The sugar industry has played a vital role in industrial pollution. This industry has a variety of technologies towards recycling, reusing, and reducing. The concept is very applicable due to its raw material being organic. In this chapter, we see the objectives based on technology used to control pollution, proximity testing based on 0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5, and 5 km of air pollution (particulate matter (PM10) and PM2.5), basic physico-chemical parameters, soil testing, and corporate social responsibility thinking. These factors are correlated and used as feedback and outcomes on the industrial pollution technology for further research and development on the industrial CSR corporate social responsibilities with geographic monitoring system analysis by implementing bioremediation and green belt development purposes.

Social vulnerability is a multidimensional concept based on multivariate factors in domains of physical, social, economic, environmental, etc., and the subsets that constitute it. When addressed effectively, it paves the way for resolving and recorrecting certain facets that play a key role in determining the degree of susceptibility and potentiality of a population to address adverse situations. The current study aims at synthesising research works and providing a comprehensive overview of social vulnerability assessment in the health and disease arena. It incorporates the concept of vulnerability, approaches, indices, indicators, and methodologies regarding social vulnerability in the health and disease arena from selected associated research articles accessed from digital database sources. There is an evident trend in associating new tools and techniques with the assessment of social vulnerability, along with conventional methods. The results provide a theoretical background for subsequent research and an update on the recent trends in this topic of interest.

The impact of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) on the LST (Land Surface Temperature) as well as on the genesis of surface heat islands in urban areas during two different time periods was assessed in Kottayam district, Kerala, India. Landsat TM, Landsat OLI and TIRS imagery from the years 1988 and 2020 were employed to scrutinize the relationship between NDVI and LST. The area covered under different NDVI classes were quantified. The finding indicated that NDVI of the research region decreased from 0.77 in 1988 to 0.59 in 2020, resulting in an increase in LSTmax from 34.46 °C in 1988 to 40.63 °C in 2020. Decrease in NDVI resulted in an increase in the high UHI class from 20.83 km2 in 1988 to 660.59 km2 and from 7.26 km2 to 181.35km2 in the very high UHI class. An inverse relationship was observed between NDVI and LST, with Pearson coefficients of 0.5737 and 0.5199 for 1988 and 2020, respectively, which indicates that NDVI could serve as a crucial metric for evaluating LST and UHI effects. Future research will explore the effect of seasonal variability in LULCC on LST, day and night time UHI and their impacts on human health and energy consumption.

Plastic was created first for its durability, extended life, and capacity to be moulded into a broad range of items. There are three reasons why plastics are still used in the packaging sector, even though they are harmful to the environment. First, its low economic cost and widespread circulation. The second feature is their capacity to contain air and water while remaining watertight. The third characteristic is its relative inertness. Based on this, respondents were polled to assess their awareness of alternatives and to comprehend the pre- and post-ban situation for plastics. About 370 respondents from different age groups from different sectors from urban and rural dwellers of Trichy were asked about the prohibition of plastic carry bags, its acceptance, the alternatives available and the cost paid. Most respondents were unhappy about the removal of plastic bags and the high cost of cloth or other bags. Due to environmental concerns and their implications, it was revealed that the negative effects of plastics had not entered society sufficiently to allow the people to reject them. However, durability, lightness, flexibility, and low cost still predominate because the consumer requires plastic bags. Strict steps aiming at promoting public knowledge of the damaging consequences of plastics, their negative impact on the environment, and lowering the costs of alternatives should be explored as immediate remedies.

EDITORIAL article Front. Mar. Sci., 07 February 2023Sec. Marine Pollution Volume 10 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1141278

The sugar industry's contribution towards the production level is a substantial negative externality and “trade-off” caused by the industrial sector due to trade-off on the environmental front and genuine concern. This chapter is application-oriented to a precise environmental management system in a simple way of demonstration in a combination of enhancing management systems like recycling, reusing, green chemistry, energy and quality management system, acceptable housekeeping practices. This environmental management system reinforces a holistic approach with different data survey cross-check list in the manufacturing industry. Methods used are in a qualitative and quantitative to: 1. Interview schedule method, and 2. Calculate net savings and payback, saving cost, and environment advantages per year. EMS in developed countries like India is still in the rudimentary stage.

The Swarnamukhi river estuary (SRE), and the surrounding sea in Nellore, southeast coast of India, is one of the least studied marine environments, notably for physicochemical characteristics. Seawater samples were collected from five stations every month from 2014 to 2017 to assess physicochemical characteristics. The open sea (OS) station was significantly different from the inner stations, according to non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The variability was shown by strong factor loadings of atmospheric temperature (0.87), water temperature (0.84), biochemical oxygen demand (0.77), ammonia (0.85), and total nitrogen (0.78). Furthermore, one-way ANOVA and box-whisker plots facilitated simplifying and corroborating multivariate results that showed high concentration in the inner stations. Based on the N/P and Si/N ratios, nitrate and silicate were the key limiting factors in this study. The findings are critical for establishing reference conditions for comparison studies with other comparable ecosystems in the tropical region for better environmental conservation and management.

An integrated approach was used to study the seasonal influence on the abundance and diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the Swarnamukhi River Estuary (SRE) and the adjacent coast covering five stations by collecting monthly samples from the years 2014 to 2017. A total of 54 phytoplankton species conforming to four families and 58 zooplankton species conforming to nine families were recorded. Phytoplankton abundance and richness were high during pre-monsoon (PRM - 56410 cells/L) followed by monsoon (MON – 42210 cells/L). A similar trend was observed in the case of zooplankton, where abundance was recorded high during PRM (124261 ind./m3) followed by MON (111579 ind./m3). Moreover, phytoplankton and zooplankton were dominated by the diatoms and copepods, respectively. Both phytoplankton and zooplankton exhibited significant temporal (F= 26.4, p <0.05) and spatial (F= 32.1, p <0.05) variations. The higher density and abundance were recorded in the inner stations compared to the open sea. The present study reveals that the SRE have a rich diversity which could be attributed to a higher nutrient influx in the inner stations. The anthropogenic discharge from the surrounding aqua farms, agricultural land, and human settlement area could cause concerns for the local flora and fauna if a proper mitigation plan is not evolved through long-term monitoring study in this coastal region.

Chromium is one of the most abundant metals in the earth's crust mined as chromites. Industries that widely use compounds containing chromium as Cr(III) in the tanning process generally release effluents with high chromium levels into natural water resources, frequently without appropriate effluent treatment. Though physical and chemical methods of chromium removal are adopted, the processes are expensive, use a lot of energy and generate secondary toxic waste. The removal of chromium by biological resources on the other hand is more environmentally friendly, less expensive, and lacks the release of secondary pollutants. The present study is aimed towards the assessment of the Cr(VI) reduction capability of two bacterial strains, Alcaligenes sp. (S11) and Listeria sp. (S18) used as a consortium. These bacterial strains were isolated from the Periyar river of Kerala, India. Batch mode studies were carried out by live bacterial cells and an integrated study was carried out to test the bacterial strains on chromium-contaminated water and sediments through bioreactor and column study respectively under optimized conditions. The phytotoxicity of the treated water was studied on black gram. In the bioreactor study, the maximum Cr(VI) reduction capacity of bacterial consortium (S11 and S18) was found to be 97%. The successive experiment for the toxicity of treated water on the black gram indicated that there was no toxicity in the growth parameters of the plant.

Heavy metal contamination from anthropogenic activities has an adverse effect on the environment due to its cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Environment harbours microorganisms, some of which have been found to modify physico-chemical conditions of their surrounding environment through certain processes such as detoxification, metal homeostasis, precipitation, redox transformations etc. Investigations in the past have shown that short term contact with metals of certain bacteria causes the selection of resistant bacteria within weeks, while a prolonged exposure showed selected strains able to thrive better. Hence biotic methods could assist removal of heavy metals based on biosorption or bioaccumulation by microorganisms, which are cost-effective and environmental friendly in the long run. Microbial remediation is influenced by biotic and environmental factors as also the contamination site characteristics. The aim of this paper is to highlight and review some of the mechanisms of microbial remediation through techniques such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation etc.

Discharge of waste containing heavy metals through anthropogenic activities has created global environmental and health burden and remediation of contaminated sites becomes more expensive, however sustainable methods of degrading heavy metals using resistant microorganisms have become important biotechnological development. 42 lead resistant bacteria were isolated from municipal solid waste in Tiruchirappalli. Lead resistant bacteria were screened and the maximum tolerable concentration was found to be in the range of 100–260 mg/kg. Lead resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Escherichia spp. were identified and used to make consortium and used in column test. The results show lead diminishing from 0.923 to 0.1943 ppm concerning the control sample from day 1 until day 10. The consortium used has shown capability to biodegrade lead in solid waste and may further be used for biomining and other bioremediation studies.

The present study is to carry out the enhancement of the acoustic signals of Lutjanidae species often found in abundance, in tropic shallow waters. Since most of the studies on Lutjanidae is about its physical structure both internal and external, and its population in sea ie., catches in tons per year. This research work is the first attempt on the acoustical study of Lutjanidae family species call signal. Five species of Lutjanidae family are considered for this study which includes L. analis, L. apodus, L. synagris, L. griseus, and L. jocu). The earlier literature which studied the acoustic toning of marine species vocalization using empirical mode decomposition method [1]. Here in this research, (i) signals with background noise and (ii) enhanced signals are considered for comparison. The enhancement of acoustic signals of Lutjanidae family species is useful as acoustic reference for those working in the field of biological signal processing. The enhancement of the signal is achieved by the logical applications and applying Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), inverse STFT. From the above two cases considered, the frequency range of 50 to 2500 Hz approximately is clearly noticed in the spectrogram, power spectral density and it shows the frequency of all species looks similar. By listening the sound produced by the species, it is observed to be of type knocking sound.

Urbanization in recent years has driven us to investigate metal contamination on Nellore coast by collecting seawater, sediment, and bivalve samples monthly at five stations from 2015 to 2017. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis indicated that open sea (OS) samples were markedly different from the samples collected at other stations. Strong factor loadings of Al (0.76), Mn (0.79), and Cd (0.78) showed variability in seawater, while those for Fe (0.76), Ni (0.77), Zn (0.85), and Pb (0.81) showed variability in sediment. The mean values of Fe (346 ppm) and Mn (21 ppm) were high in bivalves compared to the mean values of other metals. A higher contamination factor was observed for Cd at Buckingham Canal, while the lowest was observed for sediment in OS. The order of trace metals in sediments according to risk index was Cd > Pb > Cu > Cr > Zn. The results obtained are essential to establish a reference for better comparison of tropical environments.

An ambient noise system consisting of a vertical linear hydrophone array was deployed in the shallow waters off Chennai, southeast coast of India from 1 August to 16 September 2013 to record ambient ocean noise of frequencies up to 10[Formula: see text]kHz. Biological sounds, which are broadband, short duration signals resulting from Terapon theraps, a native species, are a prominent feature of the ocean soundscape. Terapon activity peaks at 8[Formula: see text]pm and 11[Formula: see text]pm, and its presence is not observed after 12 midnight in both the months. In the other period, the ambient noise fluctuation is due to wind and vessel traffic. Hence, the present study focuses on the description of the ambient noise fluctuation over two 12[Formula: see text]h periods, i.e., 12 midnight–12 noon considered as period I, and 12 noon–12 midnight as period II in order to show the circadian rhythm of ambient noise. In this study area, Terapon vocalization reached 25[Formula: see text]dB above the ambient noise level and it dominates the short-term spectra records in the 0.4–4[Formula: see text]kHz range. All Terapon signals had daily patterns of sound production with highest levels of activity after dusk during the study period. The result shows that the circadian rhythm of ambient noise is mainly of biological sound generated by Terapon and it is reported first time in the shallow waters off the southeast coast of India.

Urbanization of coastal areas in recent years has driven us to consider a new approach for visually delineating sites that are contaminated with fecal bacteria (FB) in the coastal waters of the Andaman Islands in India. Geo-spatial analysis demarcated harbor, settlement, and freshwater/discharge influenced zones as hot spots for FB, while the open sea was demarcated as a cold spot. The land use types, such as developed and agriculture, with more anthropogenic activities increasing the FB counts while open sea showed the least FB. Box whisker plot indicated an increasing FB trend in the coastal waters during monsoon. Furthermore, principal component analysis revealed 67.35%, 78.62% and 70.43% of total variance at Port Blair, Rangat and Aerial bays, respectively. Strong factor loading was observed for depth (0.95), transparency (0.93), dissolved oxygen (0.93) and fecal streptococci (0.85). Distance proximity analysis revealed that fecal contaminations diluted significantly (P < 0.05) at the distance of 2.1 km toward the deeper or open sea water. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of an integrated approach in identifying the sources of fecal contamination and thus helping in better monitoring and management of coastal waters.

The runoff due to the pollutants caused by the road traffic significantly affects the receiving water bodies with high loads of particulate matter such as worn and torn out materials of automobiles, toxic substance like heavy metals, PCBs, salts such as chlorides and sulphates, and pathogenic bacteria. Our study assesses the impacts of highway/road run-off on the quality of adjacent drinking water sources. Water samples have been collected from 60 locations along the National Highways and other selected Metal Roads. The physico-chemical and biological parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride (Cl), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Phosphate (PO4), Sulphate (SO4) and Nitrate (NO3), Total coliforms were assessed. The heavy metals such as Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (Ar) have been assessed randomly for 14 samples along the roads. The results show that pH , EC, TA , Nitrate and Total Coliforms are the major factors affecting the water quality. Cr levels exceed the permissible limits compared to the other metals. Our study shows that highway run-off may also be a potential source of ground water contamination along the urban periphery.

Introduction: Spatio-ecological study of disease provides a framework to study the interaction of genetic, environmental, social, cultural and behavioural factors on people’s health. The occurrence and interaction of these factors are different in different places, giving rise to distinct geographic or spatial variation. Diseases like breast cancer have variation both spatially and temporally. Public health practitioners can use Geographic Information System (GIS) as a visualization tool to effectively present geographic phenomenon and depict it in maps that might remain otherwise undiscovered in tabular form. Aim: To demonstrate how GIS can be used to understand and communicate breast cancer data through spatial visualization techniques. Objectives: (i) To visualize the Spatial Distribution of Breast cancer incidences by a point map. (ii) To visualize the Temporal distribution of breast cancer incidences by thematic maps for the study period of 2007 -2011. Materials and Methods: Total 1090 breast cancer case records collected for the year 2007-2012 were segregated taluk wise for the 29 taluks and geocoded using the address of the patient, creating a point map. ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to prepare thematic map of breast cancer cases. The taluk wise aggregated breast cancer incidence from the year 2007 to 2011 was then attributed into polygon map representing taluks (Base Map). Natural break data classification technique was used to classify the breast cancer incidence data and breast cancer incidences were classified as low, moderate, high and very high. Results: Spatial distribution of breast cancer incidences using thematic mapping methods high incidences were reported in MY_ T24 (Hunsur), MY_ T25 (KR Nagar), MY_27 (Nanjangud), CH_T1 (Chamrajnagar) and CH-T2 (Gundlupet). Temporal maps prepared for the study from 2007 to 2011 showed that Mysore Taluk had very high Incidence level and the same was observed throughout the study period. The taluks which have high and moderate intensities seem to be fluctuating. However, 25 taluks do not fall into very high category during the study period. Taluks such Gundlupet (CH_T2), K R Nagar (MY_T25), Kollegal (CH_T3) have been observed to enter high intensity category during the year 2011 from moderate intensity. It is also observed that Nanjangud (MY_T27) is in high intensity category throughout the study period which might be due to its proximity to Mysore urban. Conclusion: Analysis of Breast Cancer in southern Karnataka using GIS has revealed that urban areas of Mysore has the highest risk of breast cancer and the temporal trends reveal that even rural areas with moderate risk are moving towards high risk areas.

Riverine ecosystems have complex relationship with human since time immemorial and play an integral role in the socio-economy of a region. However, many riverine habitats, particularly within urban centers in the developing countries are subjected to overexploitation that affects the natural ecological processes and functions of rivers. Such perturbations in riverine habitats are often linked to biodiversity loss. Birds discharge crucial ecosystem services and are closely associated to wetlands and rivers for their survival. This study attempts to document the bird diversity and their community assemblages along the riverine habitats in relation to urban effects, vegetative attributes, seasonal parameters and other anthropogenic pressures. The study finds that bird diversity and species richness were higher in the rural landscape and gradually decreased towards the urban region. A total of 120 bird species consisting of two 'Near Threatened' were recorded along the riverine habitats of the River Cauvery. Few species (Egretta garzetta and Phalacrocorax niger), were found to be densely populated and adapted to the urban environment while few others declined. Salient features of the results include: seasonality did not affect the variability of the riverine species and the difference in composition of birds during the wet and dry seasons were insignificant. While the factors namely, tree cover, tree height, and number of trees were found to be positively correlated, the anthropogenic factors namely, extent of built up land, noise levels and vehicular traffic contributed negatively towards bird diversity. Among the various riverine stretches/study sites, the Kallanni region recorded highest species richness and diversity. The most important conservation measure would be to declare Kallanai an important bird reserve and the agricultural farmlands on either sides of river Cauvery at Kallanai be declared as 'High Nature Value' (HNV) wetlands/farmlands to protect the overall biodiversity.