This paper presents work under a Small Business Innovation Research Phase I grant to Particle Beam Lasers, Inc. and Brookhaven National Laboratory to develop a passive superconducting shield as an alternative to the present design of an active shield with superconducting coils. This shielding provides a nearly field-free region for the electron beam near the high-gradient quadrupole for the proton beam in the interaction region (IR) of the proposed electron ion collider. Several materials are being examined for this shielding-tubes of low- or high-temperature superconductors (LTS or HTS), LTS sheets, and HTS tapes. Supplementing this shielding is an iron ring between the superconducting shield and beam tube to counter any decay in shielding currents. If successfully developed, demonstrated, and shown to be compatible with the magnet designs of all the IR magnets, this technique will provide an economical and technically excellent solution that reduces the need to operate IR magnets at higher current. This paper will summarize the latest design studies and test results both at 77 K for the shielding by the bulk-HTS tube and at 4 K for the shielding by tubes of HTS or LTS.

The proposed electron-ion collider (EIC) needs high-gradient, large-aperture quadrupole magnets in the interaction region (IR). This paper presents the work under a Small Business Innovation Research Phase I grant to Particle Beam Lasers, Inc., and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to develop a novel modular design for EIC quadrupoles based on racetrack coils, which need no expensive tooling to build. It also enables the same coils to be used in Nb3Sn magnets of a range of apertures. Such a modular program may greatly facilitate R&D and reduce its costs, which often dominate the total cost of magnets that are one-of-akind or produced in limited numbers. For the EIC IR, the same coils are used in four R&D quadrupoles: one Nb3Sn quadrupole as proposed for the BNL eRHIC and three Nb3Sn quadrupoles as proposed by Jefferson Laboratory for JLEIC. This paper will present the basic magnetic and mechanical design of the several IR quadrupoles for the proposed EIC.

This paper presents the design, construction, and test results of a hybrid dipole magnet. The inner coils were of second generation (2G) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) ReBCO tape and the outer coils were of low-temperature superconductor (LTS) Nb3Sn Rutherford cable. The HTS and LTS coils were independently powered and protected using different power supplies. The HTS coils were quenched many times with no degradation in performance observed. The hybrid field reached similar to 8.6 T, which is believed to be a record for a hybrid dipole. The maximum field was limited by the stable operation of the leads in the LTS coil at 8000 A. The HTS coils were independently ramped to 800 A, and the LTS coils to 10 000 A. With improved leads and instrumentation, this hybrid dipole is expected to produce over 13 T when the ReBCO tape in the HTS coil is aligned nearly parallel to the field. One major purpose of this program was to perform magnetization studies in the coils made with the HTS tape. Magnetization-induced field errors are expected to be small when the field is nearly parallel to the wide face of the tape. The magnetization measurements were performed at 77 K with the two racetrack coils in two orientations, with field predominantly either parallel or perpendicular to the wide face of the HTS tape. In addition, measurements were also performed at 4 K in different background fields provided by the outer Nb3Sn coils. This paper will summarize the magnetization measurements and present the quenching experience of the HTS coils in this hybrid magnet system.

This paper presents several magnetic designs for a 16-T 50-mm aperture Nb3Sn dipole based on the common coil design for a future circular collider. It has an aperture-to-aperture spacing of 250 mm, a yoke outer diameter of 700 mm, and uses a similar or less conductor amounts than cosine theta or block designs. All field harmonics are about an order of magnitude better than specified at the design field and well below the specification in the entire range of operation. Initial results of mechanical design and analysis are also encouraging. They indicate that the proposed structure is able to support the pole coil blocks against the vertical Lorentz forces and that the maximum stresses in all coils remain generally below 150 MPa. Given several inherent advantages of the common coil design, the development presented here should make this approach a leading candidate for very high field magnets in future colliders.

In the years since the ABC Preon model was first proposed, relevant and important experimental discoveries have been made. Neutrino oscillations, predicted by the ABC Preon model, have been observed. Signatures for the top quark and Higgs boson have also been experimentally verified. While the top quark and Higgs boson are not themselves predicted by the ABC Preon model, the signatures for them are. Hence, these new experimental results provide additional verification for the ABC Preon model. These new experimental results also pave the way for additional predictions for future high energy physics experiments. (C) 2017 Physics Essays Publication.

While conventional approaches to high velocity quantum mechanics (such as QED) have been very successful when a perturbation approach can be applied, those conventional approaches have been found lacking when applied to other physical phenomena such as the strong force. For this reason, an alternative approach is desired. By beginning with some simple empirical observations, and making a single assumption concerning the existence of an underlying wave, formulas are derived for a nonperturbative, high velocity, quantum mechanics. It is shown that the new formulas reduce to the conventional formulas in the low velocity limit. (C) 2017 Physics Essays Publication.

A cellular system for achieving particle-beam fusion-based energy is described. The system uses multiple electron-cooled, overlapping storage rings to enable colliding-beam fusion in the overlap regions. Particles are continuously fed into the storage rings, and the electron cooling systems continuously correct the ion beam trajectories, compensating for various scattering events that occur in the system. Large currents are built up in the ion storage rings via beam stacking, using the electron cooling process to continually merge new ions into the stored beams. The rate of fusion reactions that occur in the overlap regions between the storage rings can be increased by focusing to enable power outputs of interest for fusion-based power reactors. (C) 2016 Physics Essays Publication.

Proposed proton-proton colliders with a center-of-mass energy up to 100 TeV in a tunnel of desired size require the dipole magnets to be of very high field—20 teslas in some proposals. This field is beyond the limit of present conventional Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS) and requires using High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). The preliminary magnetic design presented in this paper is an HTS/LTS hybrid design with high strength HTS tape used in higher field regions and less expensive LTS in lower field regions, with a goal of optimizing the performance while reducing the cost. A major concern in the magnets built with the HTS tape is the large field errors associated with the conductor magnetization. The strategy presented here aims to reduce those errors considerably. This paper also presents a proof-of-principle design and program to experimentally evaluate that concept.

A cellular electron-cooled storage ring system for achieving particle-beam fusion-based-energy is described. The system uses multiple electron-cooled, overlapping storage rings to enable colliding-beam fusion. Particles are continuously fed into the storage rings, and the electron cooling systems continuously correct the ion beam trajectories, compensating for various scattering events that occur in the system. This allows for large currents to be built up in the ion storage rings. The rate of fusion reactions that occur in the overlap regions between the storage rings can be increased by focusing to enable power outputs of interest for fusion-based power reactors. The system can be built with technology readily available today.