Emotional labor is characterized by two main regulation strategies: surface acting and deep acting. However, which strategy consumes more energy? To explore this, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure changes in hemoglobin density while participants performed a task requiring them to make the opposite emotional facial expression of that presented in a picture. We found that (1) neither surface nor deep acting led to a significant change in hemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal cortex; (2) making negative and positive facial expressions activated the same left front and middle areas of the prefrontal cortex; and (3) making positive facial expressions activated the rear portion of the prefrontal cortex, but making negative facial expressions did not. Based on these findings and past work, we can infer that deep and surface acting may not significantly differ in terms of the activity in the prefrontal cortex energy consumed. Furthermore, engaging in positive and negative emotional labor appear to utilize some of the same neurological mechanisms, although they differ in others.
目的:修订压力信念量表(Beliefs About Stress Scale,BASS)中文版,并在国内大学生群体中检验其信度、效度和跨性别的测量等值性.方法:采用方便取样,共选取1100名大学生进行测试,回收有效问卷960份,用以评定BASS中文版的结构效度、内部一致信度、分半信度和测量等值性,以生活取向测验(Life Orientation Test Revised,LOT-R)和大学生压力量表(Stress Scale for College Student,SSCS)为效标,4周后,随机选取90名大学生进行重测.结果:BASS中文版消极压力信念、积极压力信念与可控信念三个分量表的内部一致性信度分别为0.81、0.80和0.61,分半信度分别为0.75、0.75,0.68,重测信度分别为0.74、0.74、0.68.消极压力信念、积极压力信念、可控信念得分与大学生压力、悲观和乐观的相关系数分别为0.478、-0.162、-0.280,-0.139、0.181、0.226和0.254、-0.134、-0.256.验证性因素分析显示,三因素模型的各项拟合指数均拟合良好(χ2/df=2.30,CFI=0.93,TLI=0.92,RMSEA=0.05,SRMR=0.05).多组验证性因素分析结果显示,跨性别的形态等值、弱等值、强等值和严格等值模型均被接受.结论:BASS中文版具有良好的信效度以及跨性别的测量等值性,可以作为测量我国大学生群体压力信念的有效工具.
随着当前校园暴力事件的频频发生与曝光,人们逐渐开始关注校园暴力这一问题.校园暴力反映了青少年在成长过程中的心理问题,对受欺凌者的身心健康造成严重的危害以及产生不良的社会影响,以至于越来越多的研究者着手该方面的研究,从多方面探讨暴力行为发生的原因.本文收集近年来有关校园暴力与心理健康的研究,从现状、成因、干预手段以及研究趋势和不足几方面进行综述.
