The paper aims to show through a case study of the semi-process sector (ceramic Industry) that Lean manufacturing and Industry 4.0 technologies eliminate waste and improve value irrespective of the type of industry. This case study illustrates how to implement the Lean and Industry 4.0 principles in a labor-intensive, order-based, medium-scale manufacturing environment. This study also aims to demonstrate the usefulness of Lean and Industry 4.0 in reducing defects that cause the organization's sustainable growth. For this purpose, ABC Ceramic Industry was selected, and analyzed the production process of tile manufacturing was analyzed. The industry needs help in fulfilling customer demand due to waste in the production system. To overcome some of these problems, Lean manufacturing and Industry 4.0 technologies are used to identify and reduce non-value-added activities from the production line. The study found that the processing time is reduced by 10%, the waiting time is reduced by 12.54%, and defects in pre-kiln, kiln, and post-kiln are reduced by 27.45%, 14.65%, and 21.83%, respectively. The broken tiles are minimized by 24.82%. At the same time, some qualitative benefits of skill upgradation, real-time information flow, value integration, and cultural changes were also noticed.

The glass-forming ability, mechanical and magnetic properties of Ce60Ni25Al15-xGax (x=0, 4, 8 and 15) melt-spun alloys have been investigated. All the alloys show the formation of glassy phase. The supercooled liquid region increases with increase in Ga addition and becomes maximum for x=15 indicating its better glass-forming ability for this composition. A new metallic glass (MG) composition Ce60Ni25Ga15 has been found upon complete substitution of Al by Ga. The mechanical behavior of these alloys has been studied by determining various indentation parameters such as micro-hardness, yield strength and Meyer's exponent. The microhardness property of the Ce-Ni-Al alloy is improved by the addition of Ga. The difference in the formation of shear bands for x=0 and 15 alloys are discussed by estimating the pile-up parameter. The magnetization (M-H) curves of all the samples at 5 K show paramagnetic characteristics with no magnetic hysteresis. The findings reveal that the concentration of Ga has a significant impact on the properties of these alloys.

Carbon credit is a major parameter relating the cost and magnitude of mitigation of CO2 in the environment. The paper investigates the CO2 emissions and carbon credit earned by photovoltaic thermal (PVT) array having triangular duct. The analysis involves the calculation based upon overall thermal energy and exergy output of both opaque and semi-transparent PVT arrays having a triangular duct. The PVT array consists of 14 PVT modules connected in such a way that 7 PVT modules are in series and 2 are in parallel for both the cases. The weather monitoring station located on the top of the Mechanical Engineering Department at Engineering College Bikaner (India) contributed the data used in this analysis. The annual overall thermal energy gain for opaque and semi-transparent PVT array is 11,429.34 kWh and 12,568.27 kWh, respectively. The annual overall exergy gain opaque and semi-transparent PVT array is 2879.8 kWh and 32.7.9 kWh, respectively. The CO2 mitigation potential of semi-transparent PVT array is 11.4

Phase-separated metallic glasses (MGs) have attracted a lot of interest recently because they offer a unique opportunity to design composites or alloys with hierarchical microstructure at various length scales. Phase-separated MGs differ from other MGs in terms of their structure and physical properties. Though a lot of theoretical work has been done, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the mechanism underlying phase separation in MGs. In general, phase separation in many MG systems is explained on the basis of nucleation and growth or spinodal decomposition mechanisms. On the other hand, the phase separation in Ce-based MGs is examined based on changes in the electronic structure of Ce atoms. This opens up a new direction of research for delineating issues pertaining to phase separation in amorphous systems. The present brief review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the phase separation phenomenon in Ce- and Zr-based MG systems. It is broadly divided into two sections: the first section gives a brief introduction into the phase separation in MG systems, mechanisms of phase separation, micro-structural and thermal characteristics, and advantages of phase separation. The second section discusses some of the recent work on Ce- and Zr-based phase-separated MGs with respect to their design and properties.

In the present investigation the glass forming ability of Ce65Al25Co10 metallic glass has been reported. It was successfully synthesised using melt spinning techniques. The existence of amorphous phase in Ce65Al25Co10 alloy have been proved using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The thermal analysis of the synthesised sample using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows a glass transition around 371 K, thus confirms existence of glassy phase at room temperature. The hardness of the synthesised sample at different load have been demonstrated. Moreover, the yield strength of the synthesised sample has also been calculated by means of hardness data and Meyer exponent.

The first report of phase separation in metallic glass has attracted significant attention due to their unique micro-structural variations of amorphous phases at different domain size. In the continuation of this the view is to understanding the genesis of phase separation in Ce based metallic glass. In this paper, we present extensive investigations with particular reference to low concentration of Ga in Ce-Al-Ga metallic glass. Micro-structural characteristics and indentation behavior of melt spun Ce75Al25-xGax metallic glass has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy.

The concept of building integrated photovoltaic/thermal system was introduced in the 1990 s and attraction towards this increased in 2000 because it provides net zero energy building by enhanced solar utilization. This work represents review of the flat-plate building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system, including current developments, experimental and numerical studies and parametric effect on the building performance. Flat-plate BIPV/T system reviewed here are: air-based system, water-based system and hybrid system in which, nano fluid, phase change material, cushion structure and heat pipe etc. are covered. From the study it is found that Performance of BIPV/T depends on design parameters and local weather condition. Also, more thermal energy is obtained by BIPV/water system as compared to BIPV/air system. This work provides overview of research, development, application and status of system. From most of the studies of BIPV/T systems and facades it has been observed that the variation of thermal efficiency is in the range of 22-55% for air-based systems and 30-60% for water-based systems. Further the electrical efficiency variation is in the range of 10-18% for air-based systems and 10-17% for waterbased systems. It has been observed that the variation of thermal efficiency increases upto a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s after which the change is marginal to justify for thermal gain. Also, the electrical efficiency remains nearly unchanged at all mass flow rates. The highest thermal efficiency of 72% has been observed for Nano-PCM-PVT system which indicates that nano particles and PCM has a great potential for PVT systems. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Innovations in Clean Energy Technologies.

In this chapter, the results of our recent studies on the role of Ga substitution in place of Al in Ce75Al25 − xGax (x = 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6) metallic glasses (MGs) have been discussed with the aim to understand the genesis of phase separation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals two broad diffuse peaks corresponding to the coexistence of two amorphous phases. In order to see any change in the behavior of 4f electron of Ce, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been carried out for Ce75Al25 − xGax MGs. From the XAS results, it is evident that for x = 0, the spectrum exhibits only a 4f1 component, which basically shows a pure localized configuration of electron. After the addition of Ga, 4f electrons of Ce atoms denoted by 4f0 are getting delocalized. Thus, the phase separation in Ce75Al25 − xGax is taking place, owing to the formation of two types of amorphous phases having localized and delocalized 4f electrons of Ce atoms, respectively. It has been discussed how change in the electronic structure of Ce atoms may lead to phase separation in Ce75Al25 − xGax alloys. Extensive TEM investigations have been done to study the phase separation in these alloys. The microstructural features have been compared with those obtained by phase field modeling.

A study of domestic energy requirement in the context of commercial and non-commercial energy sources in Indian rural setting is presented. The technique used is of analyzing the population parameters and the patterns of energy used therein. It is found that the introduction of renewable energy sources may significantly change the rural energy scenario and lead to reduction of CO2 emissions. In this general background, the particular results obtained refer to a typical Indian village. The same methodology may, however, be applicable to similar rural settings elsewhere. The results elsewhere are expected to show the trends identical to the ones obtained here. The method may help in formulating suggestions regarding energy use which aim at sustainable development; with minimum damage to the environment.

In aerodynamics, the role of an airfoil is vastly dominant to generate the adequate lift to transport the aircraft. Aerodynamically characteristic of an airfoil is construct on the design yet still its desire performance of an airfoil is ground on design yet its result is not simple in present days [1]. In present scenario airfoil design is observe arbitrary for the flows of an aircrafts and a very early time in history Orville and Wilbur brothers made and design camber or asymmetrical airfoil and In before days NACA define a proper way to describe the definition of an airfoil and tells about their characteristics or how airfoil efficient. In present study about NACA4412, NACA0012 and JOUKOWSKI (t = 12%) airfoil, at different Angle of attack and velocity of flow is 43.822 m/s in CFD [2]. The salient feature of present work study is to knows about their behavior of fluid flow located on each and every sides of an airfoil and calculate the characteristics of aerodynamic performances at very high Reynolds Number (3 million) and angle of attacks varies from 2° to 18°. The coefficients of drag and lift for all the airfoil is determined by seeing the surface pressure on different airfoil. In present research work performance of aerodynamics of an airfoil are plot against Angle of attack and how the results area unit getting ready to the experimental results. During this work we have a tendency to calculate and observe the comparison of k-ε turbulence model along with experimental results [3].

Aluminium alloys are becoming potential engineering materials offering excellent combination of properties such as high specific strength, high specific stiffness, electrical and thermal conductivities, low coefficient of thermal expansion and wear resistance. Generally, copper and nickel were used as alloying elements in aluminium alloy to increase high temperature strength.Both powder metallurgy as well as casting techniques is used to produce Al-Cu-Ni alloys.However, P/M technique is better suited for preparing this alloy, since large density difference and low mutual solubility of aluminium and Ni presents problem in obtaining uniform dispersion of Ni in aluminium alloys using the casting techniques.This paper gives an experimental work done in the material science laboratory, department of Mechanical Engineering, IDEAL Institute, Ghaziabad, which shows the hardness and tensile strength of the sintered Al-Cu-Ni alloys as a function of temperature and compaction pressure.

The solar photovoltaic (PV) panel driven refrigeration system employs solar PV panel and play a vital role when combined with storage batteries. The variation in performance of solar PV panel driven refrigeration system has been experimentally investigated in this paper. The change in battery voltage is analyzed with respect to panel size. Different series and parallel combinations have been applied on four solar PV panels of 35W each to get 24V. With the above combination a current in the range of 3-5 ampere has been obtained depending upon the solar intensity. A refrigerator of 110 W and 50 liters is used in the present investigation which requires 0.80 ampere AC at 230 V. The required current and voltage has been obtained from an inverter which draws about 7 ampere DC from the battery bank at 24V. The compressor of the refrigerator consumed 110W which required a PV panel size of 176 W approximately. It is important to note that the compressor consumed about 300W for first 50 milliseconds, 130 W for next five seconds and gradually comes to 110 W in 65 seconds. Thus panel size should be such that it may compensate for the initial load requirement.

The low temperature transport and magnetic behavior of Ce75Al25-xGax (x=0, 2, 4 and 6 at. %) metallic glasses (MGs) have been investigated. The temperature dependence of the resistance shows that the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) changes with Ga content. The significant change in the magnetoresistance (MR) behaviour has been observed for these alloys. The alloys with x=2, 4 and 6 show a magnetic field tuned MR transition from positive to negative values at low temperature. The magnetization (M-H) curves of the MGs at 5 K exhibit no magnetic hysteresis and show paramagnetic characteristics. However, a curious type of hysteretic behaviour for Ce75Al25-xGax alloys in non-zero magnetic field has been observed. The hysteric field range has been found to shift to higher magnetic field with increase in the value of x. It has been suggested that the formation of nano-amorphous domains in the glassy matrix and the delocalization of 4f1 configuration of Ce atoms due to Ga substitution may result in the unusual transport behaviour of Ce-Al (Ga) MGs. These changes in the transport behaviour at low temperature have been discussed in terms of the competition between the Kondo effect and Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yoshida (RKKY) interaction. The genesis of hysteretic behaviour in M-H curve has been proposed to arise due to Anti-ferromagnetic screening interaction (AFSI) in two kinds of clusters.

Jatropha Curcas oil is a non-edible oil which is used for Jatropha biodiesel (JBD) production. Jatropha biodiesel is produced using transesterification technique and it is used as an alternative fuel in CI diesel engine without any hardware modification. Jatropha biodiesel is used in CI diesel engine with various volumetric concentrations (blends) such as JBD5, JBD15, JBD25, JBD35 and JBD45. The combustion parameters such as in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, net heat release, cumulative heat release, mass fraction burned are analyzed and compared for all blends combustion data with mineral diesel fuel (D100).

The present study deals with the structural and microstructural changes with respect to the quenching rate and their correlation with mechanical behavior of melt-spun Ce75Al21Ga4 glassy alloys. The ribbons of the alloy have been synthesized at different quenching rates obtained through different wheel speeds (44, 36, 29, 22 and 15m/s). The glass forming indicators and mechanical properties have been investigated at different quenching rates. The higher quenching rate obtained through high wheel speed (44, 36 and 29m/s) has led to phase separation giving rise to nano-amorphous domains in a glassy matrix while the lower quenching rate obtained through lower wheel speed (22 and 15m/s) produces nano-crystalline grains with size ranges from 25±1 to 120±1nm. It has been found that the size of the nano-amorphous domains decreases with decrease in wheel speed. The mechanical behavior has been studied using micro-indentation technique. The indentation test indicates that with the same chemical composition, the ribbons synthesized at slow quenching rate exhibits higher hardness and yield strength than those synthesized at faster quenching rate. The ribbons synthesized at 44m/s contains the large free volume and has the highest shear band density.

The substitution of Ga in Ce75Al25−xGax (x=0 and 4at.%) metallic glasses (MGs) has led to phase separation giving rise to nano-amorphous domains in a glassy matrix. The CeL3-edge XAS spectra for x=4 has shown appearance of 4f0 delocalized states. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) becomes higher with addition of Ga. The magnetic field tuned magnetoresistance (MR) transition from positive to negative values has been observed for the first time with Ga substitution. These changes in the transport properties have been discussed in terms of formation of nano-amorphous domains and its link with 4f electrons for Ce atoms.

This study deals with the effect of controlled crystallization of melt spun Ce75Al25−xGax (x=0, 2, 4 and 6at.%) and Ce60Cu25Al15−xGax (x=0, 1, 2 and 4at.%) metallic glasses on the formation of nano-composites. It has been found that the substitution of Ga significantly affects the devitrification behavior of these alloys. The Ce75Al25−xGax alloys with x=0 shows the formation of hexagonal phase (AlCe3 type) while the alloys with x≥2 give rise to the formation of tetragonal phase (Al2CeGa2 type). Contrary to this, for the Ce60Cu25Al15−xGax alloys, hexagonal phase of AlCeCu type for x=0 transforms to hexagonal phase of Al2Cu3Ce type for x≥1. The indentation behavior of nano-composites permitted us to understand the nature of microhardness, yield strength and strain hardening constant. They are compared for the above two alloy systems. The load dependent hardness values of annealed ribbons of Ce75Al19Ga6 and Ce60Cu25Al13Ga2 alloys have been found to be ~2.80GPa and ~2.96GPa, respectively. The absence of cracks around the indentation area up to 200g of load for Ce60Cu25Al15−xGax alloys suggests better capability to resist crack propagation in comparison to Ce75Al25−xGax alloys. Latter display cracks at 200g load. The formation of shear bands around the periphery of the indenter has been observed. The number of visible shear bands in a given area for the Ce75Al25−xGax alloys is higher in comparison to those of Ce60Cu25Al15−xGax alloys. The values of yield strength and Meyer exponent of these alloys are also compared.

The crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of melt-spun (Al90Fe5Ge5)(100-x)Ti-x (x = 0, 4, 8 and 12 at.%) alloys have been investigated. The amorphous phase seems to be stable up to x = 8. The crystallization products for the amorphous alloys with x = 0-8 mainly composed of fcc-Al and icosahedral phases in the glassy matrix. The load dependent hardness behavior of amorphous alloys with and without Ti addition has been studied. The hardness value of the amorphous alloys has been found to be 3.72 and 3.07 GPa for x = 0 and 8 at 100 g load respectively. The annealed ribbons have higher hardness and strength as compared to that of as-synthesized ribbons. The enhanced values of hardness of the (Al90Fe5Ce5)(100-x)Ti-x (x = 0, 4 and 8) alloys are attributed to the combined effects of icosahedral nano particles and Al nanoparticles in amorphous matrix. The absence of cracks around the indentation area up to 500 g of load for amorphous alloys suggests better capability to resist crack propagation in comparison to the annealed alloys. The formation of shear bands around the indentation periphery has been observed. The number of visible shear bands for the as-synthesized ribbons is higher in comparison to those of annealed ribbons. The values of yield strength and Meyer exponent of these alloys are also compared. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this presentation, results of our recent investigations on the role of Ga on Al site in Zr 69.5 Al 7.5-x Ga x Cu 12 Ni 11 and Ce 75 Al 25-x Ga x metallic glass compositions will be discussed. Ga like Al is normally expected to be in trivalent state. However, it may go in monovalent state depending on other alloying elements. The rapidly solidified melt spun ribbons of above two alloys gave rise to two important conclusions. The Zr 69.5 Al 7.5-x Ga x Cu 12 Ni 11 system displayed metallic glass formation in the range of x=0 to 7.5. In this process, we have come out with a new composition of glass without Al corresponding to x=7.5. In contrast to the above, for Ce-Al(Ga) system, we have observed phase separation in glass after dilute substitution of Ga. It seems that such a phase separation in this system cannot be understood in terms of summation of enthalpy of mixing of the various possible binaries in this system. The substitution of Ga in different valence states might have created chemical pressure leading to creation of two types of distinct major clusters. The phase separation may be due to this. This has also given rise to excursion of Ce 4f-states of the alloy. This and aforesaid ‘chemical pressure’ will be corroborated based on results of binary Ce-Al system under pressure by other investigators.