The static and dynamic (free vibration) analyses of plate structure have been conducted in this study using ANSYS workbench, a finite element tool. Firstly, the unstiffened plate is modelled to determine the deflection, stress, and natural frequencies. Further, the stiffened plates are modelled by redistributing the material of the unstiffened plate to determine the deflection and natural frequencies. Stiffened plates with a single flat stiffener and three flat stiffeners are modelled considering the same volume of material used to model unstiffened plates. A pressure of 10 kPa is applied on the plate structure to assess the static response for clamped support and hinged support on all edges. Eight-nodded plate and two-nodded beam elements are used to model plate and stiffener, respectively. A convergence study has been conducted on an unstiffened plate to optimise the mesh division. The plate responses are enhanced after stiffening, which is also quantified in this study. A comparison has been incorporated among unstiffened and stiffened plates to check the effectiveness of single or three stiffeners. These stiffened plates can be used in different applications where structural enhancement is necessary.

In many situations in life, bridges must be skewed to connect with existing roads, canals, or additional infrastructure. Skewed bridges exhibit distinct behavioural characteristics rather than straight bridges because of the angled supports. In this study, the effect of skew angle on prestressed trapezoidal box-girder bridge is investigated. The skew angle is varied from 0 to 60°. The finite element based CSiBridge software is used for modelling and analysis of prestressed bridge. The validation has been done with the published results. The values of maximum forces and deflection in bridge deck are evaluated under dead load, prestress load, 3- lane IRC Class-A load. Skewed bridges have lower bending moments and deflections than straight bridges. Furthermore, the effect of skew angle on these reactions is higher under dead load conditions. The equations of forces and deflection ratios of prestressed skewed bridge under different loads using statistical approach are proposed. These equations are helpful for analysing the skewed bridge with the help of straight bridge.

Bridge construction needs innovative sustainable solutions for enviro-economic improvement worldwide. The study presents a parametric finite element static and dynamic analyses incorporating bamboo into the core of the bridge’s deck, and it is surrounded by a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP). The study examines variations in the thickness of the individual layers while maintaining almost constant overall volume, along with changes in the ply angle (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°) and skew angle (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°) under Indian Road Congress (IRC) Class A loading. The modelling and analysis are carried out using ANSYS Workbench to assess the static and dynamic (free vibration) responses, namely stress, deflection, normal stresses in both longitudinal and transverse directions, and natural frequencies, which is followed by validation of the present approach against established literature. Among all configurations, a ply angle of 60° consistently produces more favourable results (lesser stress and deflection values) regardless of core thickness or skew angle. The maximum equivalent stress, maximum deflection, and maximum normal stress along the transverse direction of laminated composite bridge decking typically decrease as the skew angle increases. By producing fewer values for these parameters across a range of skew angles and core thicknesses, a ply angle of 60° consistently exhibits the best performance. The 60° ply angle often retains comparatively superior performance, even if the longitudinal stress exhibits more complicated behaviour. The majority of modal frequencies peak at about 60° across all skew angles and wood-to-CFRP ratios, suggesting that this is the best orientation for maximising overall strength. This consistent pattern across all skew angles suggests that the dynamic response is consistent regardless of the skew angle. Skewness improves stress distribution, further reducing critical responses. These findings suggest an optimal ply configuration that can significantly enhance the structural efficiency of sustainable sandwich deck systems.

The present study analyses plate structures subjected to hydrostatic load. The plates are modelled and analysed using finite element method-based software, ANSYS Workbench . The unstiffened plate structure is first examined, and responses are recorded. Further, the plate is stiffened using one, cross (two) and three flat stiffeners, considering almost the same volume of material as used in the modelling of an unstiffened plate. The static response of plate structures is presented and compared by keeping all edges of the plates either hinged or clamped. The thickness of the plate or stiffener is kept at a minimum of 6 mm as specified in IS 800:1984 (Clause no. 3.8.2). The outstand of the stiffeners are modelled based on IS 800: 2007 (Clause no. 8.7.1.2). The different configurations of stiffened plates are further compared with unstiffened plate, also the stiffeners placements are changed between horizontal and vertical (except in cross stiffened plate). The spacing between the central and extreme stiffeners is kept constant, and the extreme stiffeners are placed at the centre of the central stiffener and the extreme edge of the plate. The results highlight the influence of stiffening configurations or stiffener eccentricity in decreasing deflection and stress under hydrostatic load. It is found that the eccentric position produces a serious impact on the distribution of stiffness, transfer of stress and the overall structural response of the plate. The study offers helpful information for improving plate-stiffener systems in real, practical applications involving hydrostatic pressure.

The study examines bending moment, shear force, torsional moment, and vertical deflection in skew-curved bridges. These values are compared with those of straight bridges. SAP2000v20, a finite element method (FEM) based software, is utilised for modelling and analysing the bridges, conforming to the Indian Road Congress (IRC) 6:2017 Codal provisions. The purpose of this research is to examine the behaviour of skew-curved bridges using parametric variations. Also, the equation for a skew-curved bridge with different parameters is derived. The combined impact of curvature and skewness must be considered for accurate analysis, as separate evaluations are insufficient. Additionally, the impact of high skewness in curved bridges is not well-documented, and no specific guidelines or limitations are available. Therefore, a detailed parametric study is conducted to address these gaps, providing insights into the combined influence of skewness and curvature on bridge behaviour. This study extends by considering all IRC loadings and highlights the critical findings under the specified 70R track load conditions. Variables include skew angles, curve angles, span lengths, and the number of cells. Results indicate that incorporating skewness improves the performance of bridges with greater curvature by reducing forces and deflections. Notably, double-cell curved bridges with high skewness outperform single-cell counterparts with the same curvature and the same volume of material. The equations are found to be very close to the finite element results.

The performance of the bridges during seismic occurrences is a key problem for curved highway bridges, where the curve angle and other variables complicate the study. Though several research studies have been conducted on this subject, many fail to consider the effects of the direction of seismic motion on the reactions along the pile depth in curved decks. This omission must be addressed to get a deeper knowledge of how bridges respond to seismic loads. So, this study focuses on the analysis of the straight and curved box-girder bridge decks supported by shaft piles using the finite element method, with an emphasis on time history analysis to evaluate the seismic responses. The curvature angle ranges from 0 to 60 degrees. Ground motion data from the 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake (7 Mw) at El Centro is used to assess the seismic response, which is obtained from the PEER database. This research investigates the relationship between pile depth and responses (axial force, shear force, torsional moment, bending moments, and deflections) in all three pile directions. The ground movements are taken into account in all three directions, with the excitation vertically being scaled to two-thirds of the total ground motion. With notable responses seen in the top part of the pile, the results show that vertical excitation is crucial to pile design. The highest reactions for axial force, shear force, torsional moment, bending moment, and deflection happen during lateral stimulation, but the curvature angle has the most effect during longitudinal ground motion. The curve angle effect is more at the upper part of the pier, and then this effect is decreased with the pile depth. The results show that, in contrast to straight bridges, curved bridges require more robust design standards for their fundamental parts.

The analysis of a curved box-girder bridge is quite complicated as it experiences additional torsional moments compared to a straight bridge. Also, the behaviour of such bridges is different for different curve angles. This paper studies the effect of curve angle on simply supported single-cell trapezoidal prestressed concrete box-girder bridges using CSiBridge v.20 software. To identify the appropriate mesh, a convergence study is performed. The present approach is validated with the published results. The variation of forces, stress and deflection with curve angle for a single-cell bridge under dead load and IRC live load is evaluated. Further, the equations are deduced using the statistical approach so that the results may be estimated for different curved bridges. This study may be useful for the designers to analyse curved prestressed bridges.

This study employs the finite element-based CSiBridge v.20.0.0 software to examine the response of a single-cell prestressed box-girder bridge subjected to Indian loading conditions. The analyses is carried out on a simply supported bridge considering the specifications of Indian Road Congress (IRC) 6:2017, IRC 18:2000 and IRC 21:2000. An existing model of prestressed skewed bridge is validated with the published one. A convergence study is conducted for determining the model’s mesh size. An extensive parametric study is carried out to gain a better understanding of the response of a skewed prestressed bridge. The parameters variables are: Skew angle (0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60°); Span (35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 m); and Span-depth ratio (10, 12, 14, 16 and 18). The results of this study are presented as ratios of Bending moment, Shear force, Torsional moment, and Vertical deflection. Finally, equations for estimation of these ratios for different span and span-depth ratio are also deduced from the statistical approach so that the results of skewed bridges may be evaluated directly. It is determined that the skewed bridge outperforms the straight bridge because of its higher span-depth ratio, which results in less bending moment development. Evidence suggests that the skewness may help to lessen the prestress load’s dominance. The findings of this study may be helpful to engineers and designers in the analysis and design of prestresssed skewed box-girder bridges.

This study examines the effect of skew angle and span-depth ratio on a reinforced concrete simply supported box-girder bridge. The cross-sectional area of the deck is slightly different for different span-depth ratios. The CSiBridge v.20, finite element method (FEM)-based software, is used to carry out this study. The mesh size is determined by the convergence analysis. Both girders are examined for variations in various responses (bending moment, shear force, torsional moment, and vertical deflection) when subjected to a dead load (DL) and an Indian live load (LL). The bridges are designed as straight if the skewness is up to 20°. The deflection is less in skew bridges, and it increases with span-depth ratio. The lowest value of response is obtained for a span-depth ratio of 10. Skew bridges with a higher span-depth ratio generate less bending moment; thus, the skew bridge is more advantageous than the straight bridge. The equations for the ratios of various responses are derived so that the response of skew box-girder bridges having different span-depth ratio may be calculated simply from the straight one. The findings of this study may be relevant to designers for skew bridge analysis.

The influence of fluid on the lock gate structure in a dam-reservoir system subjected to sinusoidal excitation is investigated. The gate’s material is considered homogeneous, isotropic, prismatic, and elastic, and the gate is analysed using Mindlin’s plate theory. The fluid is considered non-viscous, incompressible, and has an irrotational flow field. The method of separation of variables with the Fourier half range cosine series is used to solve the fluid domain’s Laplace equation. The fluid’s infinite length is curtailed near the gate, controlling the calculations without affecting the results too much. Both the domains are interacted with each other by transferring the fluid’s pressure to the gate and the gate’s acceleration to fluid. At the fluid’s free surface, undisturbed and linearised, conditions are considered. The Newmark-beta time integration approach is used to solve the forced vibration equations using developed FORTRAN computer code. A study has been performed to assess the dynamic pressure variation due to fluid. The present results may be valuable if the lock gate is subjected to any terrible natural phenomena.

The analysis of stiffened plate has been carried out using finite element method. The study is divided into static and dynamic analyses. Primarily, free vibration frequencies of the stiffened plate have been determined followed by determination of deflection and von Mises stress for the stiffened plate subjected to the unit uniformly distributed load (1 kN/m 2 ). Further, deflection and von Mises stress are determined, when the plate structure is subjected to hydrostatic loading. The analyses, static and dynamic, have been done using ANSYS Workbench 15.0. A single flat stiffener is used to stiffen the plate structure and the results are evaluated by varying the stiffener geometry, keeping the volume of material almost same as the unstiffened plate. Stiffened plate structure is very popular in the structural engineering domain and has a wide range of engineering applications from ship to aerospace structures. The material used to model stiffener is extracted from the primary plate for keeping the same volume of material. The plate structure is stiffened to reduce the out-of-plane bending even if the same (approximately) amount of material is utilised. Eight-noded plate bending and two-noded beam elements are used to model the plate and stiffener, respectively. The obtained results are compared with the published results and the effect of varying stiffener geometry is further examined. It may be concluded that the response of the stiffened plates are better compared to unstiffened plate even if the same or even less quantity of material is utilised in stiffening. The present findings are useful for the designers when the plate structure is influenced by the surrounding fluid.

Purpose This paper deals with evaluating the natural frequencies of the stiffened lock gate structure, which is under the influence of inviscid and incompressible fluid. The lock gate comprises plate and stiffener with edges as clamped and simply supported. Methods The finite-element approach has been used to establish the interaction between the two domains, i.e., lock gate and fluid. Mindlin’s plate bending theory for the plate and Euler's beam theory for the stiffener are used for developing the lock gate formulation. To truncate the far boundary of the fluid domain, the Fourier half-range cosine series expansion is used to solve the Laplace equation. The two free surface conditions, i.e., undisturbed and linearised, are assumed at the top of the fluid domain. The final coupled equation has been solved to evaluate the frequencies using a developed FORTRAN computer code. Results and conclusions The stiffened gate’s natural frequencies are compared with the results obtained for the unstiffened lock gate. The impact of changing extent of fluid on the behaviour of lock gates with varying geometries is determined and compared. The outcome may benefit the engineer when the lock gate structure is subjected to any natural calamities. Also, the frequencies are presented in non-dimensional form, so that the results may be modified as per the requirement.

The effect of surrounding reservoir fluid on the stiffened lock gate structure is investigated using the finite element method. A single stiffener is used to stiffen the plate, which is placed edge to edge along the height on the plate's center nodal line. Mindlin’s plate bending and Euler’s beam theories are used to formulate plate and stiffener, respectively. The stiffened lock gate material is assumed to be isotropic, homogeneous, uniformly thick and elastic in nature. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and inviscid, resulting in an irrotational flow field. The fluid domain's top free surface is assumed to be linear based on Airy’s linear wave theory. The far boundary of the fluid domain is truncated numerically close to the lock gate to control the size of computation without influencing the results, very much. It is truncated by solving the Laplace equation using Fourier half range cosine series expansion in the finite element formulation. Pressure and displacement are considered as nodal variables for the fluid domain and the lock gate, respectively. The interaction between the fluid domain and the lock gate is established by finite element formulation and transformed into a computer code, written in FORTRAN. The natural frequencies of clamped and simply supported stiffened lock gates are evaluated by the varying extent of the fluid. Both stiffened and unstiffened gates are compared. The results are beneficial to the engineers/designers when the gate structure is subjected to cataclysmic events.

The static behaviour of steel-concrete-steel sandwich plates is studied in this paper. Uniformly distributed and hydrostatic loads are applied on the plates. Two types of boundary conditions, clamped and simply supported on all edges, are considered. ANSYS Workbench 14.0, a finite element tool, is used for modelling and analysis of the sandwich plates. The sandwich plate results are compared with the results of isotropic steel plate. Maximum deflection and von Mises stress are computed on the sandwich plates. In actual condition, different steel connectors are used to make a bond between steel and concrete. But, due to the complexity in the analysis, the connectors are not modelled explicitly in the present study, and the bond between the two materials is established numerically. Considering the economy, the steel plate may be replaced with the steel-concrete-steel sandwich plate in many applications. Some of the applications of sandwich plate includes, building walls, offshore decks, tunnels, bridge decks, nuclear structure walls, etc. In the present study, the effectiveness of the plate having newer sandwich material, i.e., steel and composite, is checked based on the different loadings and boundary conditions. The results of the present study may be beneficial for the engineers/practitioners who deals in sandwich plates.

The present study deals with the effectiveness of stiffeners on the dynamic response of the plate structure. Two boundary conditions, clamped and simply supported on all edges, are considered. A finite element-based software, ANSYS Workbench 14.0, is used to model and analyse the stiffened plates. Flat stiffeners are used in the study, and some results are validated with the available published results. The natural frequencies are determined by changing the configurations (single or cross stiffened plate) of stiffeners keeping the constant volume of material. The different stiffened plates are analysed, and the obtained results are compared. Also, the natural frequencies of stiffened plates are compared with the natural frequencies of the unstiffened plate. The present results may be beneficial to the researchers/designers to design the stiffened plate structure.

The analysis of spliced column has been carried out to detect optimum location of providing splices in the column. In the present work, static and dynamic (free vibration) analyses of spliced column have been done by randomising the location of splicing. A symmetrical four storey steel framed building has been modelled, analysed and designed for loads (dead, live and earthquake loads) recommended by Indian Codal provisions using Staad.Pro. The critical column at each floor level is identified based on axial force (AF), bending moment (BM) and shear force (SF). The total 16 models of spliced columns have been designed and then modelled in a 3D CAD Design tool (SOLIDWORKS) and then imported in the finite element tool (ANSYS Workbench 14.0) for detailed analysis. The variation of stress, strain and deflection of the spliced column are shown in the form of contour. Further, the modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies. The results of static and dynamic analyses are compared for each modelled spliced column to obtain the optimum location for providing splices in the column. The dynamic analysis of spliced column is of utmost importance in the region where dynamic loadings like earthquake, cyclones etc. are more frequent, and mere static analysis does not account for the safety of the structure. This study will help the engineers to select directly the optimum size and location of the splices in the column of a steel framed building.

The present study presents the effect of surrounding reservoir fluid on frequencies of the stiffened lock gate. It is comprised of a plate and a stiffener, which are formulated using Mindlin’s and Euler’s theories, respectively. The top of the fluid is considered free from any wave, that is, undisturbed. The unbounded fluid’s length is trimmed close to the gate. To establish an interrelationship between the gate and the fluid domain, the finite element approach is used. The frequencies of clamped and simply supported lock gate structures are evaluated using a FORTRAN computer code. The extents of the fluid domain are also varied to determine the frequencies of the gate, and the results are used for the comparison with an unstiffened lock gate. When the gate is subjected to any natural hazards, the present findings seem to be beneficial for designers.

The effect of incompressible fluid on free vibration frequencies of a stiffened lock gate structure is investigated. The formulation of a stiffened lock gate consists of plate and beam elements. Mindlin’s plate bending and Euler’s beam theories are used for the plate and the stiffener, respectively. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, having an irrotational flow. The infinite far boundary of the fluid domain is truncated near the lock gate structure using Fourier half-range cosine series expansion in the solution of the Laplace equation. Finite-element method (FEM) is used to establish interaction between the fluid and the lock gate. The finite-element formulation is then converted into computer code to determine the free vibration frequencies of the stiffened lock gate in the presence of fluid. The results are compared with the unstiffened lock gate by approximately keeping the same volume of material.

Introduction:Site Specific time history analysis is performed on a 17thcentury old Khusro Tomb built-in 1622 A.D. by Sultan Nisar Begum. It is a beautiful example of Mughal architecture.Methods:A 3-D finite element model is prepared on Ansys Workbench. Gravity analysis results show the behaviour of Tomb due to its geometry and stress variation is plotted in a form of contour. Modal analysis results show the first three frequencies of Khusro Tombviz., 21.62, 21.68 and 25.38 Hz. In the absence of earthquake record, the stochastic finite fault model is used to generate synthetic site-specific time history to assess the seismic behaviour of the tomb.Results and Conclusion:Time history analysis results shows that the Khusro Tomb's geometrical configuration is adequate to withstand the earthquake due to nearest Allahabad fault. The critical elements of the Tomb are highlighted based on analysis that can be effectively used for the maintenance of the Tomb.