SETTING:Community-based population of homeless adults living in San Francisco, California.OBJECTIVE:To compare the effect of cash and non-cash incentives on 1) adherence to treatment for latent tuberculosis infection, and 2) length of time needed to look for participants who missed their dose of medications.DESIGN:Prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing a 5 dollar cash or a 5 dollar non-cash incentive. All participants received directly observed preventive therapy and standardized follow-up per a predetermined protocol. Completion rates and amount of time needed to follow up participants was measured.RESULTS:Of the 119 participants, 102 (86%) completed therapy. There was no difference between the cash and non-cash arms. Completion was significantly higher among males (OR 5.65, 95%CI 1.36-23.40, P = 0.02) and persons in stable housing at study entry (OR 4.86, 95%CI 1.32-17.94, P = 0.02). No substance use or mental health measures were associated with completion. Participants in the cash arm needed significantly less follow-up to complete therapy compared to the non-cash arm (P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, non-cash incentive, use of crack cocaine, and no prior preventive therapy were associated with more follow-up time.CONCLUSION:Simple, low cost incentives can be used to improve adherence to TB preventive therapy in indigent adults.

Objective: This randomized clinical trial was designed to compare the effects of a theory-based coping effectiveness training (CET) intervention with an active informational control (HIV-Info) condition and a waiting-list control (WLC) condition on psychological distress and positive mood in HIV-seropositive gay men. Materials and Methods: The authors recruited 149 self-identified gay or bisexual men who were 21 to 60 years of age, reported depressed mood, and had CD4 levels of 200 to 700 cells/mm(3). CET and HIV-Info participants attended 10 90-minute group sessions during the 3-month intervention phase and six maintenance sessions over the remainder of the year. Participants were assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Data were collected 1992 to 1994, before the introduction of HAART. Analyses were based on the 128 participants who completed the 3-month assessment. Results: After the 3-month intervention phase, when compared with HIV-Info, CET participants showed significantly greater decreases in perceived stress and burnout, and regression analyses indicated that significant increases in coping self-efficacy mediated the improvements in perceived stress and burnout. Compared with WLC, CET participants also showed significantly greater decreases in anxiety, and regression analyses indicated that significant increases in positive states of mind mediated the improvements in anxiety. Significant treatment group differences for positive morale were maintained at 6 and 12 months. In addition, optimism continued to increase in the CET and HIV-Info treatment groups during the maintenance phase. Conclusions: CET can be an effective strategy for managing psychological distress and improving positive psychological states in patients confronting chronic illness.

(2002). Rejoinder - The Significance of Igbo in the Bight of Biafra Slave-Trade: A Rejoinder to Northrup's 'Myth Igbo' Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 101-120.

ABSTRACT The fastest growing segment of the homeless population is women, many of whom have inadequately addressed health needs. Descriptive studies have captured the realities of homeless life that these women face from acquiring food and shelter to caring for their health. Few studies have examined the factors that are associated with the health-related behaviors of homeless women. This study adds to the homeless health behavior literature by investigating the importance of competing values in determining health-related practices in 105 homeless women. Health concerns (but not global value on health) were associated with basic health practices and health preventive/protective behaviors (e.g., brushing teeth, showering, being up-to-date on Pap smears). Women who reported greater importance attached to health concerns were more likely to report basic health practices and some preventive health behaviors. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.

There is abundant evidence that, throughout the Atlantic world in the era of the slave-trade, many enslaved people identified themselves, or were so identified by others, as members of African-derived named groups. Much of this evidence is ascriptive, and was used by Europeans to identify individual slaves in terms of ‘types’ of Africans. The enslaved people themselves, however, could be active agents in defining the names of these ‘nations’, as Christian Oldendorp found in the Lesser Antilles c.1770. In attempting to define one such group of displaced Africans, Oldendorp noted that the ‘Negroes call one of their own nations Kassenti, but the nation calls itself Tjamba [Chamba]’. He then explained that, ‘because they usually called out Kassenti, that is, I do not understand you, when they fell into the hands of the marauding Amina [Akan], the latter have given them that expression as a name.’ In general, the structure of the transatlantic slave-trade tended to concentrate rather than to disperse peoples from broad regions into a limited number of entrepots, with the great majority sent from just one or two ports per African coast. The remarkable new slave-trade database of over 27,000 voyages published in 1999, hereafter referred to as the Du Bois Database, suggests that 76 per cent of Gold Coast slaves were sent from two places; in the Bight of Benin, about two-thirds were taken from just one site; and in the Bight of Biafra nearly 80 per cent were shipped from two ports. This tendency toward concentration occurred largely because commerce in human cargoes ran on credit, which required personal relationships, and on coercion. On the European side, merchants and captains specialized in certain coasts because they had to meet demands for particular assortments of trade-goods, and did so at the sufferance of local African trade-kings; enforcement of European mercantilist policies further limited points of trade on any one coast. On the African side, coastal elites drew on regional

This paper describes the AACTG Adherence Instruments, which are comprised of two self-report questionnaires for use in clinical trials conducted by the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG). The questionnaires were administered to 75 patients at ten AACTG sites in the USA. All patients were taking combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), including at least one protease inhibitor. Eleven per cent of patients reported missing at least one dose the day before the interview, and 17% reported missing at least one dose during the two days prior. The most common reasons for missing medications included 'simply forgot' (66%) and a number of factors often associated with improved health, including being busy (53%), away from home (57%) and changes in routine (51%). Less adherent patients reported lower adherence self-efficacy (p = 0.006) and were less sure of the link between non-adherence and the development of drug resistance (p = 0.009). They were also more likely to consume alcohol, to be employed outside the home for pay and to have enrolled in clinical trials to gain access to drugs (all p < 0.05). Twenty-two per cent of patients taking drugs requiring special instructions were unaware of these instructions. Each questionnaire took approximately ten minutes to complete. Responses to the questionnaires were favourable. These questionnaires have been included in six AACTG clinical trials to date and have been widely disseminated to investigators both in the USA and abroad.

This paper describes the AACTG Adherence Instruments, which are comprised of two self-report questionnaires for use in clinical trials conducted by the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG). The questionnaires were administered to 75 patients at ten AACTG sites in the USA. All patients were taking combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), including at least one protease inhibitor. Eleven per cent of patients reported missing at least one dose the day before the interview, and 17% reported missing at least one dose during the two days prior. The most common reasons for missing medications included 'simply forgot' (66%) and a number of factors often associated with improved health, including being busy (53%), away from home (57%) and changes in routine (51%). Less adherent patients reported lower adherence self-efficacy (p = 0.006) and were less sure of the link between non-adherence and the development of drug resistance (p = 0.009). They were also more likely to consume alcohol, to be employed outside the home for pay and to have enrolled in clinical trials to gain access to drugs (all p < 0.05). Twenty-two per cent of patients taking drugs requiring special instructions were unaware of these instructions. Each questionnaire took approximately ten minutes to complete. Responses to the questionnaires were favourable. These questionnaires have been included in six AACTG clinical trials to date and have been widely disseminated to investigators both in the USA and abroad.

Little is known about the use of cancer-screening services in homeless women and their attitudes about early detection programs. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with homeless women in San Francisco to determine rates of clinical breast exams, mammograms, and Pap smears. A total of 105 women were randomly selected from two homeless shelters. By self-report, 51 percent were current on clinical breast exams, 47 percent on mammograms, and 54 percent on Pap smears. These women had very positive attitudes toward receiving cancer-screening exams. In multivariate analyses, discussion about cancer prevention with a health care provider predicted current clinical breast exams and mammograms. More medical visits predicted being current on mammograms and Pap smears. Although homeless women represent a unique group of the urban poor, they are accessing cancer-screening exams at rates comparable to the general population.

We conducted a longitudinal study of participants in phase I and II HIV vaccine safety and immunogenicity trials to examine changes in sexual risk behavior that are associated with risk of HIV transmission. The participants were 48 HIV-negative men and women enrolled in one of two placebo-controlled HIV vaccine trials conducted at San Francisco General Hospital. There was a significant increase in insertive unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) from 9% at baseline (trial entry), to 13% at the month 6 assessment, to 20% at the month 12 assessment (p= .02). The primary predictor of either insertive or receptive UAI during the vaccine trials was having engaged in this behavior prior to entry (p = .001). Higher-risk behavior was also seen among participants who were younger and had multiple sexual partners (each,p =.06) and who indicated that one of their reasons for participation in the vaccine trial was hope of protection from HIV infection (p = .07). These findings indicate that, despite instructions otherwise, participants with a history of high-risk behavior or who express hope of protection from HIV infection by enrolling in vaccine trials may be candidates for more intensive risk-behavior counseling prior to and during their participation.

This study explores the relationship of immune dysfunction to the neuropsychological performance of i.v. drug users (IVDUs) infected with HIV-1. Ninety-seven HIV-positive and 45 HIV-negative former IVDUs on methadone maintenance were evaluated using neuropsychological measures, physical examinations, and measures of immune function, including absolute CD4 counts and beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2-M). There were no significant differences between the HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects on any single neuropsychological domain. There was, however, a significant group difference on a composite indicator of neuropsychological impairment, with 32% of HIV-positive subjects demonstrating some degree of overall impairment compared with only 13% of HIV-negative subjects. HIV-positive subjects were then stratified according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) symptom groupings: group II, asymptomatic, n = 29; group III, lymphadenopathy, n = 30; and group IV A or C-2, symptomatic, non-AIDS, n = 38. There were no significant neuropsychological differences among the three CDC groups. The HIV-positive subjects were also stratified on absolute CD4 counts (< or = 200, 201-400, and > 400) and beta 2-M (> or = 5, 3-5, and < 3). Individuals with greater immune compromise (CD4, < 200, beta 2-M, > or = 5) were more impaired on measures of motor functioning. beta 2-M was found to be a better predictor than CD4 count of impaired neuropsychological performance. Furthermore, individuals with beta 2-M values > or = 5 have more than a threefold increase in the incidence of neuropsychological impairment than those with beta 2-M values < 3.0. These results suggest that beta 2-M may serve as a useful clinical marker for the development of neuropsychological impairment and that the risk of such impairment increases as the immune system weakens.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship of immune dysfunction to neurophysiological measures of brain-stem conduction time.DESIGN:Three-year longitudinal prospective cohort study; results of time 1 analyses reported.SETTING:San Francisco (California) General Hospital, Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology.PATIENTS:Volunteer sample of 55 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and 37 HIV-negative homosexual men recruited from a larger cohort of homosexual men followed up since 1983 at San Francisco General Hospital as part of an ongoing study of the natural history and course of HIV type 1 infection.INTERVENTION:None.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Auditory brain-stem responses and somatosensory evoked potentials for subjects stratified separately on HIV serostatus, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention symptom groupings, and absolute CD4 counts.RESULTS:The HIV-positive subjects had an increased wave III-V interpeak latency of the right ear auditory brain-stem response compared with the HIV-negative subjects (t test, P < .05). There were no significant differences among the three Centers for Disease Control and Prevention groupings on any evoked potential measure. When HIV-positive subjects were stratified on a measure of immune functioning, ie, CD4 counts, individuals with greater immune suppression were more impaired on speed of auditory brain-stem conduction time (Mann-Whitney U test, P < .05). Furthermore, 85% of subjects impaired on this evoked potential measure had CD4 counts of less than 0.40 x 10(9)/L (400/microL), whereas only 15% of those impaired on this measure had CD4 counts of greater than 0.40 x 10(9)/L.CONCLUSIONS:Asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects who do not have evidence of immune suppression do not appear to be at greater risk for neurophysiological impairment than HIV-negative subjects. The HIV-positive individuals who are immune suppressed (even while asymptomatic) appear to have an increased likelihood of central conduction time slowing as measured by evoked potential procedures.

This study explores the relationship of immune dysfunction to the neuropsychological performance of individuals infected with HIV-1. Fifty-five HIV-positive homosexual men and 37 negative homosexual controls were evaluated using neuropsychological measures, physical exams, and measures of immune functioning. There were no significant differences favoring HIV-negative subjects over HIV-positive subjects. HIV-positive subjects, in fact, performed slightly better on attention and memory procedures. The HIV-positive subjects were then stratified according to the Centers for Disease Control symptom groupings (Group II, asymptomatic, n = 19; Group III, lymphadenopathy, n = 17; and Group IVA or C-2, symptomatic, non-AIDS, (n = 19). There were no significant neuropsychological differences among the three CDC groups. The HIV-positive subjects were also stratified on two measures of immune functioning: absolute CD4 counts (< 200, 201-400, > 400) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) (> or = 5.0, 3.0-5.0, < 3.0). Individuals with greater immune compromise, as measured by beta 2M, were more impaired on measures of attention and memory and had greater overall neuropsychological impairment (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 57% of the subjects who were abnormal on beta 2M were also impaired on measures of attention and memory, whereas only 14% of those with normal beta 2M were impaired on these same measures (p < 0.05). These results suggest that HIV-positive asymptomatics without evidence of immune compromise do not appear to be at greater risk of cognitive impairment than HIV-negative controls. However, for those HIV-positive individuals who are immune-compromised (even while asymptomatic), there is increased risk of neuropsychological impairment. These results also suggest that knowledge of serostatus and the use of the CDC classification system alone are insufficient in exploring the development of neuropsychiatric changes in HIV-1 infection.

Noise from stationary industrial sources is becoming more important in determining compatible land uses in adjoining areas. Prediction of environmental noise levels is an essential tool in assessing the impact of a proposed development on a community. Moreover, sound-level prediction can also aid the plant designer in identifying and abating environmentally significant noise sources. In view of recent sound level criteria proposed by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, which are based on land use types, increased emphasis will be given to control of noise in new industries. The prediction of industrial sound levels and the implications to land use planning are discussed through two case studies.

Chemischer Informationsdienst. Organische ChemieVolume 1, Issue 33 Preparative Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: BESTIMMUNG DER BILDUNGSWAERMEN UND BINDUNGSENERGIEN VON TRIPHENYLZINNVERBINDUNGEN MIT HILFE VON ELEKTRONENSTOSSUNTERSUCHUNGEN D. B. CHAMBERS, D. B. CHAMBERSSearch for more papers by this authorF. GLOCKLING, F. GLOCKLINGSearch for more papers by this author D. B. CHAMBERS, D. B. CHAMBERSSearch for more papers by this authorF. GLOCKLING, F. GLOCKLINGSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 18, 1970 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197033059AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume1, Issue33August 18, 1970 RelatedInformation

The mass spectra of beryllium dialkyls R2Be (R = Me, Et, Prn, Pri, Bui, or But) have been examined and all ions identified. At low source temperature most of these compounds produce ions derived from electron-deficient associated species. Ionization potentials lead to bond dissociation energies in the molecular ion D(RBe+–R) of about 45 kcal. mole–1.

Heats of formation and bond dissociation energies for various triphenyltin compounds Ph3SnR (R= Me, Et, Ph, I, SPh, Me3Ge, Me3Sn, Ph3Sn) have been evaluated from appearance potential measurements

AbstractUntersucht werden die Massenspektren der Alkylberylliumverbindungen (I) und von Aluminiumverbindungen wie (II).

Electron impact studies on R2Be, R2AlH and R3Al compounds at low source temperatures revealed the presence of associated electron deficient ions. General decomposition modes are discussed together with bond energy data on beryllium dialkyls.