IntroductionPlants have been an essential source of Chinese traditional medicine for millennia, and there are more wild medicinal plant resources in Changbai Mountain ecosystem. However, due to multiple factors such as habitat changes, the wild medicinal plant resources are facing disadvantage situations, and their sustainable utilization is being restricted.MethodsIn the study, 224 wild medicinal plants were analyzed by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to make the priority resources for development and utilization. Multi-source species distribution data and bioclimatic variables were utilized to predict the potential habitat suitability of medicinal plant resources and their response to future climate scenarios using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt).ResultsThe results showed that under the climate scenario at present, these wild medicinal plants were classified into three classes based on comprehensive assessments, such as Class I (39 species), Class II (49 species), Class III plant resources (136 species), the suitable habitats for Class I was the largest. The prediction accuracy was evaluated by area under curve (AUC), true skill statistic (TSS) and Cohen’s kappa statistic (KAPPA), respectively above 0.8, 0.85 and 0.75. Under different climate scenarios in 2090s, the suitable habitats for Class II were increased, with the largest suitable habitats reaching 3.61×10⁴ km² by SSP5-8.5, and the centroid of suitable habitats migrated northwestward and northeastward in Jilin Province, with the maximum displacement reaching 27.24 km by SSP2-4.5. Key climatic variables were identified by the jackknife test within the MaxEnt model as the mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11) and annual precipitation (Bio12).DiscussionTherefore, exploitable potential of Class II plant resources was predicted to surpass Class I in the future. It was a scientific basis for integrated models to promote the sustainable development of natural resources in mountain ecosystems globally.

This study compared different forms of Lonicera caerulea L. fruit (fresh berries, dried berries, freeze-dried powder) to assess their suitability for storage and transport by analyzing their polyphenolic compounds content via ultrasound-assisted extraction. Optimal conditions were identified for extracting phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins with orthogonal experiment, and antioxidant activities of the polyphenolic compounds were detected by free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as follows: for total phenolics, 60% ethanol, 30 min, and 300 W; for flavonoids, 80% ethanol, a 60:1 liquid to solid ratio, and 500 W; for anthocyanins, 40 min at 40 °C with 80% acidified ethanol. The polyphenolic compounds in dried berries showed stronger free radical scavenging abilities with the increase of compounds concentration, which was close to or more than that of ascorbic acid. Above all, dried berries were the most suitable form for guiding the harvest, storage, processing and high value-added product development of its Fruit, which provides practical basis for industrial application and functional product development of Lonicera caerulea L.

The leaves of Schisandraceae species hold substantial potential as novel health food ingredients, yet their interspecific nutritional and bioactive profiles remain inadequately characterized. A comparative targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on leaves from seven species (five Schisandra, two Kadsura) to evaluate their food suitability. Through conventional assays, we quantified nutritional/anti-nutritional parameters, while GC-MS and UPLC-MS identified 26 primary metabolites and 28 secondary metabolites. Metabolic pathway analysis elucidated interspecific variation mechanisms. Significant differences emerged: Schisandra sphenanthera had the highest nutritional score with balanced essential nutrients, while Schisandra chinensis accumulated more key lignans with reported antioxidant biofunctionality. This is the first food-oriented targeted metabolomic comparison of these species, providing a robust chemical basis for developing them as nutritive or bioactive health food ingredients.

Cimicifuga dahurica (C. dahurica) is an important medicinal plant in the northern region of China. The rhizobacteria could serve as a crucial resource foundation for high-quality fertilizers, thereby promoting plant growth. This study aimed to investigate the effects of three rhizobacteria strains on the growth, antioxidant activity, and metabolite profile of Cimicifuga dahurica (C. dahurica). One-year-old C. dahurica seedlings were used as experimental material, from which different rhizobacteria were isolated and irrigated the roots respectively. The used rhizobacteria strains were identified respectively as SM1 (Pantoea agglomerans), SM2 (Citrobacter freundii), and SM3 (Bacillus toyonensis) according to the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results showed that compared with CK, the plant growth characteristics and oxidative stress response traits were differently promoted under different rhizobacteria treatments. It was most effective for promoting overall plant growth and enhancing antioxidant capacity under SM3 treatment, while oxidative stress was significantly reduced under SM1 treatment. KEGG analysis showed that the pathways of galactose metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly regulated under different SMs treatments. Correlation analysis further verified that there was a significantly positive relationship between biomass and D-Glucose under SM3 treatments, and D-mannitol played a key role in root development under SM2 treatment. This research proved that three rhizobacteria strains significantly enhanced the growth of C.dahurica, with SM3 exhibiting the most promoted effect on growth. These findings provide a novel perspective on exploring the metabolic mechanisms by which rhizobacteria influence plant growth, and offer high-quality bacterial manure germplasm resources for the efficient cultivation of medicinal materials.

As an essential base for agricultural products in Baiquan County China, the black soil in the Northeast region had soil nutrient contents up to several times that of ordinary soil. However, over-exploitation and utilization in recent years led to a decline in the quality of black soil. Therefore, it is strategic significance to study the improvement of soil quality by different shelterbelts. In order to explore the interaction between soil microbial and nutrients, the soils under four shelterbelts (pure Pinus sylvestris forest, pure Larix gmelinii forest, mixed Pinus sylvestris forest and mixed Larix gmelinii forest) were used as the research materials in Baiquan County, Heilongjiang Province, China. The changes of soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial function genes were studied, and their interaction patterns were analyzed by Redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that the concentration changes of TOC (total organic carbon), TN (total nitrogen), NO 3 − -N (nitrate nitrogen concentration), NH 4 + -N (ammonium nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus) and SP (soil available phosphorus) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in rhizosphere soil under mixed Larix gmelinii forest. In non-rhizosphere soil, the concentration changes of TOC, TN, NO 3 − -N and AN (soil alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased under mixed Larix gmelinii forest. In a word, the concentration changes of TOC, TN, NO 3 − -N were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in soil under mixed Larix gmelinii forest. In cropland soil, the concentration changes of NO 3 − -N, NH 4 + -N, TP and SP were significantly (P < 0.05) increased besides pure Pinus sylvestris forest. The abundance analysis of soil function genes revealed that amoA-AOA, nifH, nirS, nosZ, narG and phoD were upregulated under the mixed Larix gmelinii forest. The changes in abundance of amoA-AOA and nirS played an important role in increasing soil nutrient concentration and promoting the utilization of soil nutrients. The study suggested the cropland soil quality was improved by the mixed Larix gmelinii forest, it should provide clear evidence for importance of the microbial-abundance in the soil nutrients improvement.

The study aimed at predicting potential suitable areas with national key reserve Orchidaceae plants in Heilongjiang province and conducive to plant protection. The distribution point data of six Orchidaceae plants and 19 bioclimatic variables were selected, and the environmental factors required for modeling were screened out by pearson correlation analysis and variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis. The potential suitable areas of Orchidaceae plants were predictat present and under different climate scenarios in 2090s by using geographic information system (GIS) and Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt). And then evaluated the prediction accuracy of the MaxEnt model using the AUC value, the TSS value and the Kappa value. The results showed that: 1) The area under curve (AUC) values, true skill statistics (TSS) values and KAPPA values predicted by MaxEnt model were separately above 0.9, 0.85 and 0.75. 2) Under the climate scenario at present, the total suitable area of Orchidaceae plants was about 9.61 × 106 km2, which was mainly distributed in Heilongjiang province. Among them, the high-suitable area of Cypripedium shanxiense S. C. Chen was the largest, the non-suitable area of Cypripedium guttatum Sw was the largest. 3) Under different climate scenarios in 2090s, the total suitable area was slightly increasing (9.62 × 106 km2). Among them, Cypripedium shanxiense S. C. Chen and Gastrodiae Rhizoma both showed the trend of expansion to the southwest, China, and the suitable areas expanded significantly. Comprehensive factor analysis showed that temperature and precipitation were the main bioclimatic variables of suitable areas distribution, and the low emission scenario (SSP 2–4.5) will be more conducive to the survival of Orchidaceae plants.

The rhizosphere of soil is a highly dynamic environment involving interactions among plants, soils, and microorganisms. Microorganisms play a crucial role in facilitating plant growth and development. Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) (A. senticosus) is an important medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the artificial cultivation of this species faces several challenges that have impeded the advancement of its industry. In this study, Bacillus proteolyticus (C1) and Bacillus fungorum (C2) were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of A. senticosus and identified through 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The objective was to investigate the effects of these two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the growth, photosynthesis, and metabolism of A. senticosus. GC–MS and LC–MS were employed to screen for metabolic differences and quantify key medicinal active compounds such as eleutheroside B, chlorogenic acid, and eleutheroside E. The results indicated significant increases in plant height, leaf area, and basal diameter under C1 treatment by 81%, 10%, and 164%, respectively. A total of 29 distinct primary metabolites were detected; these metabolites enriched three common pathways where acid accumulation was significantly enhanced under C1 treatment in A. senticosus. Furthermore, 30 different phenolic compounds were identified within the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway; notably, the main medicinal active substances exhibited substantial increases following C1 treatment in A. senticosus. Compared with control conditions (CK), there was a significant increase in the content of eleutheroside B and chlorogenic acid under C1 treatment (P < 0.05), with increases recorded at 346% and 183%, respectively. Additionally, yields of eleutheroside B, chlorogenic acid, and eleutheroside E in leaves from single A. senticosus plants treated with C1 showed marked improvements compared to CK conditions (P < 0.05), increasing by 466%, 259%, and 102%, respectively. These findings suggest that Bacillus proteolyticus (C1) exerts pronounced effects on promoting both growth parameters and metabolic processes within A. senticosus. This study provides a foundation for the development and application of medicinal plants based on their growth and metabolic characteristics.

This study aimed to investigate the promoting mechanisms of Bacillus proteolyticus (B. proteolyticus) on Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. and Maxim.) Maxim. (therm E. senticosus) root development. Using therm E. senticosus seeds as experimental material, soil was drenched with B. proteolyticus suspensions at different concentrations v/v (water, 25%; 50%; 75%, and 100%). The results showed that the germination rate, root tip number (52 ± 2.97), total root length (23.7 ± 0.46 cm), and total root volume (57.36 ± 1.64 mm3) exhibited an initial increase, then a decrease after B. proteolyticus treatment (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the soil of B. proteolyticus at a 50% concentration was conducive to seed germination. Compared with CK, GC-MS analysis revealed that 16 differential primary metabolites were screened, primarily enriched in galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and TCA cycle pathways after 50% B. proteolyticus treatment. LC-MS analysis revealed that the contents of six main medicinal components were higher than those of CK, with the content of eleutheroside E being 2.62 times greater. In rhizosphere soil, the contents of NO3−-N and NH4+-N were promoted, and the abundance of Gemmatimonadetes was increased in bacterial communities. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between the abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and the contents of NO3−-N and NH4+-N, as well as between total root length and D-galactose content, suggesting that these relationships may contribute to the root growth. Therefore, the soil of B. proteolyticus at a 50% concentration could enhance both the biomass and medicinal value of cultivated therm E. senticosus. This study provided novel insight that B. proteolyticus would be expected to be developed as an effective microbial preparation, offering a sustainable strategy for its agricultural production.

Kudzu root (Puerariae lobatae Radix) is the tuberous root of Pueraria lobata, family Leguminosae. Kudzu root contains a variety of beneficial active ingredients such as puerarin, daidzin, daidzein, genistenin, 3′-hydroxy puerarin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, arachidic acid, and so on. Modern medical research shows that active ingredients in kudzu root are widely used clinically as raw materials for the treatment of hyperglycemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, myocardial infarction, alcohol addiction, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and retinal blockage due to their various pharmacological effects such as improving cardiovascular circulation, lowering blood lipids, lowering blood pressure, lowering blood sugar, being antipyretic, being estrogen-like, and relieving alcohol. China has rich resources of kudzu root, and active ingredients are usually extracted before it is made into a preparation, so whether the extraction and separation process is reasonable will directly affect the ease of preparation and the efficacy of the treatment. This paper reviews the process methods for the extraction and separation of active ingredients in kudzu root and its common pharmacological activities. The aim is to provide some references for readers to compare the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction and separation methods as well as understand the active ingredients and pharmacological activities of kudzu root.

UV-B is an important environmental factor that differentially affects plant growth and secondary metabolites. The effects of supplemental ultraviolet-B (sUV-B) exposure (T1, 1.40 kJ·m−2·day−1; T2, 2.81 kJ·m−2·day−1; and T3, 5.62 kJ·m−2·day−1) on the growth biomass, physiological characteristics, and secondary metabolites were studied. Our results indicated that leaf thickness was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced under T3 relative to the control (natural light exposure, CK); The contents of 6-BA and IAA were significantly reduced (p < 0.05); and the contents of ABA, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, and baccatin III were significantly (p < 0.05) increased under T1 and T2. The paclitaxel content was the highest (0.036 ± 0.0018 mg·g−1) under T3. The cephalomannine content was significantly increased under T1. Hmgr gene expression was upregulated under T1 and T3. The gene expressions of Bapt and Dbtnbt were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated under sUV-B exposure, and the gene expressions of CoA, Ts, and Dbat were significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated. A correlation analysis showed that the 6-BA content had a significantly (p < 0.05) positive correlation with Dbat gene expression. The IAA content had a significantly (p < 0.05) positive correlation with the gene expression of Hmgr, CoA, Ts, and Dbtnbt. The ABA content had a significantly (p < 0.05) positive correlation with Bapt gene expression. Dbat gene expression had a significantly (p < 0.05) positive correlation with the 10-deacetylbaccatin content. Hmgr gene expression was positively correlated with the contents of baccatin III and cephalomannine. Bapt gene expression had a significantly (p < 0.01) positive correlation with the paclitaxel content. A factor analysis showed that the accumulation of paclitaxel content was promoted under T2, which was helpful in clarifying the accumulation of taxane compounds after sUV-B exposure.

Abelmoschus manihot (L) is a traditional chinese herb and the present study focused on its comprehensive development and utilization. Enzyme-assisted ultrasonic extraction (EUAE) was investigated for the extraction and qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot (L) using a combination of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA), polysaccharides was extracted from residues and compared with directly extracted from raw materials. The optimal yield of 3.46±0.012 % (w/w) was obtained when the weight ratio of cellulase to pectinase was 1:1, the enzyme concentration was 3 %, the pH was 6.0, the solvent was a mixture of 70 % ethanol (v/v) and 0.1 mol/L NaH2PO4 buffer solution, the ultrasonic power was 500 W, the extraction time was 40 min, and the temperature of the extraction was 50 °C. The individual concentrations of interested flavonoids (rutin, neochlorogenic acid, nochlorogenic acid, lsoquercitrin, quercitrin, gossypin, quercetin) were effectively increased with the using of EUAE, compared with ultrasonic extraction (UE) method. Polysaccharides were extracted from each residue, respectively, the Polysaccharides yield in residue from EUAE was higher than that from UE, and closed to the yield from direct extraction in raw materials. The above results shown that the experimental process had the potential to be environmentall, friendly, straightforward and efficient.

Background and Aims: Zinc (Zn) is an essential microelement that plants need for appropriate growth and development. However, high concentrations may hamper the physio-chemical and metabolic processes and weaken plant growth. This study aims to broadly explore the relative tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars, and examine their physiological, biochemical, and metabolomics responses under various Zn levels. Methods: Three chickpea cultivars: ICCV89310 (IC8), NC234 (NC2), and ICCV89323-B (IC8-B) were exposed to different Zn levels (Ck, 50, 100, and 150 µM) for one week in a hydroponic medium. Growth and physiological indices, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes activity, and osmolytes content were detected. Primary metabolites profile and accumulation of Zn were assessed using GC-MS and ICP-OES, respectively. Results: IC8 and NC2 cultivars exhibited more tolerance than IC8-B because of their high biomass and plant height, root-to-shoot ratio, shoot water, and chlorophyll contents under high Zn stress. Besides, Zn contents were higher in the root of IC8-B, while IC8 and NC2 showed high accumulation in the shoot. Under Zn stress, there was an increase in the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL). Additionally, Zn supplementation positively regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and osmolytes (proline, soluble sugars, and total protein), but catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductases (GR) were differential in response to Zn stress. Simultaneously, metabolomics profiling revealed forty-six responsive metabolites in IC8, NC2, and IC8-B, mainly consisting of organic acids, amino acids, amines, alcohols, and sugars. Conclusion: Cultivars IC8 and NC2 displayed superior tolerance to Zn stress compared to IC8-B, showcasing robust growth characteristics and biochemical responses. The relative tolerance potential of IC8 and NC2 may be attributed to different adaptive strategies, such as a well-developed profile of responsive metabolites, such as histidine, asparagine, tryptophan, allantoin and antioxidants. Hence, cultivar IC8-B maybe utilized as a control cultivar under Zn stress to evaluate other chickpeas' tolerance capacity. Besides, IC8 and NC2 can be suggested as promising candidates for Zn-contaminated soil.

INTRODUCTION:High-quality nucleic acids are the basis for molecular biology experiments. Traditional RNA extraction methods are not suitable for Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim. OBJECTIVE:To find a suitable method to improve the quality of RNA extracted, we modified the RNA extraction methods of Trizol. METHODOLOGY:Based on the conventional Trizol method, the modified Trizol method 1 and modified Trizol method 2 were used as the control for extraction of RNA from E. senticosus Maxim leaves. The modified Trizol method 1 added β-mercaptoethanol on the conventional Trizol method. After RNA was dissolved, a mixed solution of phenol, chloroform, and isoamyl alcohol was added to denature protein and inhibit the degradation of RNA. The modified Trizol method 2 adds PVPP to grind on the basis of modified Trizol method 1, so as to better remove phenols from leaves, and eliminates the step of incubation at -20°C to reduce extraction time and RNA degradation. Chloroform, CTAB, and CH3COONa were used instead of a phenol, chloroform, and isoamyl alcohol mixed solution to ensure complete separation of nucleic acid from plant tissues and to obtain high-purity RNA. RESULTS:The research results showed that the quality of RNA extracted by conventional Trizol method, modified Trizol method 1, was incomplete, accompanied with different degrees of contamination of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and DNA. The modified Trizol method 2 could better extract RNA from E. senticosus Maxim leaves. The ratio of A260/A280 was in the range of 1.8-2.0, and the yield of RNA was the highest, which was 1.68 and 1.15 times compared with that by conventional Trizol method and modified Trizol method 1 extraction, respectively. The reverse transcription cDNA was further tested through PCR with the specific primers. The amplified fragments are displayed in clear and bright bands in accordance with the expected size. CONCLUSION:The modified Trizol method 2 could better extract RNA from E. senticosus Maxim leaves. High-quality RNA has more advantages in molecular biology study of E. senticosus Maxim.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides) is rich in a variety of medicinally active compounds which have a very high economic value. Various types of explants (stem, stem with axillary bud, terminal bud, and leaves) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different types and concentrations of growth regulators. The present study found that the cultured stem explants induced callus. Terminal bud and the stem with axillary bud–cultured explants induced clustered regenerated plantlets. The terminal bud was designated as clustered regenerated plantlets I after culture, while the stem with axillary bud was labeled as clustered regenerated plantlets II after culture. The highest induction rate of clustered regenerated plantlets was 66.67

Cimicifuga dahurica (C. dahurica) is an important medicinal plant in the northern region of China. The best supplemental light environment helps plant growth, development, and metabolism. In this study, we used two-year-old seedlings as experimental materials. The white light as the control (CK). The different ratios of red (R) and blue (B) combined light were supplemented (T1, 2R: 1B, 255.37 μmol·m-2·s-1; T2, 3R: 1B, 279.69 μmol·m-2·s-1; T3, 7R: 1B, 211.16 μmol·m-2·s-1). The growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and primary metabolite content were studied in seedlings. The results showed that: 1) The fresh weight from shoot, root, and total fresh weight were significantly (P < 0.05) increased under T2 and T3 treatment. 2) The contents of chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (Chl) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased under T2 treatment, and carotenoid (car) content was reduced. 3) The photochemical quenching (qP), the actual photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (Y(II)), and the photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR) from leaves were significantly (P < 0.05) increased under T1 treatment. The Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased under T2 and T3 treatments. 4) A total of 52 primary metabolites were detected in C. dahurica leaves. Compared with CK, 14, 15, and 18 differential metabolites were screened under T1, T2, and T3 treatments. In addition, D-xylose, D-glucose, glycerol, glycolic acid, and succinic acid were significantly (P < 0.05) accumulated under the T2 treatment, which could regulate the TCA cycle metabolism pathway. The correlation analysis suggested that plant growth was promoted by regulating the change of D-mannose content in galactinol metabolism and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In summary, the growth of C. dahurica was improved under T2 treatment.

Exosomes-like nanoparticles (ELNs) (exosomes or extracellular vesicles) are vesicle-like bodies secreted by cells. Plant ELNs (PENs) are membrane vesicles secreted by plant cells, with a lipid bilayer as the basic skeleton, enclosing various active substances such as proteins and nucleic acids, which have many physiological and pathological functions. Recent studies have found that the PENs are widespread within different plant species and their biological functions are increasingly recognized. The effective separation method is also necessary for its function and application. Ultracentrifugation, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, polymer-based precipitation methods, etc., are commonly used methods for plant exosome-like nanoparticle extraction. In recent years, emerging methods such as size exclusion chromatography, immunoaffinity capture-based technique, and microfluidic technology have shown advancements compared to traditional methods. The standardized separation process for PENs continues to evolve. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the biogenesis, components, separation methods, and some functions of PENs. When the research on the separation method of PENs and their unique biological structure is further studied. A brand-new idea for the efficient separation and utilization of PENs can be provided in the future, which has a very broad prospect.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver with rich active components, such as flavonoids, lignans, polysaccharides, is used as a medicinal plant. Unfortunately, its popularization and cultivation are limited due to its low-temperature sensitivity. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of different doses of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (UV-1, UV-2, and UV-3) and low-temperature (LT) stress, both applied individually and in combination, on the photosynthetic properties, biochemical parameters, and the contents of salicylic acid in E. ulmoides plants. The results showed that UV-B radiation alone significantly reduced photosynthetic performance and soluble total sugar content, as well as causing increases in soluble protein, proline, and superoxide anion content and antioxidant activity including SOD, POD, CAT, total phenol, and total flavonoid content. The leaf thickness and photosynthetic parameters significantly increased, as well as a significant decrease in SOD activity and soluble sugar, proline, and superoxide anion content after 14 days of none-UV-B radiation exposure. UV-B combined with LT significantly improved photosynthetic properties, Chl content, and soluble sugar content but significantly decreased proline content. Principal component analysis showed that salicylic acid was the key factor in improving LT tolerance, and UV-2 radiation showed the best LT resistance. We aim to provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for the directional cultivation and LT stress tolerance research of E. ulmoides. Our findings demonstrate that the combined effect was more positively helpful in improving the ability to resist LT tolerance via the improvement of photosynthetic ability and the increase in soluble sugar and salicylic acid content in E. ulmoides.

To explore the effects of ultraviolet light supplementation on the photosynthetic characteristics and content of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides), the effects of supplementary UV-B (sUV-B) radiation on the medicinally active components of E. ulmoides were comprehensively evaluated. In our study, we selected leaves of five-year-old E. ulmoides seedlings as experimental materials and studied the effect of supplemental ultraviolet-B (sUV-B) radiation on growth, photosynthetic parameters, photosynthetic pigments, fluorescence parameters, and secondary metabolites of E. ulmoides using multivariate analysis. The results showed that the leaf area and the number of branches increased after sUV-B radiation, which indicated that sUV-B radiation was beneficial to the growth of E. ulmoides. The contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b increased by 2.25% and 4.25%, respectively; the net photosynthetic rate increased by 5.17%; the transpiration rate decreased by 35.32%; the actual photosynthetic efficiency increased by 10.64%; the content of the secondary metabolite genipin increased by 12.9%; and the content of chlorogenic acid increased by 75.03%. To identify the genes that may be related to the effects of sUV-B radiation on the growth and development of E. ulmoides leaves and important secondary metabolites, six cDNA libraries were prepared from natural sunlight radiation and sUV-B radiation in E. ulmoides leaves. Comparative analysis of both transcriptome databases revealed a total of 3698 differential expression genes (DEGs), including 1826 up-regulated and 1872 down-regulated genes. According to the KOG database, the up-regulated unigenes were mainly involved in signal transduction mechanisms [T] and cell wall/membrane biogenesis [M]. It is also involved in plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis metabolic pathways by the KEGG pathway, which might further affect the physiological indices and the content of chlorogenic acid, a secondary metabolite of E. ulmoides. Furthermore, 10 candidate unigenes were randomly selected to examine gene expression using qRT-PCR, and the six libraries exhibited differential expression and were identical to those obtained by sequencing. Thus, the data in this study were helpful in clarifying the reasons for leaf growth after sUV-B radiation. And it was beneficial to improve the active components and utilization rate of E. ulmoides after sUV-B radiation.

[目的]探讨不同质量浓度植物生长调节剂对杜仲Eucommia ulmoides叶片次级代谢产物积累的影响,筛选促进次级代谢产物生成的最适植物生长调节剂配比条件,为杜仲次级代谢产物的调控提供参考.[方法]以2年生杜仲幼苗作为研究材料,施加不同质量浓度配比的吲哚乙酸(IAA)和6-苄氨基嘌吟(6-BA),测量杜仲叶片生长形态特征以及叶干、鲜质量,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱(UPLC-MS)测定9种次级代谢产物的质量分数,结合生物量进行主成分分析及因子分析,筛选高产量的次级代谢产物的最适生长调剂配比条件.[结果]与对照组相比,500 mg·L-1IAA+500 mg·L-16-BA处理时,杜仲叶面积、叶周长、叶宽、叶干质量、叶鲜质量显著提高(P＜0.05);相关性分析表明:IAA质量浓度与比叶面积、桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷、京尼平苷酸质量分数呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);6-BA质量浓度与绿原酸以及京尼平苷酸质量分数呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);综合指标分析表明:单独施加500 mg·L-16-BA时,绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚苷、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷积累量最高,分别为0.036、0.046、0.031 μg·g-1.[结论]IAA质量浓度对桃叶珊瑚苷、车叶草苷酸积累作用显著;6-BA质量浓度对绿原酸、咖啡酸的积累作用显著.当复合施加100 mg·L-1IAA+300 mg·L-1 6-BA时有利于植株的生长;施加100mg·L-1 IAA+100mg·L-1 6-BA时,不仅利于提高杜仲生物量,也促进次级代谢产物的积累.

为探讨土壤生态(土壤理化指标及化学计量比)与叶片元素间的相互关系,为林地土壤养分管理及合理施肥提供理论依据,在黑龙江省拜泉县选取落叶松纯林、樟子松纯林、樟子松落叶松混交林3种典型农田防护林类型为研究对象,分析比较了 3种农田防护林叶片和土壤的碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比.结果表明:混交林的根际土壤电导率、硝态氮含量、全磷含量均显著高于纯林土壤,氮磷比显著低于纯林土壤(P＜0.05),混交林落叶松根际土壤电导率和有机碳、全磷、碱解氮、硝态氮含量均为最高,全氮、铵态氮、速效磷含量也较高;混交林落叶松叶片氮含量及磷含量均显著高于混交林樟子松(P＜0.05),落叶松纯林和混交林落叶松的叶片氮磷比显著低于樟子松纯林(P＜0.05);3种林型的树种叶片氮磷比均小于14,土壤全磷含量均低于全国森林平均磷含量,植物生长一定程度上受到了叶片氮元素及土壤磷元素的限制;土壤硝态氮含量是土壤中最大的影响因子,真菌基因(ITS)、嗜酸基因(Acidobacteria)、碱性磷酸酶基因(phoD)这3种基因的拷贝数与其呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),也与土壤有机碳含量、全磷含量、速效磷含量、碳氮比等呈正相关关系,而与土壤氮磷比、全氮含量则呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),混交林两树种土壤的这3种基因拷贝数均高于纯林树种.综上,从提高养分利用效率、促进树木生长和保护土壤角度综合考虑,混交林生境优于纯林,其中混交林落叶松的生长状况更佳,同时应注意林下土壤氮、磷肥的补施.