (n-eicosane) in a cylindrical enclosure heated from the side. The study aims to provide benchmark experimental measurements for validation of numerical codes. Experimental results in terms of measured temperatures and melt front locations are reported in both graphical and tabular forms. The melt front was captured photographically and its location ascertained using digital image processing techniques. To facilitate numerical validation exercises, a complete set of experimental results have been made available on a website for public access. An illustrative numerical comparison exercise was also undertaken using a multiblock finite volume method and the enthalpy method for a range of Stefan numbers. The experimental boundary conditions can be adequately represented with a constant and uniform side wall temperature, a constant and uniform lower surface temperature, and an adiabatic top wall. Very good agreement was obtained between the predictions and the experiment for Stefan numbers of up to 0.1807. The experimental results for a Stefan number of 0.0836 are recommended as being the most suitable for numerical benchmarking, since the boundary conditions are best controlled in this set of experiments.

This paper investigates the problem of base separation in the casting of energetic materials in a projectile. Special challenges that arise in casting high Prandtl number energetic materials in projectiles of complex geometries are addressed. A comprehensive numerical model is developed by integrating finite volume and finite element methods to analyze the thermal and flow fields as well as the residual stresses. The predictions, which are confirmed by experimental measurements, suggest that sustenance of a linear temperature profile along the projectile axis can eliminate base separation, and also reduce residual stresses in the final casting.

Melt casting of energetic materials is investigated, and a numerical model is formulated for the analysis of the coupled fluid flow, heat transfer, and stress fields involved in this phase-change process. The numerical model is based on a conservative multi block control volume method. The SIMPLE algorithm is employed along with an enthalpy method approach to model the solidification process. Results from the model are verified against analytical solutions, experimental results, and published numerical results for simplified cases. In the melt casting of RDX-binder mixtures, the very high viscosity of the melt limits the influence of melt convection. The impacts of different cooling conditions on the velocity, temperature and stress distributions, as well as on the solidification time, are discussed. The present model can be used to improve the quality of cast explosives, by optimizing and controlling the processing conditions.