Poster: ECR 2014 / C-2086 / Safety and Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Renal Biopsy in Native and Trasplanted Kidneys: A Retrospective Review of 454 Cases by: P. Das1, B. Hutchinson1, P. Navin1, R. McLoughlin1, I. R. Davidson2, G. J. O'Sullivan1, P. McCarthy1, D. Lohan1; 1Galway/IE, 2None/IE

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate pulmonary 64-MDCT angiography image quality in pregnancy and puerperium, compared with female nonpregnant control subjects.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study group comprised 124 consecutive pregnant and postpartum women and 124 female nonpregnant control subjects who presented with suspected pulmonary embolism. The individual studies were evaluated for subjective and objective diagnostic quality.RESULTS:Objective measurements of the arterial enhancement in the pulmonary trunk and left and right pulmonary arteries found that there was no statistically significant difference in attenuation values between the pregnant and puerperium group and the control group for pulmonary artery opacification. The mean attenuation in the pulmonary trunk was 270.54 HU in the pregnant group, 277.53 HU in the puerperium group, and 293.90 HU in the control group.CONCLUSION:We found no significant difference in diagnostic quality of pulmonary CT angiography using MDCT between the study and control groups. The use of MDCT acquisition, faster injection rates, higher contrast medium concentration, and higher trigger levels may decrease the number of nondiagnostic studies in this population. MDCT may be a worthwhile investigation in the majority of pregnant patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the early clinical experience with the Zilver Vena stent in treating patients with iliofemoral venous obstruction at a tertiary referral hospital. Methods. Demographic, procedural, and follow-up data of 20 patients (12 women; mean age of 59 +/- 17 years) treated for iliofemoral vein obstruction between January 2011 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Most patients presented with acute obstruction (N.=14; 70%), and 10 patients (50%) had an active malignancy. Patency was established venographically at procedure end, and was evaluated with Duplex ultrasound in follow-up. Results. Venous obstructions were attributed primarily to extrinsic compression from a malignant or other mass in the pelvis (N.=9) and May-Thurner (N.=5). Flow was re-established through the obstructed venous segment in all patients at procedure end. In follow-up, three patients experienced early stent thrombosis (<30 days); the clinical patency rate was 85% (17/20 patients). Clinical improvement was demonstrated by decreased leg swelling in the remaining 17 patients. Conclusion. The Zilver Vena stent performed favorably in this challenging patient population; these results need to be confirmed in multicenter studies.

SummaryUpper extremity deep-vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is common and can cause important complications, including pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome. An increase in the use of central venous catheters, particularly peripherally inserted central catheters has been associated with an increasing rate of disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential to guide management, but there are limitations to the available evidence for available diagnostic tests. Anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy, but interventional treatments may be considered in select situations. The risk of UEDVT may be reduced by more careful selection of patients who receive central venous catheters and by use of smaller catheters. Herein we review the diagnosis, management and prevention of UEDVT. Due to paucity of research, some principles are drawn from studies of lower extremity DVT. We present a practical approach to diagnosing the patient with suspected deep-vein thrombosis of the upper extremity.

Poster: ECR 2012 / C-2038 / MR Enterography: How we do it by: C. Donagh 1, D. Ferguson2, D. Lohan3, C. G. Cronin3, J. Murphy4; 1Galway /IE, 2IE, 3Galway/IE, 4Dublin 8/IE

Poster: ECR 2012 / C-2046 / Potential Pitfalls in MRI enterography - A pictorial review by: C. Donagh 1, T. M. Walshe1, C. Roche2, D. Lohan2, C. G. Cronin2, J. Murphy3; 1Galway /IE, 2Galway/IE, 3Dublin 8/IE

To assess the feasibility and utility of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the bowel in concurrent small- and large-bowel evaluation for the presence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Background: The grading of pulmonary regurgitation (PR) severity by two-dimensional (2D) and Doppler echocardiography is not standardized. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging is the clinical gold standard for PR quantification. The purpose of this study was to determine the best 2D and Doppler echocardiographic predictors of severe PR.Methods: Thirty-six patients with tetralogy of Fallot or pulmonary valve stenosis with prior pulmonary valvuloplasty or transannular or subannular patch repair underwent 2D and Doppler echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic measurements used to predict severe PR included diastolic flow reversal in the main or branch pulmonary arteries, PR jet width >= 50% of the pulmonary annulus, PR pressure half-time < 100 ms, and PR index < 0.77.Results: With the exception of PR index, all indices were significant independent predictors of severe PR. The best univariate predictor of severe PR was branch pulmonary artery diastolic flow reversal.Conclusion: Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography reliably identified severe PR in this cohort. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: 880-6.)

Author(s): Lohan, Derek G; Habibi, Reza; Boechat, M Ines; Awad, Ihab; Saleh, Roya; Ennis, Daniel B; Finn, J Paul

Pelvic digit is a rare congenital anomaly that may be misinterpreted as neoplasm or a post-traumatic condition. Failure to recognize this phenomenon may lead to unnecessary investigation and potential invasive intervention. The case of an 18-year-old male with pelvic digit is presented, followed by consideration of pertinent imaging features.

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of our study was to evaluate the potential role of an MR small-bowel follow-through (SBFT) technique in the investigation of suspected pediatric small-bowel abnormalities.MATERIALS AND METHODSBetween September 2003 and January 2008, 280 MR SBFT examinations were performed for investigation of known or suspected small-bowel abnormalities, including 19 of 280 examinations in 17 children (mean age, 13 years; age range 6-17 years), representing the current study population. A standardized technique was used in all cases, including axial and coronal steady-state free precession acquisitions at successive time intervals until completion. Retrospective analysis of the studies obtained was performed by two radiologists, who blindly and independently scored predefined small-bowel segments according to the degree of luminal distention achieved. Any pathologic lesions detected were also noted. Indicators of examination success as a whole (volume, tolerability, and side effects of oral contrast material) were also noted, as were details pertaining to examination duration (number of visits to the MR table, total table time).RESULTSOral contrast medium was ingested and subsequent imaging was possible in all patients; 84.2% of patients tolerated the oral contrast material well and 15.8% showed moderate tolerance. The MR table time ranged from 2 to 4 minutes, without early termination of the examination in any case. The average number of visits to the MR table was 1.3 (range, 1-3). The mean duration for complete small-bowel evaluation was 25 minutes (range, 20-60 minutes). The mean distention scores were well within the diagnostic range in all small-bowel segments for both observers, with a substantial degree of interobserver agreement in score assignment (kappa = 0.73). Pathologic lesions were identified in 53% of studies.CONCLUSIONMR SBFT represents a promising, and perhaps optimal, technique for pediatric small-bowel evaluation for a variety of reasons, including its high tolerability, lack of ionizing radiation, avoidance of duodenojejunal intubation, and excellent luminal distention achieved. Furthermore, this technique allows "pseudodynamic" functional imaging while also showing extraluminal disease, without known biologic risk.

Purpose:To determine the potential role of dynamic temporally resolved three dimensional (3D) contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for quantitative evaluation of pulmonary perfusion in adult patients with surgically treated Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF). Materials and Methods:Institutional review board approval and written informed consent were obtained for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant study. Thirty consecutive patients with surgically repaired ToF and 30 age-matched controls underwent breath-hold 3D time-resolved MRA (TR-MRA) and single-phase high-resolution 3D MRA of the thorax at 1.5 T. Two readers evaluated both datasets for image quality and findings. On TR-MRA datasets, regions-of-interest were placed over main pulmonary artery and lung fields obtaining signal intensity time curves. Using analytic software, time-to-peak (TTP), mean transit time (MTT), maximal signal intensity (MSI), maximum upslope of the curve (MUS), pulmonary blood volume (PBV), and pulmonary blood flow (PBF) were calculated. Pulmonary radionuclide scintigraphy was available for a subgroup of patients with ToF (n = 12). Results:For ToF patients with unilateral pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis, TTP, and MTT were significantly longer, and MSI, MUS, PBV, and PBF were significantly lower in the ipsilateral lung compared with control subjects (P < 0.001 for all). There was no significant difference in TTP, MTT, MSI, MUS, PBV, and PBF between ToF patients without postsurgical stenotic residua and control subjects (P > 0.05 for all), nor between the mentioned perfusion indices for the contralateral lung in ToF patients with unilateral PA stenosis and control subjects (P > 0.05 for all). In ToF, patient with unilateral PA stenosis, analysis of contralateral-to-ipsilateral lung perfusion ratios on radionuclide scintigraphy and TR-MRA revealed significant correlation (r = 0.96). Bland-Altman plot showed a mean difference of 2.2% between the measured ratios (limits of agreement; −7.6%–12.0%). Conclusion:Time-resolved 3D contrast-enhanced MRA has potential for noninvasive and quantitative assessment of altered patterns of pulmonary perfusion in adult ToF, and may be a reliable technique for evaluation of postsurgical residua in these patients.

Purpose: To assess the normal small bowel parameters, namely bowel diameter, bowel wall thickness, number of folds (valvulae connivientes) per 2.5 cm (in.), fold thickness and interfold distance per small bowel segment (duodenum, jejunum, proximal ileum, distal ileum and terminal ileum) on MR enterography.Materials and methods: Between September 2003 and January 2008, 280 MR enterography examinations were performed for investigation of known or suspected mall bowel pathology. 120 of these examinations were normal. Sixty-five (m = 29, f = 36, mean age = 34 years, range = 17-73 years) of 120 examinations without a prior small bowel diagnosis, with no prior or subsequent abnormal radiology or endoscopy examinations, no prior small bowel surgery and with a minimum 3 years follow-up demonstrating normality were retrospectively evaluated for the described small bowel parameters.Results: We found the mean diameter of the duodenum to be 24.8 mm (S.D. = 4.5 mm), jejunum to be 24.5 mm (S.D. = 4.2 mm), proximal ileum to be 19.5 mm (S.D. = 3.6 mm), distal ileum to be 18.9 mm (S.D. = 4.2mm) and terminal ileum to be 18.7 mm (S.D. = 3.6 mm). The number of folds per 2.5 cm varied from 4.6 in the jejunum to 1.5 in the terminal ileum. The fold thickness varied from 2.1 mm in the duodenum to 1.8 mm in the terminal ileum. The small bowel parameters gradually decreased in size from the duodenum to the smallest measurements which were in the terminal ileum. The bowel wall is similar in size throughout the small bowel measuring 1.5 + 0.5 mm.Conclusion: These results provide the mean, range of normality and standard deviation of the small bowel parameters per segment on the current population on MR enterography. From our experience, knowledge of these parameters is extremely helpful and essential in the everyday assessment of MR enterography studies. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purpose:To determine whether time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography (TR-MRA) with ultra-low-dose gadolinium chelate (1.5–3.0 mL) can reliably detect or rule out hemodynamically significant disease in the carotid-vertebral artery territory. Materials and Methods:Hundred consecutive patients (62 women, 38 men, mean age = 56.6 years) underwent both TR-MRA and standard high-resolution contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA), having been randomized to 1 of 2 groups; group A receiving a contrast dose of 1.5 mL for TR-MRA and group B receiving 3.0 mL. For scoring purposes the arterial system was divided into 21 segments. All TR-MRA and CE-MRA studies were blindly assessed by 2 radiologists for overall image quality, segmental arterial visualization, grading of arterial stenosis/occlusion, and incidence and severity of artifact. TR-MRA findings were directly compared with those of the corresponding CE-MRA examinations. Results:Group A TR-MRA studies were of significantly inferior overall image quality compared with those of the corresponding CE-MRA examinations (P = 0.01 for both observers). In group B, overall image quality was similar for TR-MRA and single-phase CE-MRA examinations. On a segmental basis, a higher number of “insufficient quality” segments were identified in group A TR-MRA studies than in group B. A similar reduction in the incidence of artifacts was observed for group B relative to group A TR-MRA studies. Both groups A and B TR-MRA studies were of high specificity, negative predictive values, and accuracy (>97%). Conclusion:Ultra-low dose TR-MRA may be performed with 3 mL of gadolinium chelate with preservation of overall image quality and arterial segmental visualization relative to single phase CE-MRA, whereas a 1.5 mL contrast dose is associated with more suboptimal studies. Nonetheless, even at doses as low as 1.5 mL, TR-MRA can exclude arterial stenosis or occlusion.

In our institutional experience, determination of the alpha (α) angle at MR arthrography as an indicator of the likelihood of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is fraught with inconsistency. The aims of this study were to quantify the degree of variability in and calculate the diagnostic accuracy of the α angle in suggesting a diagnosis of cam impingement, to determine the accuracy of a positive clinical impingement test, and to suggest alternative MR arthrographic measures of femoral head–neck overgrowth and determine their diagnostic utilities.

Demostrar la utilidad de la RM-enterografía (RM-E) en la detección de recurrencias en la anastomosis ileocolónica en pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn (EC) que han sufrido una resección intestinal previa.Se estudió a 30 pacientes con EC e historia de resección intestinal mediante RM-E e ileocolonoscopia. Para determinar el grado de la recurrencia, los hallazgos se cuantificaron mediante un índice propio de actividad de la EC en RM y mediante el índice endoscópico de recurrencia de Rutgeerts, respectivamente. Se consideró a la ileocolonoscopia como el patrón de referencia.La RM-E mostró para la detección de recurrencia sensibilidad del 100%, especificidad del 60%, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) del 92,6%, valor predictivo negativo (VPN) del 100% y exactitud diagnóstica del 93,3%. La concordancia entre el grado de la recurrencia determinado por RM-E y por ileocolonoscopia fue moderada (κ = 0,41). Sin embargo, después de establecer solo dos grupos (alto o bajo grado) que indican el comportamiento evolutivo y la posibilidad de nueva cirugía, la concordancia pasó a ser excelente (κ = 0,87). Para este supuesto se obtuvo sensibilidad del 85%, especificidad del 100%, VPP del 100% y VPN del 76,9%.La RM-E es un método de imagen útil para detectar la recurrencia posquirúrgica en la EC y diferenciar entre grupos de mayor o menor riesgo evolutivo. Su concordancia con la ileocolonoscopia es alta, por lo que puede ser una alternativa en determinadas ocasiones.To determine the usefulness of MR enterography in the detection of recurrence in the ileocolonic anastomosis in patients with Crohn's disease that have undergone intestinal resection.We used MR enterography and ileocolonoscopy to study 30 patients with Crohn's disease who had undergone intestinal resection. To determine the degree of relapse, the findings at MR enterography were quantified using our own index of Crohn's disease activity and the findings at ileocolonoscopy were quantified using the Rutgeerts scale. Ileocolonoscopy was considered the gold standard.Compared to the gold standard, MR enterography yielded 100% sensitivity, 60% specificity, 92.6% positive predictive value (PPV), 100% negative predictive value (NPV), and 93.3% diagnostic accuracy. The concordance between the degree of recurrence determined with MR enterography and with ileocolonoscopy was moderate (κ=0.41). However, when patients were classified into two groups (high or low grade) according to outcome and the possibility of repeat surgery, the concordance was excellent (κ=0.87). Using this classification, MR enterography had 85% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, and 76.9% NPV.MR enterography is a useful imaging method for detecting recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgery and for differentiating between patients with higher or lower risk of poor outcome. MR enterography has good concordance with ileocolonoscopy and is an alternative to ileocolonoscopy in determinate occasions.