以OT型百合(Lilium'Oriental Hybrids'×Lilium'Trumphet Hybrids')'Robina'品种为材料,就不同质量浓度(0、20、30、40、50 mg/L)的5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA)叶面喷施对百合生长发育,以及对百合生物量、 叶片中可溶性总糖、 可溶性蛋白、 叶绿素(a、b)、 超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、 过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD))和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)等生理指标的影响进行了研究.结果表明:50 mg/L ALA处理下叶、 茎、 花鲜干质量、 叶片MDA、 可溶性蛋白和CAT达到最大值,40 mg/L ALA处理下叶片可溶性糖和POD达到最大值,20 mg/L ALA处理下叶片叶绿素(a、b)达最大值,并且均显著高于对照;30 mg/L ALA处理下叶片SOD值最小,并且显著低于对照.由此认为,适宜质量浓度的ALA处理能明显影响切花百合'Robina'幼苗的生长.

通过在小麦不同时期叶面喷施不同剂量ALA试验,结果表明,抽穗期喷施效果好于拔节期,比对照增产5.0％;不同剂量间表现为50 mg/L增产较明显,达2.7％,其次为10mg/L,增产2.2％.在拔节期不同剂量间表现为50 mg/L增产最多,为2.7％,抽穗期不同剂量间表现为10 mg/L增产最多,达6.3％.ALA在小麦上主要作用是能提高结实性,增加穗粒数,同时能提高灌浆强度,增加千粒重,从而增加产量.结论:ALA在小麦上施用最佳时期为抽穗期,最佳剂量为10 mg/L,喷液量为45 L/亩.

以从荷兰引进的17个朱顶红品种为试验材料,根据优势互补和性状特异性原则,设计了44个杂交组合和8个自交组合,并对杂交结果进行了统计.结果表明:44个杂交组合中,有38个可结实(结实率25.0％～ 100％),且均获得了后代子苗(出苗率35.7％ ～ 89.1％);8个自交组合中,有6个可结实(结实率62％～ 100％),其中5个获得了后代子苗(出苗率39％ ～ 96％).17个品种的具体表现如下:①杂交结实率方面,‘红狮’、‘卡门’和‘至尊’表现较好,除个别组合不结实外,作为父本和母本平均结实率都达到了60％以上;②单果结籽数方面,‘至尊’、‘奥拉夫’和‘红狮’表现较好,作为母本单果结籽数分别为44.6粒、43.2粒和44.0粒;③子球生长量方面,组合‘红狮’ב蒙特布朗’、‘奥拉夫’ב蒙特布朗’和‘至尊’ב蒙特布朗’生长最快,2年生球周径分别为23.1 cm、22.5 cm和20.5 cm;④子球扩繁方面,2年生球中共有19个组合获得了分生子球,子球数最高的组合为‘当娜’ב朋友’,平均4.2个.利用以上组合,共获得了1.6万株杂交苗,并通过对已开花组合进行鉴定,初筛出新材料5个.结合试验中不同组合优劣表现和后代鉴定结果,对影响朱顶红杂交效率及后代选育的各种因素进行了初步分析,并提出了相应对策.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different altitudes on dormancy and dormancy breaking of lily bulb. The cultivars 'Sorbonne' and 'Siberia' were used. The bulbs from the region of different altitudes, 2300 and 1900 m, were stored in moist peat moss for 9 weeks under 4 degrees C. The sucrose contents appeared increased firstly and decreased later in various parts of the bulbs. Sucrose contents in the daughter bulb and growing point of the bulb from higher altitude reached the highest level earlier than that from lower altitude. The sucrose related enzyme activeness was risen up. At the time of dormancy broken, SS (sucrose synthase) activeness achieved the maximum, and the SPS (sucrose phosphate synthase) achieved the maximum before dormancy broken. The Inv (invertase) activeness showed a rising tendency during the cold treatment. The daughter bulb's enzyme is higher than that of the mother bulb exactly, and the growing point's enzyme activity was higher than that of the inner layer and the outer layer scales. But the enzyme activeness of the bulbs from different altitude had little difference. We found the soluble solid contents similar with the sucrose content, when soluble solid contents achieved a peak, the bulb's dormancy was broken. The bulbs from lower altitude needed longer time than that from higher latitude for dormancy releasing under 4 degrees C treatment. The time of dormancy releasing of the bulbs of 'Siberia' and 'Sorbonne' from altitude 2300 m needed 6 weeks, whereas, that from 1900 m needed only 4 weeks in our experiment. The time length of dormancy breaking of the bulbs in our experiments was much shorter than that of the normal ones. We think that it is because the bulbs stayed in the field too long, but were not dug out on their right time of maturity. On the other hand, our experiments showed that although the value of soluble solid contents measured by refractometer does not equal to the soluble sugar content, it can be as a basis of determining the dormancy breaking of lily bulbs.

In order to discuss the influences of seasonal change on yield and quality of flowering branch of Rosa hybrida,Carola was used as material to study the differences in yield and quality of flowering branch of Rosa hybrida between different seasons.The results indicated that in spring and autumn with moderate temperature,Carola grew well with high quality and moderate yield;in summer with high temperature,vegetative growth was governing for Carola,so the yield was relatively high,the diameter and the weight of flowering branch increased,the petal number decreased,and the flower bud became smaller;in winter with low temperature,reproductive growth took the advantage of the whole growth,so diameter and the weight of flowering branch reduced,the petal number increased,and flower bud became larger.Therefore,the low temperature stress influences quality of flowering branch of Carola more than high temperature stress,it should pay attention to avoid low temperature damage during production process of Rosa hybrida in winter.

To confirm a hybrid swarm population of Pinus densiflora × P. sylvestris in Jilin, China, we used needles and seeds from P. densiflora, P. sylvestris, and P. densiflora × P. sylvestris collected from natural stands or experimental stations to study whether shoot apex morphology of 4- year old seedlings can be correlated with the sequence of a chloroplast DNA simple sequence repeat marker （cpDNA SSRs）. Total genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to sequence analysis of the pine cpDNA SSR marker Pt15169. Results show that morphological characters from 4-year old seedlings did not correlate with sequence variants of this marker. Marker haplotypes from all P. sylvestris trees had a CTAT element that was absent from all sampled P. densiflora trees. However, both haplotype classes involving this insertion/deletion element were found in a P. densiflora × P. sylvestris population and its seedling progeny. It was concluded that the P. densiflora × P. sylvestris accessions sampled from Jilin, China resulted from bi-directional crosses, as evidenced by both species’ cpDNA haplotypes within the hybrid swarm population.

Distant hybridization has been conducted between Paeonia suffruticosa‘Qiufa 1’(♀) and Paeonia delavayi(♂).The 2-year-old seedlings of the hybrid were evaluated by morphological and ISSR markers.The results showed that the F1 hybrids of the parents could be divided into paternal type(3 seedlings),maternal type(5 ones)and specific type(8 ones)by morphological markers.On the other hand,the F1 hybrids could be divided into paternal type(6 ones),intermediate type(5 ones)and specific type(5 ones)by ISSR markers at L = 0.65 level.Twelve hybrid seedlings had the same results by morphological and ISSR markers,but 4 of the hybrids showed different divisions.It can be referred that ISSR markers combining with morphological markers can be helpful for the early identification of descendents from distant hybridization of tree peony.

The germplasm characteristics and quality of lily cultivar varieties were investigated.The results showed that Asiatic hybrids had short growing period,good sturdiness of stem and keeping quality,abundance of color,but they had high susceptibility to lacking light;Oriental hybrids had big flower,beautiful type of flower,good scent,lower susceptibility to lacking light,but they had singleness color and long growing period,sturdiness of stem and keeping quality poorer than both Asiatic hybrids and Longiflorum hybrids;about growing period,Longiflorum hybrids was middle one,they had good sturdiness of stem and keeping quality,lower susceptibility to lacking light,but they had singleness type and color of flower.

Cell suspension culture of Lilium regale Wils.were initiated from creamy-white nodular callus with loose structure.They were cultured in modified liquid MS medium(NH4NO3 with half-strength)supplemented with picloram 2.0 mg · L-1 and sucrose 30 g · L-1,and shook at 100 r · min-1 under dark condition at 25 ℃.About 10-20 days after,stably growing cell suspensioncultures were established.The growth pattern of the cultures was investigated and the optimal parameters were:0.5 g(FW)initial inoculum per 40 mL liquid medium,a sub-culture every 18 days,and 1/3 volume of old liquid medium left during subculture.Suspension cells regenerated plantlets on solid 1/2MS medium with 30 g · L-1 sucrose.

The effects of abscisic acid(ABA)on the development of morphology and dormancy of was developed into scales only in the dark.While Fluridone,an inhibitor of ABA-synthesis,was applied during in vitro culture.the primordium was developed into scales or leaves.While exogenous ABA applied simultaneously with Fluridone,the effect of Fluridone was nullified.It indicated that the exogenous ABA can inhibite the formation of scal-leaves while endogenous ABA-synthesis was inhibited.Fluridone can reduce the levels of dormancy,and the function can be reversed while adding exogenous ABA.It suggested that the exogenous ABA can promote the development of dormancy.The dormancy levels of in vitro bulblets cultured at 15,20 and 25℃ will be raised,but the low concentration exogenous ABA had no effect on the bulblets at 15.20 and 25℃with a low level of dormancy.It speculates that the effect of temperature on the dormancy maybe not play by ABA,an unknown factor,in addition to ABA,still played a key role in dormancy development.There is no relation between the morphology development and the dormancy levels.

The genetic diversity and genetic structure of natural populations of Chimonanthus praecox(L.) Link,were analyzed using Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism(SRAP)markers.One hundred and fifty accessions from 5 natural populations were used in this study.Seven SRAP primer combinations revealed 170 legible bands of which 41 were polymorphic markers.The average proportion of polymorphic loci PPL was 83.41%.Gene diversity(h)was from 0.21 to 0.25(average 0.22),Shannon's Information index(I)was 0.34,coefficient of genetic differentiation(Gst)was 0.17 and the mean of gene flow estimated(Nm) was 2.40.The results of AMOVA indicated that the variance components within populations and among populations contributing to total genetic variance were 79.89% and 20.11%,among regions was 32.39% and within regions were 67.61%.There was obvious genetic differentiation among populations and among regions.UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance indicated that the genetic distances were closely related to corresponding geographic distances among populations,2-way Mantel test Matrix correlation r was 0.89.Conservation and utilization strategies for the species should be therefore emphasized on conserving as many as possible the existing populations,and selecting genetic diversity within populations considering the current conditions of severe population fragmentation and losses.

The growing availability of EST sequences from Lilium L. provides a potential valuable source of new SSR markers. In this study, 101 SSR-ESTs from 1 688 ESTs in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, representing 5.98% of the total number of ESTs were identified. Among them, the trinucleotide repeat is the dominant type with repeat motifs being the most common, accounting for 2.84% of ESTs. Forty-seven kinds of repeat motifs were mined out from all SSRs. Twenty-three SSR primers were designed to sequence flanking SSRs, the primer pairs designed were screened against genomic DNA of 'Snow Queen' from which most EST-SSRs were derived, and 18 primer pairs showed the amplification, accounting for 78.26% of total primers. Then the primers showing amplification were subjected to PCR for DNA from 13 Lilium L. cultivars of 5 hybridism series and 12 primer pairs showed polymorphisms, accounting for 66.7% of primers available. Results proved that it is an effective and feasible approach to develop SSR markers based on ESTs in Lilium L.

The pollen vitality of lilies(wild varieties,Oriental hybrids,Longiflorum,Asiatic hybrids) were examined by methods of dyeing and germination.The results which used method of dyeing showed that pollen vitality of wild varieties was the highest,pollen vitality of Oriental hybrids,Longiflorum hybrids in turn,Asiatic hybrids has the lowest pollen vitality.The results which used method of germination showed that pollen vitality of wild varieties was the highest,pollen vitality of Longiflorum hybrids and Asiatic hybrids in turn;pollen vitality of Oriental hybrids was the lowest.Compared the results two methods showed that the method of dyeing was a simple way which can provide basic things about pollen vitality and cannot illustrate the vital power of the pollen completely,germination method not only can gave information about vital power of the pollen but also pollen germinated ability.It needs to be combined the method of dyeing and germination in the lily's pollination.

An experiment was conducted to analyze the phenotypic diversities in terms of 6 phenotypic traits(height of plant,length of petal,number of leaves,number of flowers,length of leaf and width of leaf)using 7 natural populations of Lilium regale Wilson.Analysis of variance for all traits showed that there were significant differences among populations.Among populations,the F value of 6 traits were from 4.87 to 34.91,except leaf was significantly different;Other traits were quite significantly different.Within population other traits were not significantly different except that length and width of leaf.The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient VST of the 6 traits is 61.52%,and the variation among populations was higher than that within population,which indicated that the variance among populations was the main part of the phenotypic variation.The correlation analysis between the phenotypic traits of Lilium regale Wilson and geography factor showed that the correlation between them was not significant except that height of plant and the number of flowers and width of leaf significantly different positive affected by latitude.Seven natural populations of Lilium regale Wilson could be divided into 2 groups by UPGMA cluster analysis.Explaining the phenotypic traits didn't gather according to geography distance.

In order to estimate the cross compatibility among three kinds of Lilium oritential,the biological characteristics were investigated and the percentage of capsule sits,capsule size,percentage of embryo and other indicators were used to showed the compatibility of the six combinations.The results indicated that 'Calvados'and 'Action'were excellent parental materials,'Siberia'affinity was not so better as female.

Pre-crossing barriers of lilium longiflorum(Snow Queen) was prevented by the methods of cut-style pollination or reduplicate pollination.Carpel culture,ovary slice culture and embryo culture were used to prevent post-crossing barriers.We compare the different methods and the results showed that pre-crossing and post-crossing barriers were prevented by the methods of cut-style pollination and embryo culture respectively.

A multiplex RT-PCR method was developed to simultaneously detect three viruses of Lily by using 3 sets of specific primers designed according to CMV(Cucumber mosaic virus),LMoV(Lily mottle virus)and LSV(Lily symptomless virus).All samples infected by CMV,LMoV and LSV could be amplified by multiplex PCR,and yielding three special bands of CMV(657 bp),LMoV(428 bp)and LSV(171 bp).Sequence identities of the three amplified virus fragments correlated well with other isolates from Asia and the Netherlands registered in the GenBank.Remarkably high homology in the coat protein sequences of the three viruses has been observed respectively despite their different origins.

To overcome incompatibility caused by pre-fertilization barriers in lily breeding,we used two species and three hybrids of lily,to study use of cut-style pollination to overcome incompatibility associated with self-pollination and intraspecific hybridization.The cut-style pollination was achieved by applying 0.1%BA,0.1%NAA and a liquid medium of pollen culture to the stigma and observing the influence of style length on the production rate of ovules.About 30 ovules were obtained with cut-style pollination during self-pollination of 'Sorbonne',significantly more than CK.But,the production rate of ovules decreased from more than 30 to less than 10 in 6 intraspecific crosses which were compatible;some of those crosses formed no capsule even with the same method.Only 8 interspecific capsules were obtained with liquid medium of pollen culture,which were 6 more than CK,but no interspecific ovule was obtained.When longer pollen tube forming varieties were used as female parents in 4 intraspecific reciprocal hybridizations,the rate of production of ovules was higher.In 2 other intraspecific crosses with the same female parent,more ovules were obtained when shorter pollen tube forming varieties were used as male parents.The results demonstrated that application of cut-style pollination can overcome self-incompatibility of 'Sorbonne',but have no effects on intraspecific hybridization.When longer pollen tube forming varieties were used as female parents in intraspecific reciprocal hybridizations'Casa Blanca'and'Sorbonne'and 'Casa Blanca'and'Siberia',the efficiency of fertilization was not hampered.

Two hybrids, ‘Brunello’בYellow Jiant’ and ‘Prato’×Lilium pumilum, were identified by karyotype analysis and SRAP techniques. Genetic differences and similarity were compared between the parents and the progenies. The results showed that the two hybrids were both triploids, and contain abundant trabant. Four pairs of SRAP primer with higher polymorphism were used and the hybrid bands and complementary bands were found in the hybrids. Pairwise genetic distances between the hybrids and their female parents are smaller than that between the progenies and their male parents. The results of SRAP were in consistent with that of karyotype analysis. The two hybrids were both true progeny of their parents, and both with a genetic tendency to their female parents.

The cytological development of leaves of salt-tolerance cultivar‘Prato’and combined salt-sensitive cultivar Sorbonne in Lilium, stressed with different concentration of salinity, was studied using transmission electron microscope. The results indicated that under the control and low NaCl concentration, leaves of Prato were abundant with organelles, the lamellae were lined regularly, with the increase of salt concentration, the number of organelles decreased, the chloroplasts degenerated. In contrast to Prato, leaves of Sorbonne showed abnormal behaviors under low NaCl concentration, including degenerated organelles, vacuolated chloroplasts and the loosened lamellae. In addition, mitochondria began to degenerate prior to chloroplasts. It is inferred that degeneration of chloroplasts contributed to the ultra structure of degeneration of mitochondria, which further leading to senescence of leaves.