When I took office at Harvard in 1970, the courses in applied ethics around the country had all but disappeared. Only Catholic universities maintained the traditions of concern for the kinds of ethical problems we encounter in everyday life. The philosophy departments of institutions like my own had long since retreated into the higher levels of abstraction that have little connection to the real world. And that, of course, left a terrible gap in our education. It was only when issues like affirmative action, abortion, Watergate and other moral issues too important to ignore burst upon the scene that interest in ethics revived. And that, on many counts, is owed more to outside pressure from alumni and professional groups than to spontaneous interest from the faculty.

The continuing uproar over top executive pay packages in American companies calls attention to an even larger and more important issue: in general, do we compensate highly educated people in the United States in ways that serve the best interests of the nation? Are some people paid too much and others too little? What effect do differences in earnings have on the career choices of the talented? Do we pay executives and professionals in ways that motivate them to work hard at the right things? In the most revealing study yet undertaken of compensation practices in the fields of business, law, medicine, higher education, teaching, and government, Derek Bok, renowned for his extensive writings on professional ethics, law, and labor relations, argues persuasively that the compensation paid to top executives, lawyers, and doctors cannot be justified, nor is there evidence that huge bonuses and other financial incentives motivate them to do better work. Moreover, Bok asserts, the lucrative rewards of Wall Street, the elite law firms, and the medical specialties act as a magnet to deprive poorly paid but vitally important teaching and public service professions of desperately needed talent. Bok argues that as our economy becomes more complex, the demand for able, highly educated people increases constantly and takes on greater and greater importance. Losing our most talented individuals to the lure of high compensation will affect the very nature of health care, the progress of the economy, the effectiveness of public policy, the pursuit of justice, and the quality of education in America. President Clinton's tax proposals to curb excessive executive pay now before Congress are only a firststep toward reform. Bok concludes that as we enter a new period of national development, we must rethink our deepest values, motivations, and priorities - reflected in our compensation practices - in order to better serve America's long-term interests.

1. By taking the visionary steps of consulting the public about the role of the security sector and placing human security and development at the center of its national security framework, South Africa went beyond mere reform to transform the security sector. These steps helped repair the security sector's legitimacy and credibility with the country's people.