Proper modeling of PV cells/modules through parameter identification based on the real current-voltage (I-V) data is important for the efficiency of PV systems. Most related works have concentrated on the classical single-diode model (SDM) and double-diode model (DDM) and their parameter extraction by various metaheuristic algorithms. In order to render more accurate and representative modeling, this paper adds a small resistance in series with the diodes in SDM and DDM. The new models are named reconfigured SDM (Reconfig-SDM) and reconfigured DDM (Reconfig-DDM), and they have not been studied so far as we know. A squirrel search algorithm (SSA) is employed to globally find the parameters of the new models. The performance achieved is experimentally tested on both a commercial RTC France solar cell and a CS6P-220P polycrystalline PV module located at Düzce University in Türkiye. A vivid comparison of experimental findings, observation, and analysis clearly demonstrates that the proposed Reconfig-SDM and Reconfig-DDM tuned by the SSA have better capacity and effectiveness for modeling PV devices than some cutting-edge approaches. Specifically, compared with the best-performing approach in the literature, Reconfig-SDM and Reconfig-DDM could reduce the error rate up to 0.37% and 2.58% for the solar cell, and 3.21% and 29.0% for the solar module.

Model parameters estimation of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells/modules using real current–voltage (I–V) data is a critical task for the performance of PV systems. Therefore, there is a necessity to procure optimal parameters of PV models using proper optimization techniques. For this aim, squirrel search algorithm (SSA) as the recent and powerful tool is employed to accomplish the mentioned task in the single-diode model (SDM) and double-diode model (DDM) of a PV unit. Of course, better parameter values can be obtained by reducing the error between the experimental and model-based estimated data. Analyses are performed under two case studies. The former considers a standard dataset of R.T.C. France silicon solar cell, whereas the latter uses an experimental dataset of a polycrystalline CS6P-220P solar module. The I-V data of this PV module were acquired when it worked under 30 °C and solar radiance of 1000W/m 2 at the Engineering Faculty Campus of Düzce University, Turkey. The results of the first case study are compared with those of other prevalent approaches, which demonstrate the superiority of SSA over its competing peers. Moreover, SSA is found to handle the model parameters definition of an industrial PV module located at the university campus. Thus, the new method offers a practical tool beneficial to boost the effectiveness of PV systems.

A linear induction launcher (LIL) is an air-cored coilgun. Its barrel consists of an array of cylindrical drive coils and the barrel can be a single section or divided into several sections. A single-section barrel can be easily driven by energizing the coils in a polyphase fashion to accelerate the moving part of the LIL, the projectile. A multisection barrel, on the other hand, offers higher muzzle velocities for the projectile. From breech to muzzle, each section is energized with an increasing frequency. However, several problems arise when a multisection barrel is used. Some of them are currently reported in the literature. For example, a retarding force on the projectile has been observed while the projectile passes from one section to another. The initial position of the projectile also affects the launching performance. Some experiments can be useful to determine the optimum conditions to reach maximum possible muzzle velocity. This article concerns the design, implementation, and experimental test of a laboratory-scale, two-section LIL to examine the effects of various parameters on the launching performance.

In this study, two degree of freedom (2-DOF) PID controllers are designed and compared to the conventional PID controller, which is compatible with the magnetic ball levitation system. This system is a subject of many control problems, because it has a open loop unstable and nonlinear second order structure. The system is modeled based on physical parameters and its linearized around the appropriate equilibrium point via Tylor series expansion. The PID control parameters are determined by the root placement method which is a suitable method for the second order systems and the same parameters are used for the 2-DOF PID. Since this proposed control algorithm has feedforward gain parameters, it is possible to improve the transient state performance according to the traditional PID controller. Due to the use of the conventional PID controller, there are some zeros in the transfer function of the system. It can be seen that proposed technique could prevent the overshoots caused by these zeros.

In this study, two degree of freedom (2-DOF) PID controllers are designed and compared to the conventional PID controller, which is compatible with the magnetic ball levitation system. This system is a subject of many control problems, because it has a open loop unstable and nonlinear second order structure. The system is modeled based on physical parameters and its linearized around the appropriate equilibrium point via Tylor series expansion. The PID control parameters are determined by the root placement method which is a suitable method for the second order systems and the same parameters are used for the 2-DOF PID. Since this proposed control algorithm has feedforward gain parameters, it is possible to improve the transient state performance according to the traditional PID controller. Due to the use of the conventional PID controller, there are some zeros in the transfer function of the system. It can be seen that proposed technique could prevent the overshoots caused by these zeros.

In this study, two degree of freedom (2-DOF)PID controllers are designed and compared to the conventional PID controller,which is compatible with the magnetic ball levitation system. This system is asubject of many control problems, because it has a open loop unstable andnonlinear second order structure. The system is modeled based on physicalparameters and its linearized around the appropriate equilibrium point viaTylor series expansion. The PID control parameters are determined by the rootplacement method which is a suitable method for the second order systems andthe same parameters are used for the 2-DOF PID. Since this proposed controlalgorithm has feedforward gain parameters, it is possible to improve thetransient state performance according to the traditional PID controller. Due tothe use of the conventional PID controller, there are some zeros in thetransfer function of the system. It can be seen that proposed technique couldprevent the overshoots caused by these zeros.

In this study, the control of magnetic levitation system in discrete time domain is considered. Magnetic ball levitation system model is identified, linearized near the equilibrium point and discretized in convenient sampling period. Discrete time sliding mode controller with enhanced exponential reaching law is designed and compared to traditional discrete time constant proportional rate reaching law for the magnetic ball levitation system which is subject to many control problems since it has unstable structure and it has nonlinear dynamics. The asymptotically stability of the system is analyzed by using Lyapunov stability condition with discrete time approach. In order to evaluate the performance of the considered control technique, simulations are conducted and the results show that discrete time enhanced exponential reaching law provides better performance in terms of both reference tracking and disturbance noise rejection as compared to conventional constant proportional rate reaching law techniques.

In this study, the control of magnetic levitation system in discrete time domain is considered. Magnetic ball levitation system model is identified, linearized near the equilibrium point and discretized in convenient sampling period. Discrete time sliding mode controller with enhanced exponential reaching law is designed and compared to traditional discrete time constant proportional rate reaching law for the magnetic ball levitation system which is subject to many control problems since it has unstable structure and it has nonlinear dynamics. The asymptotically stability of the system is analyzed by using Lyapunov stability condition with discrete time approach. In order to evaluate the performance of the considered control technique, simulations are conducted and the results show that discrete time enhanced exponential reaching law provides better performance in terms of both reference tracking and disturbance noise rejection as compared to conventional constant proportional rate reaching law techniques.

Recently solar power has increasingly been used to generate electricity worldwide through photovoltaic (PV) systems. The electrical performance of each PV module plays major role in maximum power transfer. In order to absorb the maximum power from such systems, optimal output voltage and current should be obtained from the I-V characteristics of previously developed models. It is fact that, this is a relatively uneasy task because manufacturer's data sheet is confined to limited number of measured values. In this study, the hybrid genetic algorithms method is employed to extract basic parameters of the ideality factor and the parasitic resistances in the single diode model to transfer maximum power from a PV module to a resistive electrical load. Optimal parameters in the circuital model are found using the I-V characteristic of a silicon diode expressed by the Lambert W function. The results are meaningful and encouraging for maximum power transfer under certain conditions.

Recently low power wind turbines have been attracted great attention to generate electricity in remote areas due to considerable increase in conventional energy cost. Among those sources, wind energy is the most prominent and is used in many places where low power wind turbines are highly applicable. Unfortunately, most of these turbines have a mechanical yaw controller with the wind tail rather than electronically designed controller due to increased total cost. However, this affects the efficiency of the wind turbine more than expected as well as its performance. In this investigation, a low cost yaw controller for a 2 kW horizontal axis wind turbine was designed by a simple and software implementation. The results show that the approach produced encouraging and meaningful outcomes to increase electricity generation through the fully controlled small wind turbine by avoiding turbulence effect on it.

As technological advances in automotive industry and roads construction techniques have made transportation faster, new comfort and safety matters have become the subject of engineering. Many vibrations caused by internal and external factors affect comfort and safety in negative ways. To damp these vibrations, active suspensions requiring controllers because of their complex structures are widely used. In this study, firstly ¼ car model having active suspension has been modeled with Luenberger observer, used on the occasions state variables cannot be determined efficiently. Then, the system has been combined with optimal feedback controller according to certain performance criteria. This new controller has been designed in MATLAB / SIMULINK environment, and the system response has been evaluated after applying roads disturbance inputs.

In this paper we use a new search heuristic called Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) to determination of the optimal PID controller parameters in the speed and position control of a DC motor. The model of a DC motor is considered as second and third order system. Mean squared error (MSE) performance index has been used as objective function. End of the optimization process, the rise and the settling times and the overshoot are compared to those reported in the literature. To show that effectiveness of proposed method are compared with Ziegler-Nichols method in speed control of DC motor. Simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of proposed controllers to provide the speed and position control of DC motor.

In this study, the speed control of a DC shunt motor was achieved by optimising the PID controller through the genetic algorithms method. In optimisation process, the rise and the settling times and the overshoot were attempted to considerably minimise under no-load condition. The results of the proposed method were compared with the Ziegler-Nichols method under the same condition and were better than those of the Ziegler-Nichols method in terms of minimising the rise and the settling times and the overshoot.