Recently, the Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) process has become increasingly important in the machining of materials that are electrically conductive and non-conductive, brittle and of high hardness.This research aims to examine how well ECDM performs while drilling tiny holes in HSS milling cutters.Based on a survey of the literature, the three main affecting factors voltage, electrolyte concentration and duty cycle have been chosen.Utilizing Design Expert System 13, the Box-Behnken method of surface approach was used to create the experiment design.The experiments have been conducted by the combination of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) each 50% by weight basis and measured outcomes are: (i) Metal removal rate (MRR) (ii) Tool wear rate (TWR).The selected objective functions of maximization of MRR and minimization of TWR.The created multi objective optimization models feature highly interdependent chosen parameters.The confirmatory trials demonstrated that there is a less than 5% difference in results between the experimental and theoretical model values.

Materials like, stainless steel, titanium, magnesium-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys are used as suitable materials for biomedical implants. Magnesium and its alloys are highly used as a suitable metal for the present-day biomedical implants because of its increased ability to get mixed in the human bodily fluids, eliminating the shortcomings like stress shielding effect, metal toxicity over a certain period of utilization, second surgery caused by other metal implants. The bioabsorbable and bioresorbable properties, mechanical strength, excellent osteogenic properties, degradation, and dissolving property of the magnesium alloys are the unique characteristics that make it a suitable choice for bio-degradable bone replacements. Fabrication of complex geometry implants through conventional manufacturing techniques stands challenging. The introduction of the additive manufacturing (AM) technique condenses the problem associated with the manufacturing of complex body parts with near-net shape dimensions using magnesium material. Manufacturing of such bio-medical components with comprehensive improved properties related to microstructure, mechanical property, design constraint through AM process requires a detailed and thorough understanding of the process and material. The current review article highlights the above said particulars and issues related to AM of Magnesium components. Various AM procedures involved in the Mg bio-implant fabrication, mechanical and metallurgical property improvement, and various challenges involved in handling Mg powders are discussed. Lastly, the opportunities and future scope of the AM process of Mg implants are highlighted.

An essential milestone in the road toward drug discovery and its development is the usage of cellular assays. The key element in this technique, which provides underlying information on the formation, function, and pathophysiology of tissues and organs outside of the organism, is the mammalian cell culture system. The genesis of cell cultures was carried out by the pioneering works of Harrison in 1907 studying the origin of nerve fibers, growth, and development from embryonic tissue pieces. Following this study, several modifications and improvements were made by various groups with a vision to supplement the existing method and implement it for the culturing of different cells outside of the body. Cell culture is the creation of an artificial environment to grow cells of interest by supplementing the cells with an appropriate surface, essential nutrients, optimal temperature, humidity, and gaseous atmosphere. Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cells are the first choice for a cell-based assay and screening method to discover novel drug molecules in addition to being a convenient and effective means. Different cell types demand different culture conditions in carrying out 2D cell culture. In general, 2D cell culture requires the growth of cells in a petri dish or a culture flask where the cells adhere to the plastic surface. The basic component to growing cells in a 2D culture is the use of an appropriate sterile culture medium, which varies widely according to the cell type and often comes in liquid or powder form commercially. The complete culture medium is often supplemented with the necessary nutrients, such as a serum, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, glucose, inorganic salts, and attachment factors, to name a few that are required for optimal cell growth. The medium could also be additionally supplemented with antibiotics to minimize or prevent contamination. Sterile conditions need to be maintained at all times in performing cell culture techniques.

Magnetic analogue of an isolated free electric charge, i.e., a magnet with a single north or south pole, is a long sought-after particle which remains elusive so far. In magnetically frustrated pyrochlore solids, a classical analogue of monopole was observed as a result of excitation of spin ice vertices. Direct visualization of such excitations were proposed and later confirmed in analogous artificial spin ice (ASI) systems of square as well as Kagome geometries. However, such magnetically charged vertices are randomly created as they are thermally driven and are always associated with corresponding equal and opposite emergent charges, often termed as monopole-antimonopole pairs, connected by observable strings. Here, we demonstrate a controlled stabilisation of a robust isolated emergent monopole-like magnetically charged vertices in individual square ASI systems by application of an external magnetic field. The excitation conserves the magnetic charge without the involvement of a corresponding excitation of opposite charge. Well supported by Monte Carlo simulations our experimental results enable, in absence of a true elemental magnetic monopole, creation of electron vortices and studying electrodynamics in presence of a monopole-like field in a solid state environment.

Star-shaped polylactide (SSPLA) nanoparticles (NPs) with dipyridamole (DIP) core conjugated with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and 4-piperidinopiperidine (4PIP) were designed and synthesized to achieve apoptosis by synergistic dose-dependent delivery than using free drugs. In our current investigation, DIP was employed as the initiator in ring-opening polymerization reaction to make SSPLADIP. We then described the synthesis of tailor-made, self-assembled, carboxyl group-substituted fluorescent SSPLADIP conjugated with a secondary amine group of 5FU anticancer drug to form a dual prodrug complex (SSPLADIP5FU). To compare the efficacy of this combination, another anticancer drug 4PIP was also covalently conjugated with a hydroxyl-end terminal by nucleophilic substitution on SSPLADIP to form SSPLADIP4PIP. 4PIP inhibits the topoisomerase enzyme in DNA replication. Synthesized star-shaped drug constructs were characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and MALDI-TOF. This is the first report on these drug combinations (DIP-5FU and DIP-4PIP) fabricated on the polylactic acid biopolymer to form NPs of size <150 nm with excellent encapsulation and loading efficiency with time-dependent release in acidic pH (5.4). The release patterns of NPs were accordant with zero-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. The glial (G1), pancreatic (MIAPaCa2), colon (DLD1) cancer cells and normal fibroblast cell line (L929 cells) were used to study the NP uptake in lysosomes and nucleus after 48 h by confocal microscopy. The cytotoxicity of SSPLADIP5FUNPs showed an IC50 of 20 mu g/mL in colon cancer cells and remained nontoxic to L929 cells even at 1000 mu g/mL. To mimic the colonic environment, we placed free DIP in a simulated colonic fluid with our SSPLADIP5FU NPs. It was observed that our NPs were stable without binding with constituents in the colonic fluid, whereas free DIP bounded with Ca2+, protein, and phosphatidylcholine, resulting in quenching of its fluorescence. Apoptosis by tunability ratios of dual drugs was confirmed by fluorescence activated cell sorting and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay in flow cytometry.

The present study provides knowledge and information about the empowerment level of girls and also its relationship with their parents. There is lack of researches in this area of girls’ empowerment especially with regard to their parental relationship. Empowered women lead to economic development and social progress of the nation. The study is helpful to the teachers, policy makers, bureaucrats, researchers, scholars, educators, and politicians because it gives understanding of how relationship of parents helps the girls’ in their empowerment. The present study was conducted through the survey method under descriptive method of research. Survey studies are conducted to collect detailed description of existing phenomenon with the intent of employing data justify current condition practices or to make more intelligent. A representative sample of 316 girls studying in class 10+1 and 10+2 was selected by using multistage random sampling technique Research Tools Used In order to collect the requisite data, following research tools were used. The data on empowerment among girls’ was verified for normality by calculating certain statistics like mean, median, mode, standard deviation, quartile deviation, kurtosis and skewness.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are exceptional candidates for various applications owing to high surface: volume ratio and the astonishing properties arising from their nano-size (e.g. magnetic, optical, electric, etc.). They display distinctive physical properties that make them appealing materials for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The proper functionalization of nanoparticles is a prerequisite in order for effectual application of nanomaterial in biomedicine as it basically determines their interaction with the biosystems and enhances their stability. Nanoparticles have been functionalized with a range of ligands like polymers, surfactants, small molecules, etc. by diverse approaches, which make it possible to integrate numerous therapeutic drugs by either covalent or non-covalent conjugation. In this chapter, we will highlight developments in modifying nanoparticle interfaces for employment in nanomedicine. These findings aid in accentuating the significance of chemistry in the design of nanoparticle interfaces, and the biomedical applications of these nanoparticulate systems

The emergence of pH-sensitive nanoscale particles is beneficial due to their ability to only release cargo in a colonic pH environment, which helps to directly target inflamed tissues in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Hence, we have designed the formulation of pH-sensitive biodegradable garcinol (GAR)-loaded poly (lactic–co–glycolic acid) (PLGA) coated with Eudragit® S100 (ES100) (GAR-PLGA-ES100 nanoparticles (NPs)) for reducing inflammation caused by proinflammatory cytokines. The GAR-PLGA-ES100 NPs were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique and characterized for shape and surface morphology. An in vitro drug release study revealed the release of the drug specifically from NPs at the colonic pH of 7.4. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the GAR-PLGA-ES100 NPs was also evaluated and found to be highly biocompatible with CACO-2 cells. These NPs were able to reduce lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α , chemokine interleukin (IL)-8 and the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) was observed after GAR-PLGA-ES100 NPs treatment. Therefore, our results support the idea that GAR-PLGA-ES100 NPs show substantial improvement after the release of the drug, specifically in colonic pH targeting and reduction in the activation of inflammation that leads to IBD, suggesting that GAR-PLGA-ES100 NPs are promising candidates for oral delivery to colonic inflamed tissue.

Ultrastructural visualization of targeted nanoparticles against its interactions with subcellular organelles through electron microscopy and its 3D rendering is always challenging. Mechanistic and conformational understandings of specific subcellular connections of novel smart nanocarriers with various intrinsic receptors of breast cancer cells are critical for the design and delivery of novel cancer therapeutics. Toxicological effects of gold nanocages, passivated with extremophilic polysaccharide, Mauran functionalized with 4‐hydroxytamoxifen and monoclonal antibody Pr1E11 result in downright decimation of subcellular organelles in breast cancer MCF7 cells resulting in parallel type I and type II cell deaths. Herein, the deleterious repercussions of the therapeutic gold nanocages (TANs) on the subcellular organelles of MCF7 cells are studied. Confocal and transmission electron microscopic images reveal significant localization of the TANs within the mitochondria, lysosomes, and autophagosomes leading to their destruction in a span of 96 h from their incubation. The 3D electron density maps of these subcellular organelles computed using images recorded by scanning block‐face electron and transmission electron microscopes reveal a previously unknown systemic degradation process of mitochondria and the structure of autolysosome. Together, this data fortifies the benefit of subcellular cancer targeting and multiple parallel damage explained through advanced electron microscopic visualization.